phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Respiration-Disorders

Nitric oxide (NO) is produced within the airways and released with exhalation. Nasal NO (nNO) can be measured in a non-invasive way, with different devices and techniques according to the age and cooperation of the patients. Here, we conducted a narrative review of the literature to examine the relationship between nNO and some respiratory diseases with a particular focus on primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). A total of 115 papers were assessed, and 50 were eventually included in the review. nNO in PCD is low (below 77 nL/min), and its measurement has a clear diagnostic value when evaluated in a clinically suggestive phenotype. Many studies have evaluated the role of NO as a molecular mediator as well as the association between nNO values and genotype or ciliary function. As far as other respiratory diseases are concerned, nNO is low in chronic rhinosinusitis and cystic fibrosis, while increased values have been found in allergic rhinitis. Nonetheless, the role in the diagnosis and prognosis of these conditions has not been fully clarified.

Topics: Breath Tests; Child; Ciliary Motility Disorders; Humans; Nitric Oxide; Nose; Respiration Disorders; Respiratory Tract Diseases

A systematic review was performed to assess the prognosis for facial growth direction documented by mandibular plane inclination and anterior face height in growing subjects who had undergone surgical intervention to relieve mouth breathing (PROSPERO database, registration no. CRD 42013005707).. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library and LILACS were searched based on the guidelines of the PRISMA statement. Included were longitudinal studies with mouth-breathing patients who had undergone surgical interventions to relieve their respiratory pattern, with a minimum follow-up of one year.. A total of 1555 studies were identified, whereby only three nonrandomized clinical trials comprising 155 participants met the inclusion criteria. Primary outcome was change between the initial and final measurements of the mandibular plane-SN angle (95% confidence interval [CI] -2.13° [-3.08, -1.18]). Secondary outcomes included changes in total anterior face height (AFH; 95% CI -0.76 mm [-1.91, 0.38]), upper AFH (95% CI 0.09 mm [-0.57, 0.74]), and lower AFH (95% CI 0.06 mm [-0.87, 0.99]). Risk of bias was low for most of bias domains and the quality of evidence across the studies was considered to be very low. The design, the small number of participants, and the absence of blinding generated imprecision.. There is very low evidence that the mandibular growth direction became more horizontal during the first year after surgery to treat mouth breathing. The total anterior facial height decreased, although not always significantly.

Topics: Adenoidectomy; Databases, Factual; Face; Facial Bones; Humans; Mandible; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Respiration Disorders; Tonsillectomy; Vertical Dimension

Objective assessment of nasal obstruction may help with preoperative planning for rhinosurgery and indicate different aspects of endonasal pathology. To improve quality control, preoperative and postoperative objective assessment is desirable. This review presents objective functional diagnostic tools and explains their appropriate uses, the information obtained, and their limitations. An algorithm is presented for analysing nasal obstruction by means of objective functional assessment. Examples illustrate how to use this information for preoperative planning in rhinosurgery.

Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Nose; Nose Diseases; Respiration Disorders; Respiratory Function Tests

The nose, as an organ initiating reflexes affecting itself and the rest of the body, and as a target organ of control, is highly complex. Its innervation includes parasympathetic, sympathetic, sensory/afferent, and somatic motor nerves, which combine in a variety of morphologic pathways. The vasculature of the nose contains capacitance vessels such as sinusoids and distensible venules, as well as arteriovenous anastomoses, arterioles, capillaries, and venules. The secretory tissue of the nose includes epithelial cells, submucosal glands, and relatively large anterior or lateral serous glands; in addition, some species have specialized secretory glands. The nose is the source of many powerful reflexes, including the diving response, sneeze and sniff reflexes, and reflexes affecting autonomic nervous function to the cardiovascular system, airways in the lungs, the larynx, and other organs. Axon reflex control of the nasal vasculature is also important. The nasal vasculature can be shown to be under parasympathetic and sympathetic control, but there is little precise information concerning the effect of nerves on different types of blood vessels. Pharmacologic experiments show that vascular resistance and vascular volume can be separately influenced by nerves and mediators, and that vascular resistance and airway resistance are not necessarily inversely related. Nasal secretion is also under the influence of both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, and can be induced by a wide range of neurotransmitters and mediators. In general, the concentrations needed to promote secretion are considerably higher than those that affect vascular resistance, at least with regard to the lateral nasal gland of the dog. In humans, nasal patency is affected by several nervous inputs, presumably acting via vascular beds. The nasal cycle is the alternation of resistances between the two sides of the nose, on which other changes are superimposed. In exercise and hyperpnea, nasal airflow resistance decreases, presumably with vascular decongestion. Recent studies of the crutch reflex (the ipsilateral nasal congestion caused by stimulation of the axilla) show that some of the reflex inputs to the nose can be unilateral.

Topics: Airway Resistance; Apnea; Axilla; Diving; Humans; Nasal Mucosa; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; Nose; Physical Exertion; Pulmonary Ventilation; Reflex; Regional Blood Flow; Respiration Disorders; Sneezing; Thorax

Pathophysiological aspects of the nasal and pharyngeal airways are discussed with particular reference to breathing disorders in sleep. Hypotonus of dilator muscles in sleep permits the pharynx to comply with inspiratory pressures. If airflow resistances are increased by nasal disease, complete inspiratory obstructive closure of the pharynx and apnea can result from nasal breathing in sleeping subjects. Recumbency increases resistive swelling of inflamed nasal mucosa. Furthermore in patients with normal mucosa and unilateral nasal obstruction, contralateral recumbency induces contralateral obstruction which increases resistance to nasal breathing; and in either dorsal or lateral recumbency the congestive phase of the spontaneous nasal cycle acts in a similar way. Examples of breathing disorders in sleep and impaired quality of sleep in patients with obstructive mucosal disease and both bilateral and unilateral structural abnormalities are cited.

Topics: Airway Resistance; Humans; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Nose Diseases; Pharynx; Posture; Respiration Disorders; Rhinitis; Sleep

The employment of a ventilator adds flexibility to the treatment of hypoventilation and hypoxia in the emergency department. Understanding the advantages of spontaneous respiration, the effects of positive pressure ventilation and the use of CMV, IMV, and PEEP allows for optimal care for emergency respiratory problems.

Topics: Anesthesia; Emergencies; Emergency Medical Services; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Humans; Hypoxia; Inhalation; Injections, Jet; Intubation, Intratracheal; Nose; Oxygen; Positive-Pressure Respiration; Posture; Respiration Disorders; Respiration, Artificial; Succinylcholine

Rapid, sensitive and specific detection and reporting of infectious pathogens is important for patient management and epidemic surveillance. We demonstrated a point-of-care system integrated with a smartphone for detecting live virus from nasal swab media, using a panel of equine respiratory infectious diseases as a model system for corresponding human diseases such as COVID-19. Specific nucleic acid sequences of five pathogens were amplified by loop-mediated isothermal amplification on a microfluidic chip and detected at the end of reactions by the smartphone. Pathogen-spiked horse nasal swab samples were correctly diagnosed using our system, with a limit of detection comparable to that of the traditional lab-based test, polymerase chain reaction, with results achieved in ∼30 minutes.

Topics: Animals; Betacoronavirus; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Coronavirus Infections; COVID-19 Testing; Herpesvirus 1, Equid; Herpesvirus 4, Equid; Horse Diseases; Horses; Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; Mobile Applications; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Nose; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Point-of-Care Systems; Respiration Disorders; SARS-CoV-2; Smartphone; Streptococcus equi

Periodic breathing (PB) is a diseased condition of the cardiorespiratory system, and mathematically it is modelled as an oscillation. Modeling approaches replicate periodic oscillation in the minute ventilation due to a higher than normal gain of the feedback signals from the chemoreceptors coupled with a longer than normal latency in feedback, and do not consider the waxing-waning pattern of the oronasal airflow. In this work, a noted regulation model is extended by integrating respiratory mechanics and respiratory central pattern generator (rCPG) model, using modulation-demodulation

Topics: Brain; Carbon Dioxide; Chemoreceptor Cells; Feedback, Physiological; Humans; Models, Cardiovascular; Mouth; Nose; Organ Size; Periodicity; Pulmonary Alveoli; Respiration; Respiration Disorders

Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is a sleep disorder that leads to metabolic abnormalities and increased cardiovascular risk. This study aimed to define the expression and clinical significance of biomarkers involved in oxidative stress in patients with OSAS. A prospective study was designed to compare outcomes of oxidative stress laboratory tests in three groups of subjects. The study involved the recruitment of three groups of subjects, 10 patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome with AHI > 30; 10 patients suffering from snoring at night with AHI < 15; 10 patients with nasal respiratory impairment with AHI < 5. Patients were subjected to skin prick tests for common aero-allergens, nasal endoscopy, active anterior rhinomanometry, fibrolaryngoscopy and polysomnography; and extra-routine diagnostic tests and procedures; analysis of oxidative and antioxidant (plasma thiol groups) biomarkers in blood and urine samples. No statistical differences in age, sex distribution or body mass index were present between the three groups (p > 0.05). There were significant differences in AHI among the three groups of patients (p < 0.05). No statistical significance was found in the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test (p > 0.05) between the levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress in the three populations studied. The results of our study show that the nose can play a role in the pathogenesis of OSAS through the production of biomarkers of oxidative stress.. La sindrome delle apnee ostruttive del sonno (OSAS) è una malattia che può portare ad alterazioni metaboliche e a un’aumentata incidenza di patologie cardiovascolari. Questo studio ha lo scopo di definire l’espressione e il significato clinico di biomarkers coinvolti nello stress ossidativo nei pazienti con diagnosi di OSAS. I risultati degli esami di laboratorio dello stress ossidativo sono stati confrontai prospetticamente in tre gruppi di soggetti: 10 con sindrome delle apnee ostruttiva del sonno con Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) > 30; 10 con roncopatia notturna e AHI < 15 e 10 con insufficienza respiratoria nasale e AHI < 5. I pazienti sono stati sottoposti a test cutanei per aero-allergeni comuni, rinoscopia anteriore, rinomanometria anteriore attiva, fibrolaringoscopia e polisonnografia. Per la ricerca dei biomarkers dello stress ossidativo sono stati effettuati test diagnostici in campioni di sangue e urine. I gruppi sono risultati omogenei per età, sesso e distribuzione del Body Mass Index (BMI) (p > 0.05). Ci sono state differenze significative nell’AHI tra i tre gruppi di pazienti (p < 0.05). Nessuna significatività statistica è stata identificata (p > 0.05) tra i livelli di biomarkers di stress ossidativo nelle tre popolazioni studiate. I risultati del nostro studio hanno mostrato che il naso può svolgere un ruolo nella patogenesi dell’ OSAS, attraverso la produzione di biomarkers di stress ossidativo.

Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Nose; Oxidative Stress; Prospective Studies; Respiration Disorders; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Snoring

During the treatment of children with impaired nasal breathing (INB) cooperation of medical specialists is needed in order to reveal risk factors. The objective of the study was to prove the necessity of complex approach to the treatment of children with risk factors for INB. Multi-variant analysis of somatic and dental health of 170 children aged 4-6 was performed. The dental health was examined gradually in several steps, including physical examination. The following risk factors of antenatal and postnatal development of a child were revealed: genetic predisposition, complication of pregnancy, birth defects, somatic pathology, mastication dyspraxia, respiratory impairment, and various speech impediments. The following dentofacial anomalies prevailed: disorder of abrasion of primary dentition tubercle, development discord of cranio-facial area. The necessity of doctors' cooperation was proved during the treatment of children with impaired nasal breathing. Accurate execution of proposed treatment schemes allows eliminating risk factors promptly and decreasing the pathology severity.. Актуальность. При лечении детей с нарушенным носовым дыханием для снижения тяжести патологии необходимо обеспечить взаимодействие врачей разных специальностей для выявления факторов риска (ФР). Цель исследования. Обосновать необходимость комплексного подхода к лечению детей с выявленными ФР. Материал и методы. Проведен многофакторный анализ соматического и стоматологического статуса 170 детей в возрасте от 4 до 6 лет. Исследование стоматологического статуса проводили последовательно в несколько приемов, включая объективный осмотр. Результаты исследования. Были выявлены следующие ФР антенатального и постнатального периодов развития ребенка: генетическая предрасположенность; патология беременности; патология родов; общесоматическая патология; наличие вредных привычек; нарушение функции жевания, функции дыхания, а также логопедические нарушения. Среди выявленных признаков зубочелюстных аномалий превалировали: нарушение стираемости бугров молочных зубов, дисгармония в развитии краниофациального отдела. Выводы. Показана необходимость взаимодействия врачей разных специальностей при лечении детей с нарушенным носовым дыханием. Четкое выполнение предложенных схем лечения позволит своевременно устранять ФР и снизить тяжесть патологии.

Topics: Child, Preschool; Combined Modality Therapy; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Habits; Humans; Male; Mastication; Nose; Oral Health; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Respiration Disorders; Risk Factors; Tooth, Deciduous

Nicoletella semolina, a member of the family Pasteurellaceae, can be isolated from the airways of horses with respiratory disorders. However, its role as a potential or opportunistic pathogen is not clear nor is its presence as part of the normal flora. We therefore investigated the presence and bacterial load of N. semolina in healthy and diseased horses. Samples from a healthy control group were compared with samples from the routine analysis of horses with a clinical history of respiratory disorders. A total of 1770 nose swabs and 1132 tracheal aspirate samples were analysed and subjected to conventional bacteriological examination. N. semolina was isolated from 12 (6%) of 207 nose samples from the healthy control group and from 42 (3%) of 1563 samples from horses with respiratory disorders. In tracheal aspirate, N. semolina was isolated from 7 (3%) of 211 samples from the control group and 49 (5%) of 921 samples from horses with respiratory disorders. Other bacteria were also isolated in laboratory analyses, the most commonly isolated bacterium in both the control group and the respiratory disorders group being Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. It was isolated in 21% of tracheal aspirate from the control group and 33% of those from horses with respiratory disorders. In conclusion, N. semolina is not a primary pathogenic bacterium, as it was isolated at similar frequencies in horses with respiratory disorders and those in the healthy control group.

Topics: Animals; Horse Diseases; Horses; Nose; Pasteurellaceae; Pasteurellaceae Infections; Respiration Disorders; Trachea

Topics: Animal Welfare; Animals; Breeding; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Nose; Respiration; Respiration Disorders

No evidence is available to show that nasal congestion is a manifestation of exposing an individual to high altitude and hypoxia. Since both nasal congestion and high-altitude headache are vasogenic, we explored whether there is a coincidence between these two symptoms. A prospective observational study was carried out on a cohort of 118 adults (>18 years old) in a mountain clinic at 3450 m. After 24 h of ascent, an interview was held to ask if each individual experienced acute mountain sickness symptoms (headache, etc.) and nasal congestion. Sixty-six (55.9%) individuals mentioned headache within 24 h after ascent and nasal congestion was reported by 34 (28.8%) individuals. There was a reverse association between headache and nasal congestion (P < 0.001). In conclusion, there is a reverse association between altitude headache and nasal congestion, probably as result of contradictory autoregulation effects or exaggerated sympathetic activity.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Altitude Sickness; Female; Headache; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Respiration Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nasal Obstruction; Nasal Septum; Nose; Respiration; Respiration Disorders; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

The benefits of helium-oxygen (heliox) administration for pediatric upper and lower respiratory disorders have been well described. However, while most studies advocate delivery via a sealed or semisealed facemask system, such systems may not be tolerated in the young child. This report describes the successful and efficacious delivery of heliox via nasal cannula to 5 infants.. A mixture of 80% helium/20% oxygen was blended with 100% oxygen from a wall source and delivered via nasal cannula to 5 spontaneously breathing infants with respiratory distress at flow rates of 2 to 3 liters per minute. Treatment efficacy was retrospectively extracted from nursing, respiratory therapist, and physician entries in the medical record, specifically focusing on changes in respiratory rate, work of breathing, and oxygenation and/or ventilation parameters.. All 5 infants tolerated the nasal cannula well. In 2, nasal cannulae were used after attempts to use a facemask system were not tolerated. All patients demonstrated rapid improvements in respiratory parameters including a decreased work of breathing (n = 5), respiratory rate (n = 4), transcutaneous CO2 (n = 2), and stridor (n = 2), or improved oxygenation (n = 1). In 1 patient, the recurrence of distress shortly after discontinuing heliox was rapidly reversed with heliox reinstitution.. In infants with respiratory distress who do not tolerate a facemask, the use of nasal cannula represents a viable and efficacious alternative for heliox delivery.

Topics: Female; Helium; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant; Intubation; Male; Nose; Oxygen; Respiration Disorders

Nowadays, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods play an important part in the production process of the automotive industry. Progress in recent years has made possible highly sophisticated airflow-simulation models that are used in engineering for optimization and verification of aerodynamics. The key purpose of the Simulation Tool for Airflow in the human Nose (STAN), developed at the Darmstadt University of Technology in cooperation with the University Hospital in Greifswald, is to use these techniques to support the rhinosurgeon in diagnosis and planning of therapy (Frühauf T, Mlynski G. Simulation and visualization of the air flow in the human nose. Proceedings of the First World Congress on Computational Medicine, Austin, Texas, 1994). A system has been developed that realizes a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the endonasal cavities based on computer tomography (CT) scans. This semiautomatic reconstruction method requires minimal manual intervention. The surface model is used to create an unstructured 3D volume mesh suitable for finite volume simulations. In this way, an individual simulation based on patient-specific data can be realized. At the University Hospital in Greifswald, experimental investigations and measurements are made in nasal models to verify the simulation result. The goal of this project is to investigate individual nasal complaints and to detect respiratory disorders. The surgeon should be able to simulate the disordered respiration before performing a surgical procedure, and thereby increase the effectiveness of surgical planning.

Topics: Computer Simulation; Finite Element Analysis; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Models, Anatomic; Nasal Cavity; Nose; Nose Diseases; Patient Care Planning; Pulmonary Ventilation; Reproducibility of Results; Respiration Disorders; Rheology; Therapy, Computer-Assisted; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Topics: Aged; Endoscopy; Female; Functional Laterality; Humans; Leiomyosarcoma; Nose; Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms; Respiration Disorders; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Our aim was to verify in healthy subjects submitted to nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (nIPPV) with a volumetric ventilator on controlled mode, whether changes in ventilator settings (delivered tidal volume (VT), respiratory frequency (fR) and inspiratory flow (V'I) could influence effective minute ventilation (V'E), thus allowing identification of the settings resulting in the highest V'E during nIPPV. We then compared these experimentally obtained "best" settings to those obtained retrospectively in a group of patients submitted to long-term nIPPV for clinical reasons. We studied 10 healthy subjects awake and asleep, and 33 patients with restrictive ventilatory disorders. Changes in delivered V'I (for a constant delivered VT and fR) led to significant changes in V'E. V'E was significantly higher when a given delivered V'E was obtained using higher fR and lower VT than when it was obtained using lower delivered fR and higher VT. Increases in fR generally resulted in increases in V'E. The "best" settings derived from these results were: VT: 13 mL.kg-1 of body weight; fR: 20 breaths.min-1 and V'I: 0.56-0.85 L.s-1. The corresponding average values found in the patient group were: delivered VT: 14 mL.kg-1; fR: 23 breaths.min-1 and delivered V'I: 0.51 L.s-1. Changes in minute ventilation resulting from modifications in ventilator settings can be attributed to the glottic response to mechanical influences. This leads to "ideal" settings quite different from the standard ones in intubated patients. Values derived from nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in healthy subjects seem to apply to patients submitted to long-term nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Female; Humans; Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Polysomnography; Respiration; Respiration Disorders; Respiratory Mechanics; Retrospective Studies; Sleep; Tidal Volume

Topics: Abnormalities, Multiple; Acute Disease; Adult; Alkalosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Infant; Microcephaly; Nose; Pyloric Stenosis; Respiration Disorders; Syndrome

Ten tetraplegics, 8 males and 2 females, with a median age of 32 years participated in a scheduled 6 weeks training programme with a respiratory muscle training mouth-nose-mask (RMT-mask) with a fixed expiratory and an increasing inspiratory resistance set by the tetraplegic in accordance to his/her increasing ability during the training period. During the 6 weeks the tetraplegics required to use the RMT-mask for 15 minutes three times a day. Before and after each training session they measured peak flow (PEF). Lung volumes, ventilatory and diffusion capacity were measured before and after the 6 weeks training period. The training resulted only in a significant change in the PEF, which increased with 11% from 371 l/min before to 412 l/min in average after the 6 weeks of training (p less than 0.025). This statistically significant increase was confirmed by the measurements of PEF performed by the tetraplegics themselves during the training period. In addition there was an increase in PEF from before to immediately after each 15 minutes training session, this trend reached statistically significance (p less than 0.025) in the third '2 weeks period'. These results might indicate a possibility of improving the tetraplegics ability to cough by use of a simple RMT-mask, which in turn might prevent certain lung complications including pneumonia, and atelectasia.

Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Masks; Mouth; Nose; Peak Expiratory Flow Rate; Quadriplegia; Respiration Disorders

Nasal obstruction is known to cause abnormal ventilation during sleep in infants, but its effects on breathing and oxygenation during sleep in adults are unknown. However, in adults, obstruction of the nose by nasal packing has been shown to cause hypoxia, and on occasion, hypercarbia and sudden death. We have investigated the pattern of ventilation and the level of oxygenation during sleep in seven patients who had nasal packs after nasal polypectomy or septoplasty. Using standard polysomnographic techniques, we monitored chest wall motion, nasal and oral airflow, and arterial oxygen saturation and sleep stages. Nasal packing either caused or worsened sleep-disordered breathing in all patients and significantly increased the number, duration, and frequency of episodes for the group as a whole. Several patients also had a greatly increased number and severity of episodes of nocturnal oxygen desaturation. This study shows that obstruction of the nose by packing causes marked alterations in breathing during sleep in adults.

Topics: Airway Obstruction; Humans; Hypoxia; Male; Nose; Nose Diseases; Oxygen; Respiration Disorders; Respiratory Function Tests; Sleep; Tampons, Surgical

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Congenital Abnormalities; Female; Humans; Male; Manometry; Nose; Respiration Disorders; Respiratory Function Tests

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Nose; Postoperative Care; Postoperative Complications; Respiration Disorders; Retrospective Studies; Time Factors; Tracheotomy

In 100 adults the effect of treatment of nasal fractures was followed up after 14 to 65 months. In 30% of 53 patients with closed reduction of the nose long-term results as to shape and function of the nose were not satisfying. Nasal obstruction deformity slowly developed several months after treatment mainly because of untreated septal fractures and green-stick fractures of the nasal bones. After open reduction and septal reconstruction only 1 of 17 patients had a poor result. By roentgenographic examinations three types of fracturelines could be distinguished: osseous (40), fibrous (37), and mixed transformations (23). In all types there was found a solid nasal pyramid. The osseous transformation of the fracture-line was promoted by reduction of the fracture within the first posttraumatic days, by a small distance of the fractured ends and if the injury was not too violent.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Facial Injuries; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Fractures, Bone; Fractures, Cartilage; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nasal Bone; Nasal Septum; Nose; Nose Deformities, Acquired; Radiography; Respiration Disorders

Topics: Headache; Humans; Nose; Respiration Disorders; Respiratory Tract Diseases

Topics: Asphyxia Neonatorum; Dyspnea; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Nose; Nose Deformities, Acquired; Respiration Disorders; Respiratory Tract Diseases

Topics: Disease; Hemophilia A; Hemorrhage; Humans; Nose; Respiration Disorders; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Diseases

Topics: Coal; Coal Mining; Disease; Humans; Nose; Occupational Diseases; Respiration Disorders; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Diseases

Topics: Child; Disease; Epistaxis; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immune System Diseases; Nose; Respiration Disorders; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Diseases

Topics: Bronchi; Bronchial Diseases; Bronchiectasis; Disease; Humans; Nose; Respiration Disorders

Topics: Humans; Nose; Nose Diseases; Respiration; Respiration Disorders