phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Poultry-Diseases

An unusual outbreak of chlamydiosis was diagnosed in 15,000, 13-wk-old organically grown turkeys housed in a semiconfinement housing system. The disease was characterized by unilateral or bilateral swelling above the eye due to mild-to-severe inflammation of the nasal glands in 3%-5% of the birds. Except for a slight drop in feed and water consumption, the birds did not exhibit any respiratory signs, morbidity, and mortality. Chlamydiosis in the turkeys was confirmed by immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and PCR assay of the nasal glands. Other samples such as conjunctiva, lungs, air sacs, heart, liver, spleen, and feces were negative for chlamydia by florescence antibody test in birds submitted over several weeks. Chlamydia psittaci strain B was isolated in chicken egg embryos and typed by multilocus sequence variable number of tandem repeats analysis, multilocus sequence typing, and ompA gene sequencing as a CP3-like strain. This is the first report of a naturally occurring chlamydiosis affecting the nasal glands in turkeys.

Topics: Animals; Chlamydophila psittaci; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Nose; Poultry Diseases; Psittacosis; Turkeys

A total of 2,662 samples, collected from March to September 2009 in Switzerland, were tested for the presence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The collection comprised nasal swabs from 148 pig farmers, 133 veterinarians, 179 slaughterhouse employees, 800 pigs, 300 calves, 400 cattle, 100 pooled neck skin swabs from chicken carcasses, and 460 food samples of animal origin. Moreover, 142 S. aureus strains, isolated from bovine mastitis milk, were included in the study. Twenty samples (< 1%; four veterinarians, 10 pigs, three calves, one young bull, and two mastitis milk samples) tested positive for MRSA. Genotyping of the MRSA strains was performed by multilocus sequence typing, spa- and SCCmec-typing, and revealed ST398 (n=18), ST8 (n=1), ST 1 (n=1), spa types t011 (n=7), t034 (n=11), t064 (n=1), t127 (n=1), and SCCmec types IV (n=4) and V (n=16). The 20 MRSA strains were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using the restriction enzyme EagI. Supplementary PCR reactions were performed to investigate the presence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin and staphylococcal enterotoxins A to D.

Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Carrier State; Case-Control Studies; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chickens; Female; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; Humans; Mastitis, Bovine; Meat; Methicillin Resistance; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Milk; Nose; Population Surveillance; Poultry Diseases; Prevalence; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Species Specificity; Staphylococcal Food Poisoning; Staphylococcal Infections; Swine; Swine Diseases; Switzerland; Veterinarians

The objective of this study was to evaluate different preparations of avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtype C as vaccine challenge in turkeys. Two aMPV isolates and their respective nasal turbinate homogenates after propagation in turkeys were used in the study. Significantly higher clinical sign scores were recorded in birds inoculated with 20 or 2% turbinate homogenate of recent isolate. Birds in the above groups showed more pronounced histopathological lesions, and a higher percentage of birds showed viral RNA and antigen in tissues. The data demonstrated that nasal turbinate homogenate of recent isolate produced severe clinical signs and lesions in turkeys and could be an ideal candidate for vaccine-challenge studies.

Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Female; Histocytochemistry; Lung; Metapneumovirus; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Poultry Diseases; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Viral; Trachea; Turkeys

A series of experiments investigated early pleiotropic effects of a gene for imperfect albinism (s(al-c) in a population of chickens at Jouy-en-Josas, France. An elevated incidence of lesions of the navel, hocks, and nares typical of imperfect albinos were seen on these chicks, confirming their existence in this population. Variations in hatching environment and the amount of light in the hatcher both implicated in contributing to the occurrence of lesions of the hocks and nares, but not to those of the naval. In two experiments, using batteries and cages, early growth was reduced among albinos and early mortality was increased. Significant genotype by environment interactions for weight at 4 days and growth to this time, but not thereafter, suggested that the effect is restricted to this time. Unfavorable environments were most deleterious to albinos. In a third experiment, conducted in floor pens, the gene had no effect on either early growth or mortality. There was no effect of the gene on the lesions, early growth, or mortality when carried by heterozygous males (s+/s(al-c)).

Topics: Albinism; Animals; Chickens; Female; Genotype; Male; Nose; Poultry Diseases; Tarsus, Animal; Umbilicus; Weight Gain

A comparison was made between the results of phage and lysogenic typing of S. aureus strains isolated during several outbreaks of staphylococcal infection and S. aureus cultures isolated from the same carriers at different periods. The study of the groups of strains having the same origin showed that the differences in the number of reactions were more pronounced in lysogenic typing than in phage typing. For this reason lysogenic typing can be recommended only for the identification of those strains which cannot be identified with the use of the phages of the International Basic Set. The results of the experiments with induced phages proliferating in a restriction-defective strain indicated that restriction and modification were mainly responsible for the specificity of lytic reactions.

Topics: Animals; Bacteriophage Typing; Bronchi; Carrier State; Chickens; Feces; Female; Food Microbiology; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Lysogeny; Mastitis; Nose; Poultry Diseases; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Food Poisoning; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus Phages; Synovitis

Important populations of Staphylococcus aureus were found to be present on the body surfaces of live poultry originating from flocks without history of staphylococcal disease. Their sized increased considerably until approximately the seventh week of life after which time they were maintained at equally high levels. Significant correlations were found between the populations recovered from superficial wash samples and skin-tissue samples. Similarly the numbers isolated from the nasal cavities were correlated with other surface counts. Low numbers were present in the intestinal tract. Birds with staphylococcal synovitis had higher numbers in all sampling regions. The counts were very high in subjects suffering from staphylococcal dermatitis. Higher rates of positive birds and higher numbers of staphylococci were detected with a whole body sampling method than with a nasal swab technique. The isolates obtained in this study belonged to the S. aureus biotype B which is associated with poultry and pigs.

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Dermatitis; Female; Intestines; Nose; Poultry Diseases; Skin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Synovitis

Topics: Aerosols; Air Sacs; Animals; Bronchitis; Cell Division; Chickens; Cilia; Epithelial Cells; Kidney; Larynx; Lung; Lymphocytes; Mucous Membrane; Nose; Poultry Diseases; Trachea

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Bird Diseases; Birds; Carrier State; Chick Embryo; Female; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Immune Sera; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intravenous; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Ovum; Poultry Diseases; Trachea; Turkeys

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Chickens; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Injections; Injections, Intramuscular; Neutralization Tests; Newcastle disease virus; Nose; Poultry Diseases; Respiratory Tract Infections; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines

Topics: Abdomen; Agglutination Tests; Air Sacs; Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Chickens; Hemagglutination Tests; Injections, Intravenous; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Nose; Poultry Diseases; Vaccination

Topics: Air Sacs; Animals; Bronchi; Chickens; Lung; Mycoses; Nose; Poultry Diseases; Respiratory Tract Infections

Topics: Animals; Avian Leukosis; Chickens; Feces; Nose; Poultry Diseases

Topics: Animals; Body Temperature; Chlamydia; Complement Fixation Tests; Ducks; Nose; Poultry Diseases; Psittacosis