phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Salmonella-Infections--Animal

Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae serotype 61: k: 1,5, (7) (SED) is a microorganism well adapted to sheep; however, it has also been described producing chronic proliferative rhinitis (CPR) in ovine. CPR causes a proliferative inflammation of the ventral nasal turbinates that may totally obstruct the nasal cavity. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of SED in nostrils and stool of sheep without CPR clinical signs in commercial sheep farms of Spain with and without previous clinical cases of CPR. Five samplings were performed in 10 commercial sheep farms for one year. Samples from nostrils and faeces were taken from four animals without CPR visible clinical signs that belonged to four different age ranges at each farm visit. The prevalence of positive animals was 45.3 %, and the number of positive samples in nostrils was higher than in faeces (38.5 % vs 22.5 %). Only on one farm was no positive result obtained in the entire study. In almost all positive farms, sheep belonging to the youngest age ranges accounted for more than 50 % of positive isolates. Finally, farms with a previous diagnosis of CPR were 1.784 times more likely to have an animal with positive isolation than farms without a previous diagnosis. This could suggest that the infection pressure in the farm might favour the occurrence of clinical cases of the disease. However, further studies will be necessary to unravel why this saprophytic bacterium is able to cross the epithelial barrier causing severe rhinitis in certain animals.

Topics: Animals; Bodily Secretions; Feces; Female; Nose; Prevalence; Rhinitis; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Serogroup; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Sheep, Domestic; Spain

Little attention has been paid to the possibility of transmission of Salmonella in intensive pig production systems through alternate methods, such as airborne or direct nose-to-nose contact. This experimental study tested the hypothesis of nose-to-nose transmission of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium (Trial I) and Agona (Trial II) in weaned pigs using stainless steel/glass isolation cabinets. In each trial, cabinet 1 (control pigs) and cabinet 2 (sentinel pigs) were connected directly to the fan unit. Cabinet 3 (seeded pigs) was not directly linked to the fan, but was arranged to receive a constant unidirectional airflow from cabinet 2 (sentinel pigs) through a 10cm diameter hole, which also allowed nose-to-nose contact between pigs housed in these two cabinets. Air was taken out of the system through ducts connecting cabinets 1 and 3 to the exhauster. Therefore, direct contact among seeded and sentinel pigs was allowed but possible aerial transference of contaminated particles between those cabinets was prevented. The system was opened 21 days post-inoculation and tissue samples were collected for bacteriological analysis. The recovery of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium from sentinel pigs corroborates the hypothesis of nose-to-nose transmission of that pathogen in pigs. However, serovar-related differences might exist regarding the nose-to-nose transmissibility of Salmonella in pigs, since Salmonella Agona was not detected in sentinel pigs (Trial II).

Topics: Animals; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Male; Nose; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Swine; Swine Diseases

To establish the effect of dose on persistence of and immune response to Salmonella choleraesuis in swine.. 19 Salmonella-free pigs were allotted to 4 groups. Groups 1 (n = 5), 2 (n = 5), and 3 (n = 5) were inoculated intranasally with 10(9), 10(6), and 10(3) colony-forming units of S choleraesuis, respectively. Group 4 (n = 4) served as uninoculated controls.. Pigs were monitored for clinical signs of disease and bacterial shedding. Serum and lymphocytes were obtained to measure immune responses. Pigs from groups 1, 2, and 4 were necropsied at postinoculation (PI) weeks 6 and 15. Pigs from groups 3 and 4 were necropsied at PI weeks 6 and 10.. Pigs in group 1 shed S choleraesuis through PI week 15 and were tissue positive at PI weeks 6 and 15. Pigs in group 2 were tissue positive for S choleraesuis until PI week 6 and continued shedding through PI week 9. Salmonella choleraesuis was not recovered at any time from pigs in groups 3 or 4. Pigs in groups 1, 2, and 3 had serum IgG and IgM titers to S choleraesuis lipopolysaccharide and soluble antigens. Pigs in all groups had a lymphocyte response to concanavalin A, and pigs in groups 1 and 2 had a lymphocyte response to S choleraesuis endotoxin. Pigs in group 1 had a lower stimulation index in response to both antigens, indicating some form of lymphocyte immunosuppression.. Persistence of S choleraesuis in host tissues is dose dependent. Short-term persistence can occur after a dose as low as 10(6) colony-forming units of S choleraesuis. Higher doses result in development of long-term carrier status, which may be related to the observed lymphocyte immunosuppression.

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Blood Sedimentation; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes; Nose; Palatine Tonsil; Rectum; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Swine; Swine Diseases

The aim of this work was to explore the first stages of infection with Salmonella Abortusovis after a mucosal inoculation, and to establish an experimental model limiting the bacteriological investigations to the inoculation site. Four groups of 6 ewe-lambs were infected by the conjunctival route with decreasing doses of Salmonella Abortusovis. The clinical and serological survey was completed by a daily bacteriological examination of nasal swabs and faeces. Enumeration of viable bacteria was performed on liver, spleen, lungs and lymph nodes harvested 1, 8, and 22 d after inoculation. A rapid colonization of the cephalic lymph nodes was observed, associated with a transient spreading to prescapular and subiliac lymph nodes without dissemination to the liver and spleen. An irregular and low level faecal excretion was associated with the colonization of mesenteric lymph nodes. The infection by the conjunctival route may either systemically propagated or be locally restricted by the lymphoid system in relation to doses administered. This model uses low infective doses similar to those occurring in field conditions and offers the possibility of limiting the bacteriological control to the regional lymph nodes. It confirms that live attenuated Salmonella strains may be used as vaccinal vectors by the mucosal route.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Conjunctiva; Feces; Female; Lymph Nodes; Nose; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Sheep; Sheep Diseases

The results of oral vaccination of 388 calves with herd-specific vaccines against E. coli are described. Innocuity was optimal, whereas the potency was estimated not as efficient as parenteral vaccination of the dam (in 22% of the cases), i.e., transient diseases in vaccinated calves occurred there. Further the results of intranasal vaccination of 496 cattle against salmonellosis are reported. Salmonella excretion in the faeces was stopped within 1-3 weeks post vaccination in 75% of the herds. In one case it took 3 months to reach this effect. A few permanent excretor cattle remained in two other cases.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Escherichia coli Infections; Injections, Intravenous; Nose; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Vaccination

Topics: Animals; Carrier State; Colon; Environment; Feces; New Zealand; Nose; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Spleen

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Carrier State; Female; Hemagglutination Tests; Intestines; Lymph Nodes; Nasal Septum; Nose; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Sheep; Sheep Diseases

Topics: Aerosols; Animals; Antibodies; Carrier State; Digestive System; Disease Models, Animal; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Intubation, Gastrointestinal; Lung; Male; Mice; Nose; Respiratory System; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Spleen; Virulence; Zoonoses

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Antibodies; Antibody Specificity; Bacterial Vaccines; Encephalomyocarditis virus; Female; Hot Temperature; Immunization; Injections; Male; Methods; Mice; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Rectum; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Virus Diseases