phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Virus-Diseases

Viral infections of the respiratory tract can be complicated by bacterial superinfection, resulting in a significantly longer duration of illness and even a fatal outcome. In this review, we focused on interactions between S. aureus and non-influenza viruses. Clinical data evidenced that rhinovirus infection may increase the S. aureus carriage load in humans and its spread. In children, respiratory syncytial virus infection is associated with S. aureus carriage. The mechanisms by which some non-influenza respiratory viruses predispose host cells to S. aureus superinfection can be summarized in three categories: i) modifying expression levels of cellular patterns involved in S. aureus adhesion and/or internalization, ii) inducing S. aureus invasion of epithelial cells due to the disruption of tight junctions, and iii) decreasing S. aureus clearance by altering the immune response. The comprehension of pathways involved in S. aureus-respiratory virus interactions may help developing new strategies of preventive and curative therapy.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Adhesion; Carrier State; Disease Models, Animal; Epithelial Cells; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Mice; Microbial Interactions; Nose; Picornaviridae Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Superinfection; Virus Diseases

Although many conditions and medications have been associated with chemosensory disturbances, data from major chemosensory clinical research centers support three major disorders as being causative: nasal and paranasal sinus disease (21%), post-upper respiratory tract viral infection (19%), and head trauma (14%). Despite extensive evaluation, 22% of patients do not demonstrate identifiable causation.

Topics: Craniocerebral Trauma; Humans; Nose; Nose Diseases; Olfaction Disorders; Paranasal Sinus Diseases; Prognosis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Smell; Taste; Taste Disorders; Virus Diseases

Inverted papillomas which arise from the lining membranes of the nose and paranasal sinuses are relatively unfamiliar lesions which have been reported in the literature under a variety of titles. The uncertainly surrounding their etiology, their relationship to nasal polyps and their malignant potential have resulted in an ill-defined clinical approach to their management. The designation Inverted Schneiderian Papilloma is suggested as an appropriate title that best conveys the qualities of inversion, location and distinctiveness of character. The characteristic microscopic feature is the increase in thickness of the covering epithelium with extensive invasion of this hyperplastic epithelium into the underlying stroma. In the absence of a better explanation of the origin, the tumor should be considered a true epithelial neoplasm. The clinical features in 24 previously unreported cases are presented. The most common presenting complaints are nasal obstruction and epistaxis. The common site of origin is the lateral nasal wall in the region of the middle meatus and ethmoid cells. In no instance was an isolated lesion of the maxillary, frontal or sphenoid sinus present. The most characteristic attributes of the tumor were its tendency to recur, its destructive capacity and its propensity to be associated with malignancy. The common radiographic abnormality on routine sinus films was unilateral opacification of the sinuses and nasal airway. Tomography is helpful in defining the extent of the lesion and in selecting an appropriate surgical approach. A philosophy of management has evolved based on the experiences gained from these 24 patients, combined with a review of the experience of others and a study of the regional anatomy. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice. A bold surgical approach has been used for tumors involving the lateral nasal wall and paranasal sinuses. A lateral rhinotomy incision is employed and when necessary, this exposure is increased by extending the incision of split the upper lip and reflect the cheek flap as is customarily done with the Weber-Ferfusson incision. Fifteen patients have been followed for more than two years and the results have been excellent with the exception of one patient who later developed an invasive squamous carcinoma. An associated malignancy was found in 12.5 percent of the cases.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Airway Obstruction; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Epistaxis; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Male; Maxillary Sinus; Middle Aged; Nasal Polyps; Nose; Nose Neoplasms; Papilloma; Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms; Paranasal Sinuses; Recurrence; Sex Factors; Terminology as Topic; Tomography, X-Ray; Virus Diseases

Topics: Antigens; Bacterial Infections; Bronchi; Cilia; Cough; Environmental Pollutants; Environmental Pollution; Genes; Histocompatibility; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunoglobulin E; Lung; Lymphatic System; Lymphocytes; Mucus; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Pulmonary Alveoli; Reflex; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sensory Receptor Cells; Sneezing; Virus Diseases

Topics: Aerosols; Air Microbiology; Animals; Bacteria; Cell Count; Child; Cough; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Infant; Infections; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nose; Respiratory System; Saliva; Schools; Sneezing; Speech; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Tuberculosis; Virus Diseases; Viruses

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Colostrum; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Female; Germ-Free Life; Infusions, Parenteral; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Rectum; RNA Viruses; Vaccination; Virus Diseases

Epidemiological studies support a link between low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and a higher risk of viral upper respiratory tract infections. However, whether winter supplementation of vitamin D reduces the risk among children is unknown.. To determine whether high-dose vs standard-dose vitamin D supplementation reduces the incidence of wintertime upper respiratory tract infections in young children.. A randomized clinical trial was conducted during the winter months between September 13, 2011, and June 30, 2015, among children aged 1 through 5 years enrolled in TARGet Kids!, a multisite primary care practice-based research network in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.. Three hundred forty-nine participants were randomized to receive 2000 IU/d of vitamin D oral supplementation (high-dose group) vs 354 participants who were randomized to receive 400 IU/d (standard-dose group) for a minimum of 4 months between September and May.. The primary outcome was the number of laboratory-confirmed viral upper respiratory tract infections based on parent-collected nasal swabs over the winter months. Secondary outcomes included the number of influenza infections, noninfluenza infections, parent-reported upper respiratory tract illnesses, time to first upper respiratory tract infection, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels at study termination.. Among 703 participants who were randomized (mean age, 2.7 years, 57.7% boys), 699 (99.4%) completed the trial. The mean number of laboratory-confirmed upper respiratory tract infections per child was 1.05 (95% CI, 0.91-1.19) for the high-dose group and 1.03 (95% CI, 0.90-1.16) for the standard-dose group, for a between-group difference of 0.02 (95% CI, -0.17 to 0.21) per child. There was no statistically significant difference in number of laboratory-confirmed infections between groups (incidence rate ratio [RR], 0.97; 95% CI, 0.80-1.16). There was also no significant difference in the median time to the first laboratory-confirmed infection: 3.95 months (95% CI, 3.02-5.95 months) for the high-dose group vs 3.29 months (95% CI, 2.66-4.14 months) for the standard-dose group, or number of parent-reported upper respiratory tract illnesses between groups (625 for high-dose vs 600 for standard-dose groups, incidence RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.88-1.16). At study termination, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were 48.7 ng/mL (95% CI, 46.9-50.5 ng/mL) in the high-dose group and 36.8 ng/mL (95% CI, 35.4-38.2 ng/mL) in the standard-dose group.. Among healthy children aged 1 to 5 years, daily administration of 2000 IU compared with 400 IU of vitamin D supplementation did not reduce overall wintertime upper respiratory tract infections. These findings do not support the routine use of high-dose vitamin D supplementation in children for the prevention of viral upper respiratory tract infections.. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01419262.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Child, Preschool; Common Cold; Dietary Supplements; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Influenza, Human; Male; Nose; Respiratory Tract Infections; Virus Diseases; Vitamin D; Vitamins

To determine the efficacy of a modified-live virus vaccine containing bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), parainfluenza virus 3, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2 to induce neutralizing antibodies and cell-mediated immunity in naïve cattle and protect against BHV-1 challenge.. 17 calves.. 8 calves were mock-vaccinated with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control calves), and 9 calves were vaccinated at 15 to 16 weeks of age. All calves were challenged with BHV-1 25 weeks after vaccination. Neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responsiveness were tested on the day of vaccination and periodically after vaccination and BHV-1 challenge. Specific T-cell responses were evaluated by comparing CD25 upregulation and intracellular interferon-gamma expression by 5-color flow cytometry. Titration of BHV-1 in nasal secretions was performed daily after challenge. Results-Vaccinated calves seroconverted by week 4 after vaccination. Antigen-specific cell-mediated immune responses, by CD25 expression index, were significantly higher in vaccinated calves than control calves. Compared with control calves, antigen-specific interferon-gamma expression was significantly higher in calves during weeks 4 to 8 after vaccination, declining by week 24. After BHV-1 challenge, both neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responses of vaccinated calves had anamnestic responses to BHV-1. Vaccinated calves shed virus in nasal secretions at significantly lower titers for a shorter period and had significantly lower rectal temperatures than control calves.. A single dose of vaccine effectively induced humoral and cellular immune responses against BHV-1, BRSV, and BVDV types 1 and 2 and protected calves after BHV-1 challenge for 6 months after vaccination.

Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral; Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Lymphocyte Activation; Nose; Parainfluenza Virus 3, Bovine; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine; T-Lymphocyte Subsets; Viral Vaccines; Virus Diseases

Nasopharyngeal aspiration (NPA) is used widely in the collection of nasal specimens for respiratory virus diagnosis. The method has limitations in relation to technical expertise, patient anxiety, and apparatus dependence. Nasal washing (NW) offers an alternative approach.. To identify the merits of two different NW methods in comparison with NPA.. Two hundred children with acute respiratory infection (ARI) were randomised to receive one of three collection devices: (i) standard NPA, (ii) NW using a 30ml ear-syringe bulb (NWb), or (iii) NW using a 5ml syringe (NWs) with a shortened (9cm) 8FG tube. Assessment focused on ease of procedure, acceptability to parent and child, and adequacy of epithelial cell yield for immunofluorescence testing. A short questionnaire was delivered.. Paediatric Ward of Kilifi District Hospital, (KDH) Kilifi, Kenya.. Any child admitted with ARI between 5th November 2001 and 24th January 2002.. Children recruited into NPA, NWb and NWs procedures numbered 62, 76 and 62, respectively (median age of 8 months). A higher proportion of children receiving NWb did not cry (43%) compared to those receiving NPA (13%) (OR 5.18; 95% CI 2.17-12.4). Whereas 66% of mothers were comfortable with NPA procedure, the proportion for NWs was 40% (OR 0.341; 0.163-0.714). Acceptability to the operator was marginally lower for NWs than NPA (79% vs 92%, OR 0.324, 0.107-0.974). For other observations there were no differences between the procedures; these were length of procedure (98% <5mins), the acceptable time interval for repeating a procedure (64% <1 week), comparison with blood collection (77% preferred the nasal specimen) and slides with 20 or more epithelial cells (overall 82%).. Nasal washing methods provide simple and effective alternatives to NPA, with the NWb being the more acceptable, and have merits for use in resource poor and home settings.

Topics: Child, Preschool; Consumer Behavior; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nose; Respiratory Tract Infections; Specimen Handling; Suction; Therapeutic Irrigation; Virus Diseases

The ability to accurately distinguish bacterial from viral infection would help clinicians better target antimicrobial therapy during suspected lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). Although technological developments make it feasible to rapidly generate patient-specific microbiota profiles, evidence is required to show the clinical value of using microbiota data for infection diagnosis. In this study, we investigated whether adding nasal cavity microbiota profiles to readily available clinical information could improve machine learning classifiers to distinguish bacterial from viral infection in patients with LRTI.. Various multi-parametric Random Forests classifiers were evaluated on the clinical and microbiota data of 293 LRTI patients for their prediction accuracies to differentiate bacterial from viral infection. The most predictive variable was C-reactive protein (CRP). We observed a marginal prediction improvement when 7 most prevalent nasal microbiota genera were added to the CRP model. In contrast, adding three clinical variables, absolute neutrophil count, consolidation on X-ray, and age group to the CRP model significantly improved the prediction. The best model correctly predicted 85% of the 'bacterial' patients and 82% of the 'viral' patients using 13 clinical and 3 nasal cavity microbiota genera (Staphylococcus, Moraxella, and Streptococcus).. We developed high-accuracy multi-parametric machine learning classifiers to differentiate bacterial from viral infections in LRTI patients of various ages. We demonstrated the predictive value of four easy-to-collect clinical variables which facilitate personalized and accurate clinical decision-making. We observed that nasal cavity microbiota correlate with the clinical variables and thus may not add significant value to diagnostic algorithms that aim to differentiate bacterial from viral infections.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; C-Reactive Protein; Humans; Microbiota; Nose; Respiratory Tract Infections; Virus Diseases

The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), has severely influenced public health and economics. For the detection of SARS-CoV-2, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated protein (Cas)-based assays have been emerged because of their simplicity, sensitivity, specificity, and wide applicability. Herein, we have developed a CRISPR-Cas12-based assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. In the assay, the target amplicons are produced by isothermal reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) and recognized by a CRISPR-Cas12a/guide RNA (gRNA) complex that is coupled with the collateral cleavage activity of fluorophore-tagged probes, allowing either a fluorescent measurement or naked-eye detection on a lateral flow paper strip. This assay enables the sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 at a low concentration of 10 copies per sample. Moreover, the reliability of the method is verified by using nasal swabs and sputum of COVID-19 patients. We also proved that the current assay can be applied to other viruses, such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), with no major changes to the basic scheme of testing. It is anticipated that the CRISPR-Cas12-based assay has the potential to serve as a point-of-care testing (POCT) tool for a wide range of infectious viruses.

Topics: Bacterial Proteins; CRISPR-Associated Proteins; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Endodeoxyribonucleases; Fluorescent Dyes; Humans; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; Nose; Point-of-Care Testing; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Guide, Kinetoplastida; SARS-CoV-2; Sensitivity and Specificity; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; Sputum; Virus Diseases

Acute bacterial sinusitis is a frequent complication of viral upper respiratory infection (URI). We describe the clinical and virologic features of URIs that remain uncomplicated and those that precede an episode of sinusitis. We hypothesize that certain viruses are more likely to lead to acute sinusitis, and we compare viruses identified at the time of diagnosis of sinusitis with those identified early in the URI.. Children aged 48-96 months were followed longitudinally for 1 year. Nasal samples were obtained at surveillance visits, on Day 3-4 of the URI, and on Day 10, when sinusitis was diagnosed. Molecular diagnostic testing was performed on nasal washes for common respiratory viruses and pathogenic bacteria. A standardized score was used to quantify symptom severity.. We evaluated 519 URIs, and 37 illnesses in 31 patients met the criteria for sinusitis. Respiratory syncytial virus was detected more frequently in URI visits that led to sinusitis, compared to in uncomplicated URIs (10.8% vs 3.4%; P = .05). New viruses were detected in 29% of sinusitis episodes, and their pattern was different than those patterns observed at surveillance. The median number of URIs per subject per year was 1 (range 0-9) in uncomplicated URI subjects and 3 (range 1-9) in sinusitis subjects (P < .001).. Children who developed sinusitis experienced more frequent URIs, compared to children whose URIs remained uncomplicated. When nasal samples were obtained on the day of diagnosis of acute sinusitis, nearly 30% of children had a new virus identified, suggesting that some children deemed to have sinusitis were experiencing sequential viral infections.

Topics: Acute Disease; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Nose; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sinusitis; Virus Diseases; Viruses

Our aim was to compare the presence of various common viruses (rhinovirus, enterovirus, adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, norovirus, parechovirus) in stool and nasal swab samples as well as virus-specific antibodies in serum samples between children who developed coeliac disease and controls.. A case-control study was established based on the DIABIMMUNE Study cohorts. During the study, eight Estonian children and 21 Finnish children aged 1.5 years to five years developed coeliac disease and each was matched with a disease-free control. Nasal swabs and stool samples were taken at the age of three to six months and the serum samples at the time of diagnosis.. Rhinovirus ribonucleic acid was detected in the nasal swabs from five coeliac disease children, but none of the control children (p = 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the level of viral antibodies between cases and controls. Enterovirus immunoglobulin G class antibodies were found more frequently in the Estonian than in the Finnish children (63% versus 23%, p = 0.02).. This study did not find any marked overall differences in laboratory-confirmed common viral infections between the children who developed coeliac disease and the controls. However, rhinovirus infections were detected slightly more often in those patients who developed coeliac disease.

Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Case-Control Studies; Celiac Disease; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Feces; Humans; Nose; Virus Diseases

Early and accurate detection of respiratory viruses (RV) is important for patient management. We have previously shown that self-collected nasal swabs (NS) are feasible and as sensitive as clinician-collected nasal washes for detection of RV, but the additive benefit of self-collected throat swabs is unknown.. To evaluate the added yield of self-collected nasal to throat swabs for detection of RV by PCR in patients with upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms.. Patients with URTI symptoms self-collected paired polyurethane foam NS and nylon flocked throat swabs and completed a symptom survey. Swabs were tested for 12 RV by real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Descriptive, McNemar's, and Wilcoxon signed rank statistical tests were used.. 115 paired nasal and throat swabs were collected from 63 individuals, with 71/115 (62%) positive for a RV by at least one specimen, including 51 positive by both, 17 positive by NS only, and 3 positive by throat swab only. The sensitivity of NS was 96% (95%CI: 88-99) versus 76% (95% CI: 65-85) in throat swabs, p<0.001. The median PCR cycle threshold (Ct) in 51 concordant samples was lower (indicating higher viral concentration) in NS (25.1) versus throat swabs (32.0). The three samples positive only by throat swab had high Ct values (33.8, 36.2, and 38.8, all rhinovirus).. Self-collection of NS was significantly more sensitive than self collection of throat swabs for detection of RV by RT-PCR. The addition of throat sampling does not appear to increase the diagnostic load in the self-testing setting.

Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Nose; Pharynx; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sensitivity and Specificity; Specimen Handling; Virus Diseases; Viruses

The characteristics and risk factors of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection among children has not yet been fully understood. To address the characteristics of RSV-associated illness and risk factors of RSV infection among children under 5 years of age in Suzhou, China. From April 2011 to March 2014, we conducted a prospective surveillance among children in Suzhou, China. Nasal or throat swabs were collected from outpatients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and inpatients with severe acute respiratory infections (SARI). RSV was detected by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and direct fluorescent antibody assay for children with ILI and SARI, respectively. Multivariable logistic-regression models were constructed to explore risk factors and symptoms of RSV infection. Of 3267 ILI and 1838 SARI children enrolled in the study, 192 (5.9%) and 287 (15.6%) tested positive for RSV, respectively. Among ILI patients, children with RSV infections visited clinics more often (P = 0.005) and had longer duration of fever (P = 0.032) than those without RSV infection. All RSV-positive children had an increased risk of having cough (OR = 2.9), rhinorrhea (OR = 1.6), breathing difficulty (OR = 3.4), wheezing (OR = 3.3), and irritability (OR = 2.7). Children aged <2 years, had history of prematurity (OR = 2.0) and recent respiratory infections (OR = 1.3) were more likely to get infected by RSV. Children with SARI had higher positive rate of RSV than those with ILI. Cough, rhinorrhea, and wheezing were the most common symptoms in RSV infection. Children aged <2 years, had history of prematurity and recent respiratory infections were the potential risk factors for RSV infection.

Topics: Child, Preschool; China; Coinfection; Cough; Epidemiological Monitoring; Female; Fever; Humans; Infant; Influenza, Human; Male; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae; Outpatients; Pharynx; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; Risk Factors; Virus Diseases; Viruses

This study reports the results of a systematic screening for respiratory viruses in pediatric outpatients from an emergency department (ED) in southern Brazil during two consecutive influenza seasons. Children eligible for enrollment in this study were aged 24-59 months and presented with acute respiratory symptoms and fever. Naso- and oropharyngeal swabs were collected and multiplex reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was performed to identify the respiratory viruses involved. In total, 492 children were included in this study: 248 in 2010 and 244 in 2011. In 2010, 136 samples (55%) were found to be positive for at least one virus and the most frequently detected viruses were human rhinovirus (HRV) (18%), adenovirus (AdV) (13%), and human coronavirus (CoV) (5%). In 2011, 158 samples (65%) were found to be positive for at least one virus, and the most frequently detected were HRV (29%), AdV (12%), and enterovirus (9%). Further, the presence of asthma (OR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.86-5.46) was independently associated with HRV infection, whereas fever was associated with AdV (OR, 3.86; 95% CI, 1.31-16.52) and influenza infections (OR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.26-16.06). Ten patients (2%) were diagnosed with pneumonia, and six of these tested positive for viral infection (4 HRV, 1 RSV, and 1 AdV). Thus, this study identified the most common respiratory viruses found in preschool children in the study region and demonstrated their high frequency, highlighting the need for improved data collection, and case management in order to stimulate preventive measures against these infections. J. Med. Virol. 88:1325-1333, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Brazil; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Influenza A virus; Influenza, Human; Male; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Nose; Oropharynx; Outpatients; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Seasons; Virus Diseases; Viruses

Respiratory infections continue to pose a significant threat to human health. It is important to accurately and rapidly detect respiratory viruses. To compensate for the limits of current respiratory virus detection methods, we developed a 24-plex analysis (common respiratory virus-mass spectrometry [CRV-MS]) that can simultaneously detect and identify 21 common respiratory viruses based on a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry system. To evaluate the efficacy of the CRV-MS method, we used 102 samples that were confirmed positive for these common respiratory viruses. All tests using the CRV-MS method were effective, with no cross-reactivity observed with other common respiratory viruses. To confirm the usefulness of the CRV-MS method, we screened 336 nasal and throat swabs that were collected from adults or children with suspected viral acute respiratory tract infections using the CRV-MS method and consensus PCR/reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) methods. Excluding four RNase P-negative samples, the CRV-MS and consensus PCR/RT-PCR methods detected respiratory viruses in 92.5% (307/332) and 89.5% (297/332) of the samples, respectively. The two methods yielded identical results for 306 (92.2%) samples, including negative results for 25 samples (7.5%) and positive results for 281 samples (84.6%). Differences between the two methods may reflect their different sensitivities. The CRV-MS method proved to be sensitive and robust, and it can be used in large-scale epidemiological studies of common respiratory virus infections.

Topics: Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Nose; Pharynx; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sensitivity and Specificity; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Time Factors; Virology; Virus Diseases; Viruses

Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method it is possible to detect uncultivable viruses and discover multiple viral infections. However, the clinical importance of these findings in relation to symptoms is not known.. The seasonal fluctuations of respiratory viruses and the clinical outcomes of single infections and dual infections were investigated.. Nasal aspirate samples were obtained from outpatients and inpatients of a children's hospital and these samples were subjected to real-time PCR to detect 16 respiratory viruses. Seasonal variations of the 16 viruses and the clinical outcomes such as wheezing, the need for oxygenation and prolonged hospitalization of patients with single viral infections and multiple infections were determined for the 5 most often detected viruses.. Among 512 specimens analyzed, one or more viruses were detected in 424 (83%) specimens. Two or more viruses were detected in 160 samples (31% of all samples). The epidemic peaks of the viruses did not coincide with each other. Rhinoviruses were the most frequently detected viruses and their coinfection rates were also higher. However, the disease severity in the lower respiratory tract did not differ in most respiratory viral infections regardless of whether there was single infection or dual infection with a rhinovirus and other respiratory virus.. Seasonal distribution was seen for each virus. There were no significant differences in clinical symptoms in the children studied. Because the infection of rhinoviruses is the common occurrence in children, it is hypothesized that the factors related to disease severity are mainly the underlying conditions of the children.

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Coinfection; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Inpatients; Male; Nose; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Seasons; Virus Diseases

Self-collected foam nasal swabs (NS) obtained after instillation of saline spray were compared with nasal washes from immunocompetent subjects during 146 upper respiratory infections (URIs); the sensitivities for reverse transcription (RT)-PCR respiratory virus detection were 95% and 88%, respectively (P = 0.06). The sensitivities from NS collected with and without saline spray during 142 URIs from immunocompetent subjects were 96% and 86% (P = 0.004), respectively, and those from 140 URI samples from hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients were 88% and 85% (P = 0.56), respectively.

Topics: Adult; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Nose; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Respiratory Tract Infections; Self Administration; Sensitivity and Specificity; Specimen Handling; Transplantation; Virus Diseases; Viruses

Diagnostic tests for respiratory viral infections have traditionally been performed on nasopharyngeal swabs or washings. Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) is rapid, sensitive, and specific for viral infection diagnosis but is rarely applied to sputum samples. Thus, we evaluated the diagnostic yield of RT-PCR for detection of nine virus types by the use of nose and throat swabs (NTS) and sputum samples from patients admitted to the hospital with acute respiratory tract illnesses. Adults hospitalized with acute respiratory tract illnesses were recruited during the winters of 2008 and 2009. At enrollment, combined nose and throat swabs and sputum samples were collected for RT-PCR for detection of nine common respiratory virus types. A total of 532 subjects admitted for 556 respiratory illnesses were enrolled. A total of 189 virus strains were identified. The diagnostic yields for detection of any virus were 23% (126/556) for NTS RT-PCR and 36% (146/404) for sputum RT-PCR. A total of 83 (44%) of 189 viral detections were positive by both methods, 43 (23%) were positive by NTS alone, and 63 (33%) were positive only with sputum samples. The inclusion of RT-PCR performed with sputum samples significantly increased the diagnostic yield for respiratory viral infections in adults. Further studies designed to adapt the use of sputum samples for commercial RT-PCR respiratory virus assays are needed.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Nose; Pharynx; Respiratory Tract Infections; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sputum; Virology; Virus Diseases; Viruses

The risk of developing childhood asthma has been linked to the severity and etiology of viral respiratory illnesses in early childhood. Since inner-city infants have unique environmental exposures, we hypothesized that patterns of respiratory viral infections would also be distinct.. We compared the viral etiology of respiratory illnesses in 2 groups: a cohort of 515 infants from 4 inner-city areas and a cohort of 285 infants from mainly suburban Madison, Wisconsin. Nasal secretions were sampled during periods of respiratory illness and at 1 year of age and were analyzed for viral pathogens by multiplex polymerase chain reaction.. Overall, inner-city infants had lower rates of viral detection. Considering specific viruses, sick urban infants had lower rates of detectable rhinovirus or respiratory syncytial virus infection and higher rates of adenovirus infection. Every urban site had a higher proportion of adenovirus-positive samples associated with illnesses (10%-21%), compared with Madison (6%).. These findings provide evidence that inner-city babies have different patterns of viral respiratory illnesses than babies who grow up in a more suburban location. These findings raise important questions about the etiology of virus-negative illnesses in urban infants and the possibility of long-term consequences of early life infections with adenovirus in this population.

Topics: Adult; Cohort Studies; Exudates and Transudates; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Nose; Respiratory Tract Infections; Suburban Population; Urban Population; Virus Diseases; Viruses; Wisconsin

In this study, we present the multiple detection of respiratory viruses in infants during primary respiratory illness, investigate the sensitivity of nasal swabs and nasopharyngeal aspirates, and assess whether patient characteristics and viral load played a role in the sensitivity. Healthy infants were included at signs of first respiratory tract infection. Paired nasopharyngeal aspirates and nasal swabs were collected. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out for 11 respiratory pathogens. Paired nasopharyngeal aspirates and nasal swabs were collected in 98 infants. Rhinovirus (n = 67) and respiratory syncytial virus (n = 39) were the most frequently detected. Co-infection occurred in 48% (n = 45) of the infants. The sensitivity of the nasal swab was lower than the nasopharyngeal aspirate, in particular, for respiratory syncytial virus (51% vs. 100%) and rhinovirus (75% vs. 97%). The sensitivity of the nasal swab was strongly determined by the cycle threshold (CT) value (p < 0.001). The sensitivity of the swab for respiratory syncytial virus, but not rhinovirus, was 100% in children with severe symptoms (score >or=11). It is concluded that, for community-based studies and surveillance purposes, the nasal swab can be used, though the sensitivity is lower than the aspirate, in particular, for the detection of mild cases of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection.

Topics: Comorbidity; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Nasopharynx; Nose; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sensitivity and Specificity; Viral Load; Virus Diseases; Viruses

Several studies have compared nasal swabs to the more invasive nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) for detection of respiratory viruses. Mostly, the comparisons have been performed on immunocompetent children with upper respiratory tract symptoms. The results range from a relatively poor sensitivity for the swabs to an even higher sensitivity than for the NPA. We aimed to investigate the sensitivity of a flocked nasal swab (fNS) on immunocompromised adults with febrile neutropenia.. During 16 months, adults with a hematological disorder presenting with febrile neutropenia were enrolled in the study. Paired samples of the fNS and NPA were collected in the outer part of the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx, respectively. The samples were analyzed regarding a panel of 15 respiratory viruses by means of quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, as an indirect measure of cell yield by either method, the copy number of the human beta actin gene was also determined. Cohen's kappa was calculated as a measure of agreement of the results obtained from either method. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for comparison of cell yield.. A total of 98 paired samples from a total of 89 patients were collected. Twenty of the pairs had virus detected in at least one of the specimens; 11 in both, 7 in NPA only, and 2 in fNS only. For the fNS, the overall sensitivity for any virus and for rhinovirus only was 65% and 78%, respectively. NPA was significantly superior to the fNS in collecting epithelial cells.. We found the overall sensitivity of 65% to be too low to replace NPA with this sampling technique in this patient category.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Fever; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Male; Middle Aged; Nasopharynx; Neutropenia; Nose; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sensitivity and Specificity; Specimen Handling; Virus Diseases

Recently discovered respiratory viruses were detected in 19 (9.2%) of 205 nasal swab specimens from children in Brazil with respiratory illnesses. Five each were positive for human metapneumovirus (HMPV) alone and human bocavirus (HBoV) alone, 3 for human coronaviruses (HCoV-HKU1 or -NL63) alone, and 6 for more than 1 recently discovered virus.

Topics: Adolescent; Bocavirus; Brazil; Child; Child, Preschool; Coronaviridae; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Metapneumovirus; Nose; Pneumonia, Viral; Respiratory Tract Infections; Virus Diseases; Viruses

To determine the usefulness of nasal swabs as a simple method for detection of respiratory viruses, we compared nasal swabs and nasopharyngeal aspirates obtained at the same time from the opposite nostrils of 230 children with upper respiratory infection. The sensitivity of nasal swabs was comparable to that of nasopharyngeal aspirates for the detection of all major respiratory viruses except respiratory syncytial virus.

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mucus; Nasopharynx; Nose; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sensitivity and Specificity; Specimen Handling; Virus Diseases; Viruses

Overall 219 ailing children aged 3 to 14 years were examined, using the disease history, clinical, morphological, immunological and cytochemical data. There were 115 patients with allergoses and 104 patients suffering from acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI). A retrospective analysis has demonstrated that in 52.6% of the children, respiratory allergosis diagnosis was late (3-5 years since its onset). It has been established that hereditary allergic load, food and drug allergy, local eosinophilia of the nasal mucosa as well as a decrease of E-RFC, a rise of EAC-RFC levels, a lower T/B index, dysgammaglobulinemia marked by significant stable alterations in patients with respiratory allergoses and transitory, obscure changes associated with ARVI can serve differential diagnostic criteria.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Antibodies, Viral; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic Errors; Disease Susceptibility; Feces; Humans; Nose; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Respiratory Tract Infections; Virus Diseases

To determine whether respiratory virus infections (URI) are associated with exacerbation of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in childhood, a prospective two-winter study of 32 children with NS was done. We obtained pre- and post-season viral serologic studies, biweekly nose and throat viral cultures, daily urinalysis, biweekly telephone follow-up for URI and renal complaints, and clinical assessments as indicated. When a URI occurred, viral cultures were done weekly if the child was at home and twice weekly if hospitalized. Sixty-one URIs occurred; the agent was identified in 33 (51.6%) (respiratory syncytial virus 14, influenza virus five, parainfluenza virus five, varicella zoster virus four, adenovirus three, Mycoplasma pneumoniae one, and Chlamydia trachomatis one). Forty-one exacerbations occurred, 71% with URI; 29% had no URI during the preceding 10 days (P less than 0.01). Total relapse occurred in 29 of 41 exacerbations, 69% with URI and 31% without URI (P less than 0.01). Patients with unstable NS had more exacerbations than those with stable NS (15 of 19 (79%) vs four of 13 (31%), P less than 0.001) and more URI (2.32 vs 1.46 per child, P less than 0.05). Exacerbations in patients with minimal change, mesangioproliferative, and focal glomerulosclerosis occurred in 40%, 60%, and 64%, respectively. We conclude that exacerbations and relapses of childhood NS are temporally related to URI. Inasmuch as multiple viral agents were associated with exacerbations, nonspecific host response to infection, not viral antigen or antibody response, may be the link to NS.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chickenpox; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Influenza, Human; Male; Nephrotic Syndrome; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pharynx; Prospective Studies; Recurrence; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respirovirus; Seasons; Surveys and Questionnaires; Virus Diseases

The new methods of rapid viral diagnosis make it possible to specify a number of the most prevalent agents of respiratory tract infections within 24 hours. The techniques are based on the immunological detection of antigens of respiratory syncytial (RSV), adeno, parainfluenza type 1, 2 and 3, as well as of influenza A and B viruses in nasopharyngeal secretions. During a one-year period we have used these methods to evaluate diagnostically 1541 outpatients presenting with upper and lower respiratory tract infections. The patients included babies, infants and children under 16. In about 50% of all sick babies below the age of three months a definite viral infection could be established, and in approximately 30% of infants and children aged up to 4 years. RSV was most frequently observed, accounting for 53.6% of all infections (80% of all babies below the age of 3 months, in whom specified agents could be identified, had RSV infection). The next most frequent pathogens were parainfluenza type 3 (18,8%), influenza A (11,3%) and, finally, adenoviruses (10.2%). The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of these infections are summarized. In addition, the results of these antigen detecting assays have been compared with those of concomitantly conducted virus isolation techniques in cell cultures. This comparative analysis most impressively revealed the time saved by attempting an etiological diagnosis using the antigen detecting system: in only 6% was a specific diagnosis established on the basis of virus isolation, whereas the delay was equal or more than 8 days in 36% of all patients enroled.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Adenoviridae; Adolescent; Antibodies, Viral; Antigens, Viral; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Influenza A virus; Influenza B virus; Nose; Pharynx; Pilot Projects; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respirovirus; Seasons; Switzerland; Virus Diseases

Topics: Adenoviruses, Human; Administration, Intranasal; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Common Cold; Female; Humans; Interferon Type I; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Random Allocation; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respirovirus; Rhinovirus; Virus Diseases

Infant rats infected with influenza A virus, Sendai (parainfluenza 1) virus or rat coronavirus were used to determine whether viral infection increases the intensity of nasal colonization with Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIB). Intranasal inoculation of HIB in rats previously infected with each of these viruses resulted in nasal HIB titers at least 100-fold higher than those for controls during the first 2 wk after HIB inoculation, and as much as 10,000-fold higher during the first week. Children with cough, sneezing, or rhinorrhea could be effective disseminators of HIB if they were as heavily and persistently colonized as these virus-infected animals.

Topics: Animals; Haemophilus influenzae; Nose; Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Virus Diseases

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Bacterial Infections; Ear, Middle; Hemorrhage; Humans; Larynx; Mouth; Mucous Membrane; Neoplasms; Nose; Paralysis; Pharynx; Skin; Virus Diseases

The role of viruses and M. pneumoniae in episodes of acute respiratory illness in childhood has been studied in a London general practice. The total isolation rate was 31-7 per cent, but the rate varied from 32-6 per cent in upper respiratory infections to 64-0 per cent in pneumonia. The clinical features associated with infection were influenced not only by the type of agent but also by age and other host factors in infected children. Rhinoviruses were more commonly isolated than any other agent and were frequently associated with wheezy bronchitis.

Topics: Adenoviridae; Child; Child, Preschool; Enterovirus; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; London; Male; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Paramyxoviridae; Pharynx; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Simplexvirus; Virus Cultivation; Virus Diseases; Viruses

Topics: Adenoviridae; Antibodies; Antigens, Viral; Biopsy; Brain; Cells, Cultured; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Conjunctivitis; Encephalitis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Influenza A virus; Nose; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Simplexvirus; Trachea; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respirovirus; Rhinovirus; RNA Viruses; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cells, Cultured; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Idoxuridine; Kidney; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Temperature; Trypsin; Virus Diseases

Topics: Cells, Cultured; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Indoles; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nose; Rhinovirus; Sputum; Time Factors; Triazines; Virus Diseases

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Abnormalities, Multiple; Abnormalities, Severe Teratoid; Brain; Cortisone; Eye Abnormalities; Facial Bones; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nose; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Salicylates; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cell Separation; DNA; Lectins; Leukocyte Count; Lymphocyte Activation; Methods; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Rectum; RNA Viruses; Thymidine; Tritium; Virus Diseases

Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Haplorhini; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Monkey Diseases; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Paramyxoviridae; Pharynx; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Time Factors; Virus Diseases

Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Cells, Cultured; Child; Child, Preschool; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Feces; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans; Infant; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Pharynx; Population Surveillance; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Virus Cultivation; Virus Diseases; Viruses; Washington

Topics: Abortion, Veterinary; Aerosols; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cells, Cultured; Colostrum; Embryo, Mammalian; Female; Fetus; Immunodiffusion; Injections; Injections, Intradermal; Injections, Intravenous; Nose; Pregnancy; Spleen; Thymus Gland; Virus Cultivation; Virus Diseases; Viruses, Unclassified

Topics: Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Diphtheria; Humans; Infant; Intubation, Intratracheal; Laryngitis; Measles; Nose; South Africa; Tracheotomy; Virus Diseases

Topics: Antibodies; Antibody Formation; Antigen-Antibody Complex; Arthus Reaction; Chromatography, Gel; Digestive System; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Immunity; Immunization; Immunoelectrophoresis; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulins; Mucus; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Urogenital System; Virus Diseases

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Bacterial Infections; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Child; Child, Preschool; Culture Techniques; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Haplorhini; HeLa Cells; Humans; Kidney; Lung; Male; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Pharynx; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sex Factors; Virus Cultivation; Virus Diseases

Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Complement Fixation Tests; Culture Techniques; Exudates and Transudates; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Influenza, Human; Methods; Mobile Health Units; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Netherlands; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pharynx; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respirovirus; Sputum; Time Factors; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Australia; Cat Diseases; Cats; Conjunctiva; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Kidney; Lung; Microscopy, Electron; Mouth; Nose; Palatine Tonsil; Picornaviridae; Respiratory Tract Infections; Spleen; Staining and Labeling; Virulence; Virus Cultivation; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Cell Line; Culture Techniques; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Enterovirus; Enterovirus B, Human; Haplorhini; HeLa Cells; Humans; Immunodiffusion; Kidney; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Pharynx; Rectum; Reoviridae; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respirovirus; Species Specificity; Virus Cultivation; Virus Diseases

Topics: Aerosols; Animals; Bronchopneumonia; Cat Diseases; Cats; Conjunctiva; Conjunctivitis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Histological Techniques; Lung; Nose; Pharynx; Picornaviridae; Rectum; Rhinitis; Spleen; Ulcer; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Culture Techniques; Eye; Female; Herpesviridae; Immune Sera; Kidney; Mass Screening; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Pharynx; Picornaviridae; Rectum; Vagina; Virus Cultivation; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Brain; Encephalitis Viruses; Female; Male; Mice; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Complement Fixation Tests; Cricetinae; Culture Media; Culture Techniques; Lung; Mutation; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; Temperature; Virus Diseases; Virus Replication

Topics: Adenoviridae; Animals; Child, Preschool; Culture Techniques; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Haplorhini; Humans; Infant; Methods; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae; Pharynx; Picornaviridae; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respirovirus; Rhinovirus; Simplexvirus; Sputum; Virus Diseases

The domestic chicken was used as an experimental model in which to demonstrate morphological and functional relationships of nasal organ systems, principally of mucous systems. Mucous secretions of olfactory, respiratory, lacrimal, and accessory areas were found to have clear histochemical differences, yet were sufficiently miscible in normal circumstances to form an unbroken, synchronously moving sheet. Changes induced experimentally in host physiology did not all affect the mucous components of given areas in the same way or to the same degree. Mucosal changes were produced by the following methods: Topically administered cocaine 20%, in a single application, temporarily paralyzed the cilia, and the consequently reduced traction apparently held mucus in the acini and effected a temporary lag in mucus excretion. Three successive applications caused acute acinar depletion and ciliary paralysis. Hexylcaine chloride 5% immediately desquamated all intranasal epithelia, damaged the proximal portion of the acini, and induced acinar exhaustion and mucosal inflammation-effects not overcome within 5(1/2) days. Internal dehydration produced progressively viscous mucus, severe acinar gaping with mucus anchored in the acini, a heavy surface sheet, and deceleration or arrest of mucociliary flow. Avitaminosis A induced reduction in the height (about 50%) of all mucosae and acini, especially the inner lining of the maxillary concha, caused an actual 50% reduction in the number of cells per acinus, and retarded the mucociliary flow rate about 50%. Pilocarpine induced initial hypersecretion, later exhaustion, and, still later, slow production of densely staining mucus in the acinar cells; also acinar gaping. Breeding in a germfree environment produced a greatly reduced mucosal depth throughout the nasal fossa, an extraordinary reduction in the number of cells per acinus, relative reduction in the number of acinar neck cells, and concomitant increase in ciliated cells in that region. Exposure to a temperature of -20 degrees C for 1 hr caused blanching of all secretory cells, acinar gaping, and temporary reduction of mucosal depth.

Topics: Amino Alcohols; Animals; Chickens; Cilia; Cocaine; Cold Temperature; Dehydration; Ethers; Germ-Free Life; Mucus; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Pilocarpine; Virus Diseases; Vitamin A Deficiency

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Antibodies; Antibody Specificity; Bacterial Vaccines; Encephalomyocarditis virus; Female; Hot Temperature; Immunization; Injections; Male; Methods; Mice; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Rectum; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Artiodactyla; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Deer; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Equidae; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Lacrimal Apparatus; Nose; Rectum; Research; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chloroform; Disease Outbreaks; Inclusion Bodies; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Pathology; Research; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tissue Culture Techniques; Vertebrates; Virus Cultivation; Virus Diseases; Viruses

Topics: Asthma; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Nose; Respiratory Tract Infections; Trachea; Virus Diseases

Topics: Common Cold; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Nose; Pneumonia; Serum Albumin; Serum Globulins; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Nose; Swine; Virus Diseases; Viruses

Topics: Cytomegalovirus Infections; Nose; Nose Diseases; Virus Diseases

Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Granuloma; Granuloma, Pyogenic; Humans; Nose; Poxviridae Infections; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Nose; Virus Diseases

Topics: Disease; Nose; Nose Diseases; Pharyngeal Diseases; Pharynx; Virus Diseases

Topics: Humans; Larynx; Neck; Nose; Pharynx; Virus Diseases

Topics: Common Cold; Humans; Larynx; Nose; Pharynx; Virus Diseases