phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Pneumonia

Topics: Air Pollution; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Burns; Humans; Humidity; Intubation, Intratracheal; Laryngoscopy; Nose; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Pneumonia; Positive-Pressure Respiration; Prognosis; Pulmonary Edema; Respiratory Insufficiency; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Sepsis; Steroids; Tracheotomy

The aim of this study was to compare nasal masks (NM) with binasal prongs (NP) for applying nasal intermittent mandatory ventilation (NIMV) by assessing the duration of respiratory distress, rate of intubation, and nasal trauma in term infants with transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN).. Infants with a gestational age ≥37 weeks and birthweight ≥2,000 g who had NIMV administered for TTN were enrolled. We randomly allocated 80 neonates to the NM (n = 40) or NP (n = 40) group. Duration of respiratory distress was the primary outcome of this study.. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups for the duration of tachypnea and NIMV (P = 0.94 and P = 0.13, respectively). No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of duration of oxygen supplementation and length of hospitalization (P = 0.72 and P = 0.70, respectively). The incidence of any grade of trauma and moderate trauma (grade II) was significantly higher in the NP group than in the NM group (P = 0.004 and P = 0.04, respectively). The rate of NIMV failure and other complications, including pneumothorax, pneumonia and feeding intolerance, was not significantly different in the groups.. In term infants with TTN, delivering NIMV using NP in comparison to using NM appears to be similar with regard to the duration of respiratory distress and preventing intubation. However, the use of NP involves a greater risk of trauma than that of NM.

Topics: Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Incidence; Infant, Newborn; Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation; Intubation; Length of Stay; Male; Masks; Nose; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Pneumonia; Pneumothorax; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn; Risk Factors; Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn; Treatment Outcome

Oxygen is an essential therapy for hypoxemia but is scarce in low-income settings. Oxygen conserving devices optimize delivery, but to date have been designed for adults in high-income settings. Here we present the development and clinical pilot study of an oxygen-sparing nasal reservoir cannula (OSNRC) for pediatric use in low-income settings.. (1) Pre-clinical development of a novel OSNRC using a simulated respiratory circuit with metabolic simulator and anatomically accurate face-airway models. Simulated breathing waveforms were designed based on airway resistance, lung compliance, respiratory rate, and tidal volume of spontaneous breathing for three disease conditions. (2) Pilot, randomized, controlled, non-blinded, cross-over study of the OSNRC vs standard nasal cannula (SNC) among children hospitalized with hypoxemic pneumonia in Uganda. Eight children were randomized to OSNRC followed by SNC, and eight were randomized to SNC followed by OSNRC.. The laboratory simulation showed that the OSNRC provided the same or higher fraction of inspired oxygen at approximately 2.5-times lower flow rate compared to SNC. The flow savings ratio exhibited a linear relationship with the OSNRC volume to tidal volume ratio with a slope that varied with breathing waveforms. The range of performance from different breathing waveforms defined a performance envelope of the OSNRC. Two mask sizes (30 mL and 50 mL) provided sufficient coverage for patients between the 3rd and 97th percentile in our targeted age range. In the clinical pilot study, the rise in capillary blood pCO. The OSNRC enhances oxygen delivery without causing CO. The trial was retrospectively registered (International Standard Registered Clinical/Social Study Number (ISRCTN): 15216845 ; Date of registration: 15 July 2020).

Topics: Cannula; Child, Preschool; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Male; Nose; Oxygen; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Pilot Projects; Pneumonia; Tidal Volume; Uganda

In 40 cases of acute epiglottitis in children, intubation was the chosen method for the management of airway obstruction. Six patients were treated without the establishment of an artificial airway, and no tracheostomies were done. No patients who were admitted to the hospital died of airway obstruction, although one sustained irreversible brain damage before admission, and two died of overwhelming infectionmthe average duration of intubation was 2.days and the average hospital stay was 5.days. Two children developed subglottic granulation tissue that was removed successfully and did not recur. Nasotracheal intubation is an acceptable method of management of epiglottitis.

Topics: Acute Disease; Airway Obstruction; Brain Damage, Chronic; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epiglottis; Female; Granulation Tissue; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intubation, Intratracheal; Laryngitis; Laryngostenosis; Length of Stay; Male; Mouth; Nose; Pneumonia; Time Factors

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by a progressive and abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs, mainly caused by cigarette smoking. Animal models exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) are used to mimic human COPD but the use of different CS protocols makes it difficult to compare the immunological and structural consequences of using a nose-only or whole-body CS exposure system. We hypothesized that when using a standardized CS exposure protocol based on particle density and CO (carbon monoxide) levels, the whole-body CS exposure system would generate a more severe inflammatory response than the nose-only system, due to possible sensitization by uptake of CS-components through the skin or via grooming.. In this study focusing on early COPD, mice were exposed twice daily 5 days a week to CS either with a nose-only or whole-body exposure system for 14 weeks to assess lung function, remodeling and inflammation.. At sacrifice, serum cotinine levels were significantly higher in the whole-body (5.3 (2.3-6.9) ng/ml) compared to the nose-only ((2.0 (1.8-2.5) ng/ml) exposure system and controls (1.0 (0.9-1.0) ng/ml). Both CS exposure systems induced a similar degree of lung function impairment, while inflammation was more severe in whole body exposure system. Slightly more bronchial epithelial damage, mucus and airspace enlargement were observed with the nose-only exposure system. More lymphocytes were present in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lymph nodes of the whole-body exposure system while enhanced IgA and IgG production was found in BAL and to a lesser extent in serum with the nose-only exposure system.. The current standardized CS-exposure protocol resulted in a higher internal load of serum cotinine in the whole-body exposure system, which was associated with more inflammation. However, both exposure systems resulted in a similar lung function impairment. Data also highlighted differences between the two models in terms of lung inflammation and remodelling, and potential sensitization to CS. Researchers should be aware of these differences when designing their future studies for an early intervention in COPD.

Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Cotinine; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Immunity, Humoral; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Inflammation Mediators; Inhalation Exposure; Lung; Lymphoid Tissue; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nose; Pneumonia; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Smoke; Time Factors; Tobacco Products

The association of the nasal microbiome with outcomes in surgical patients is poorly understood.. To characterize the composition of nasal microbiota in patients undergoing clean elective surgical procedures and to examine the association between characteristics of preoperative nasal microbiota and occurrence of postoperative infection.. Using a nested matched case-control design, 53 individuals who developed postoperative infection were matched (approximately 3:1 by age, sex, and surgical procedure) with 144 individuals who were not infected (ie, the control group). The 2 groups were selected from a prospective cohort of patients undergoing surgical procedures at 2 tertiary care university hospitals in Baltimore, Maryland, who were at high risk for postoperative infectious complications. Included individuals were aged 40 years or older; had no history of autoimmune disease, immunocompromised state, immune-modulating medication, or active infection; and were scheduled to undergo elective cardiac, vascular, spinal, or intracranial surgical procedure. Data were analyzed from October 2015 through September 2020.. Nasal microbiome cluster class served as the main exposure. An unsupervised clustering method (ie, grades of membership modeling) was used to classify nasal microbial samples into 2 groups based on features derived from 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. The microbiome cluster groups were derived independently and agnostic of baseline clinical characteristics and infection status.. Composite of surgical site infection, bacteremia, and pneumonia occurring within 6 months after surgical procedure.. Among 197 participants (mean [SD] age, 64.1 [10.6] years; 63 [37.7%] women), 553 bacterial taxa were identified from preoperative nasal swab samples. A 2-cluster model (with 167 patients in cluster 1 and 30 patients in cluster 2) accounted for the largest proportion of variance in microbial profiles using grades of membership modeling and was most parsimonious. After adjusting for potential confounders, the probability of assignment to cluster 2 was associated with 6-fold higher odds of infection after surgical procedure (odds ratio [OR], 6.18; 95% CI, 3.33-11.7; P < .001) independent of baseline clinical characteristics, including nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. Intrasample (ie, α) diversity was inversely associated with infectious outcome in both clusters (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.42-0.75; P < .001); however, probability of assignment to cluster 2 was associated with higher odds of infection independent of α diversity (OR, 4.61; 95% CI, 2.78-7.86; P < .001).. These findings suggest that the nasal microbiome was an independent risk factor associated with infectious outcomes among individuals who underwent elective surgical procedures and may serve as a biomarker associated with infection susceptibility in this population.

Topics: Aged; Bacteremia; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Case-Control Studies; Craniotomy; Elective Surgical Procedures; Female; Humans; Male; Microbiota; Middle Aged; Nose; Pneumonia; Postoperative Complications; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Spinal Fusion; Staphylococcus aureus; Surgical Wound Infection; Vascular Surgical Procedures

Smokers have nasal microbiota dysbiosis, with an increased frequency of colonizing bacterial pathogens. It is possible that cigarette smoke increases pathogen acquisition by perturbing the microbiota and decreasing colonization resistance. However, it is difficult to disentangle microbiota dysbiosis due to cigarette smoke exposure from microbiota changes caused by increased pathogen acquisition in human smokers. Using an experimental mouse model, we investigated the impact of cigarette smoke on the nasal microbiota in the absence and presence of nasal pneumococcal colonization. We observed that cigarette smoke exposure alone did not alter the nasal microbiota composition. The microbiota composition was also unchanged at 12 h following low-dose nasal pneumococcal inoculation, suggesting that the ability of the microbiota to resist initial nasal pneumococcal acquisition was not impaired in smoke-exposed mice. However, nasal microbiota dysbiosis occurred as a consequence of established high-dose nasal pneumococcal colonization at day 3 in smoke-exposed mice. Similar to clinical reports on human smokers, an enrichment of potentially pathogenic bacterial genera such as

Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dysbiosis; Fusobacterium; Gemella; Humans; Lung; Mice; Microbiota; Neisseria; Nose; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumonia; Smoke; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tobacco Products

The purpose of the study is to describe early predictors and to develop a prediction tool that accurately identifies the need for mechanical ventilation (MV) in pneumonia patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure (ARF) treated with high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC).. This is a 4-year prospective observational 2-center cohort study including patients with severe pneumonia treated with HFNC. High-flow nasal cannula failure was defined as need for MV. ROX index was defined as the ratio of pulse oximetry/fraction of inspired oxygen to respiratory rate.. One hundred fifty-seven patients were included, of whom 44 (28.0%) eventually required MV (HFNC failure). After 12 hours of HFNC treatment, the ROX index demonstrated the best prediction accuracy (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.74 [95% confidence interval, 0.64-0.84]; P<.002). The best cutoff point for the ROX index was estimated to be 4.88. In the Cox proportional hazards model, a ROX index greater than or equal to 4.88 measured after 12 hours of HFNC was significantly associated with a lower risk for MV (hazard ratio, 0.273 [95% confidence interval, 0.121-0.618]; P=.002), even after adjusting for potential confounding.. In patients with ARF and pneumonia, the ROX index can identify patients at low risk for HFNC failure in whom therapy can be continued after 12 hours.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Catheterization; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Oximetry; Oxygen; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Pneumonia; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Insufficiency; Respiratory Rate; Severity of Illness Index; Treatment Failure

There are very limited data on children with pneumonia in Mali. The objective was to assess the etiology and factors associated with community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children <5 years of age in Mali.. A prospective hospital-based case-control study was implemented in the Pediatric department of Gabriel Touré University Hospital at Bamako, Mali, between July 2011-December 2012. Cases were children with radiologically-confirmed pneumonia; Controls were hospitalized children without respiratory features, matched for age and period. Respiratory specimens, were collected to identify 19 viruses and 5 bacteria. Whole blood was collected from cases only. Factors associated with pneumonia were assessed by multivariate logistic regression.. Overall, 118 cases and 98 controls were analyzed; 44.1% were female, median age was 11 months. Among pneumonia cases, 30.5% were hypoxemic at admission, mortality was 4.2%. Pneumonia cases differed from the controls regarding clinical signs and symptoms but not in terms of past medical history. Multivariate analysis of nasal swab findings disclosed that S. pneumoniae (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.4, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.6-7.0), human metapneumovirus (aOR = 17.2, 95% CI: 2.0-151.4), respiratory syncytial virus [RSV] (aOR = 7.4, 95% CI: 2.3-23.3), and influenza A virus (aOR = 10.7, 95% CI: 1.0-112.2) were associated with pneumonia, independently of patient age, gender, period, and other pathogens. Distribution of S. pneumoniae and RSV differed by season with higher rates of S. pneumoniae in January-June and of RSV in July-September. Pneumococcal serotypes 1 and 5 were more frequent in pneumonia cases than in the controls (P = 0.009, and P = 0.04, respectively).. In this non-PCV population from Mali, pneumonia in children was mainly attributed to S. pneumoniae, RSV, human metapneumovirus, and influenza A virus. Increased pneumococcal conjugate vaccine coverage in children could significantly reduce the burden of pneumonia in sub-Saharan African countries.

Topics: Bacteria; Case-Control Studies; Child, Preschool; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Male; Mali; Nose; Pneumonia; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Viruses

To establish a mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and associated pulmonary hypertension (COPD-PH) induced by nose-only cigarette smoking exposure plus airway lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhalation.. There were 24 male C57B6 mice divided into a control group and a model group at random. The model group was given LPS by intranasal inhalation on day 1 and day 14 and exposed to the cigarette smoke in a nose-only exposure system, while the control group was given physiological saline and exposed to normal air. The model establishment was evaluated according the following parameters: the lung function and the right heart pressure, the total and differential cell numbers in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and the pathological changes of lung tissues.. The functional residual capacity data of the model group and the control group were (0.402 ± 0.057) and (0.243 ± 0.064) ml respectively (P<0.05). The inspiratory resistance data of the model group and the control group were (1.056 ± 0.121) and (0.789 ± 0.063) cmH(2)O · ml(-1) · s(-1) (1 cmH(2)O=0.098 kPa) respectively (P<0.05). The static lung compliance data of the model group and the control group were (0.084 ± 0 .007) and (0.056 ± 0.004) cmH(2)O/ml respectively (P<0.05). The right ventricular mean pressure of the model group and the control group were (11.3 ± 1.3) and (7.9 ± 1.1) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) respectively (P<0.05), while the right ventricular hypertrophy index of the model group and the control group were (0.267 ± 0.019) and (0.195 ± 0.023) respectively (P<0.05). Moreover, the histological staining showed that goblet cell hyperplasia, lung inflammation and thickening of smooth muscle layers of bronchial and pulmonary small vessels occurred in the model group, which indicated ongoing airway and blood vessel remodeling.. A COPD-PH mouse model was established by nose-only cigarette smoking exposure plus airway LPS inhalation in a short period of time, and this method was more similar to the smoking behavior of human.

Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Disease Models, Animal; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Lipopolysaccharides; Lung; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nicotiana; Nose; Pneumonia; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Respiratory Function Tests; Smoking

Water-pipe smoking (WPS) is a common practice in the Middle East and is now gaining popularity in Europe and the United States. However, there is a limited number of studies on the respiratory effects of WPS. More specifically, the underlying pulmonary pathophysiological mechanisms related to WPS exposure are not understood. Presently, we assessed the respiratory effects of nose-only exposure to mainstream WPS generated by commercially available honey flavored "moasel" tobacco. The duration of the session was 30 min/day and 5 days/wk for 1 mo. Control mice were exposed to air only. Here, we measured in BALB/c mice the airway resistance using forced-oscillation technique. Lung inflammation was assessed histopathologically and by biochemical analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and oxidative stress was evaluated biochemically by measuring lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione and several antioxidant enzymes. Pulmonary inflammation assessment showed an increase in neutrophil and lymphocyte numbers. Likewise, airway resistance was significantly increased in the WPS group compared with controls. Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 concentrations were significantly increased in BAL fluid. Lipid peroxidation in lung tissue was significantly increased whereas the level and activity of antioxidants including reduced glutathione, glutathione S transferase, and superoxide dismutase were all significantly decreased following WPS exposure, indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress. Moreover, carboxyhemoglobin levels were significantly increased in the WPS group. We conclude that 1-mo nose-only exposure to WPS significantly increased airway resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Our results provide a mechanistic explanation for the limited clinical studies that reported the detrimental respiratory effects of WPS.

Topics: Airway Resistance; Animals; Antioxidants; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Glutathione; Glutathione Transferase; Interleukin-6; Lipid Peroxidation; Lung; Lymphocytes; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Nasal Mucosa; Neutrophils; Nose; Oxidative Stress; Pneumonia; Smoking; Superoxide Dismutase; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

To explore the predictors and outcome of hypoxaemia in children under 5 years of age who were hospitalized for the management of diarrhoea in Dhaka, where comorbidities are common.. In a prospective cohort study, we enrolled all children <5 years of age admitted to the special care ward (SCW) of the Dhaka Hospital of ICDDR,B from September to December 2007. Those who presented with hypoxaemia (SpO(2) < 90%) constituted the study group, and those without hypoxaemia formed the comparison group.. A total of 258 children were enrolled, all had diarrhoea. Of the total, 198 (77%) had pneumonia and 106 (41%) had severe malnutrition (<-3 Z-score of weight for age of the median of the National Centre for Health Statistics), 119 (46%) had hypoxaemia and 138 children did not have hypoxaemia at the time of admission. Children with hypoxaemia had a higher probability of a fatal outcome (21%vs. 4%; P < 0.001). Using logistic regression analysis, the independent predictors of hypoxaemia at the time of presentation were lower chest wall indrawing [OR 6.91, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 3.66-13.08, P < 0.001], nasal flaring (OR 3.22, 95% CI 1.45-7.17, P = 0.004) and severe sepsis (OR 4.48, 95% CI 1.62-12.42, P = 0.004).. In this seriously ill population of children with diarrhoea and comorbidities, hypoxaemia was associated with high case-fatality rates. Independent clinical predictors of hypoxaemia in this population, identifiable at the time of admission, were lower chest wall indrawing, nasal flaring and the clinical syndrome of severe sepsis.

Topics: Bangladesh; Body Weight; Case-Control Studies; Child, Preschool; Confidence Intervals; Diarrhea; Female; Hospitals, Urban; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant; Logistic Models; Male; Malnutrition; Nose; Odds Ratio; Pneumonia; Prevalence; Sepsis; Thorax

Molecular imaging has gained attention as a possible approach for the study of the progression of inflammation and disease dynamics. Herein we used [(18)F]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose ([(18)F]-FDG) as a radiotracer for PET imaging coupled with CT (FDG-PET/CT) to gain insight into the spatiotemporal progression of the inflammatory response of ferrets infected with a clinical isolate of a pandemic influenza virus, H1N1 (H1N1pdm). The thoracic regions of mock- and H1N1pdm-infected ferrets were imaged prior to infection and at 1, 2, 3 and 6 days post-infection (DPI). On 1 DPI, FDG-PET/CT imaging revealed areas of consolidation in the right caudal lobe which corresponded with elevated [(18)F]-FDG uptake (maximum standardized uptake values (SUVMax), 4.7-7.0). By days 2 and 3, consolidation (CT) and inflammation ([(18)F]-FDG) appeared in the left caudal lobe. By 6 DPI, CT images showed extensive areas of patchy ground-glass opacities (GGO) and consolidations with the largest lesions having high SUVMax (6.0-7.6). Viral shedding and replication were detected in most nasal, throat and rectal swabs and nasal turbinates and lungs on 1, 2 and 3 DPI, but not on day 7, respectively. In conclusion, molecular imaging of infected ferrets revealed a progressive consolidation on CT with corresponding [(18)F]-FDG uptake. Strong positive correlations were measured between SUVMax and bronchiolitis-related pathologic scoring (Spearman's ρ = 0.75). Importantly, the extensive areas of patchy GGO and consolidation seen on CT in the ferret model at 6 DPI are similar to that reported for human H1N1pdm infections. In summary, these first molecular imaging studies of lower respiratory infection with H1N1pdm show that FDG-PET can give insight into the spatiotemporal progression of the inflammation in real-time.

Topics: Animals; Disease Progression; Female; Ferrets; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Lung; Molecular Imaging; Multimodal Imaging; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Pandemics; Pneumonia; Positron-Emission Tomography; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Virus Replication; Virus Shedding

Cigarette smoke (CS) is known to initiate a cascade of mediator release and accumulation of immune and inflammatory cells in the lower airways. We investigated and compared the effects of CS on upper and lower airways, in a mouse model of subacute and chronic CS exposure.. C57BL/6 mice were whole-body exposed to mainstream CS or air, for 2, 4 and 24 weeks. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) was obtained and tissue cryosections from nasal turbinates were stained for neutrophils and T cells. Furthermore, we evaluated GCP-2, KC, MCP-1, MIP-3alpha, RORc, IL-17, FoxP3, and TGF-beta1 in nasal turbinates and lungs by RT-PCR.. In both upper and lower airways, subacute CS-exposure induced the expression of GCP-2, MCP-1, MIP-3alpha and resulted in a neutrophilic influx. However, after chronic CS-exposure, there was a significant downregulation of inflammation in the upper airways, while on the contrary, lower airway inflammation remained present. Whereas nasal FoxP3 mRNA levels already increased after 2 weeks, lung FoxP3 mRNA increased only after 4 weeks, suggesting that mechanisms to suppress inflammation occur earlier and are more efficient in nose than in lungs.. Altogether, these data demonstrate that CS induced inflammation may be differently regulated in the upper versus lower airways in mice. Furthermore, these data may help to identify new therapeutic targets in this disease model.

Topics: Animals; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Gene Expression Regulation; Immunohistochemistry; Inflammation Mediators; Lung; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nasal Mucosa; Neutrophils; Nose; Pneumonia; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Smoking; T-Lymphocytes; Time Factors; Turbinates

hBoV, a recently discovered parvovirus, can be present in the respiratory tract of patients with acute respiratory diseases (ARD), but its etiologic involvement in the underlying diseases is still uncertain.. To determine in a retrospective study, the prevalence of hBoV, compared with common respiratory viruses (RV), in respiratory specimens from patients with ARD.. A total of 335 specimens obtained over 7 years were examined. Two hundred were nasal swabs from infants hospitalized for ARD, 84 were nasal swabs or bronchoalveolar lavages from adults with pneumonia, bronchopneumonia or asthma, and 51 were nasal swabs from healthy children.. The overall rate of hBoV detection in specimens from infants with ARD, which was 4.5%, varied slightly from year to year, except for the period 2000-2002, when no specimen was positive. Unlike other RV, no seasonal variation in hBoV incidence was noted. Infants with hBoV infection suffered either from bronchiolitis or from bronchopneumonia and 5 out of 9 cases yielded no co-infecting viral pathogen. Only one sample from an adult was hBoV positive. None of the nasal swabs from healthy subjects tested hBoV-positive.. The findings indicate that hBoV can cause ARD in infants.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Asthma; Bocavirus; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Bronchopneumonia; Child; Child, Preschool; DNA, Viral; Female; Humans; Infant; Italy; Male; Middle Aged; Molecular Sequence Data; Nose; Parvoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; Pneumonia; Prevalence; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Retrospective Studies; Seasons; Sequence Analysis, DNA

Exposure to building dampness, often associated with growth of microbes such as Stachybotrys chartarum, has been linked to respiratory symptoms. We have shown previously in a murine model that exposure to S. chartarum can induce lung inflammation characterized by infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes; this process is regulated by proinflammatory cytokines and leucocyte-attracting chemokines.. Because an atopic predisposition may influence the response to microbes, we examined the effects of S. chartarum on allergic mice in an experimental model. BALB/c mice were sensitized to ovalbumin by intraperitoneal injections and exposed for 3 wk to spores of S. chartarum.. Numbers of eosinophils and neutrophils were drastically increased in bronchoalveolar fluid from these mice as compared with the ovalbumin-sensitized/challenged mice or those exposed to S. chartarum without ovalbumin sensitization. Histologic sections showed severe granulomatous inflammatory cell infiltrates in all compartments of the lung, including peribronchial, perivascular, and alveolar spaces. The mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha and the chemokine CCL3/MIP-1alpha were also markedly increased in the lungs. Despite the enhancement of the pulmonary inflammatory reaction, exposure to S. chartarum spores significantly down-regulated airway hyperresponsiveness and showed a tendency to decrease levels of Th2 cytokines in the lung.. Exposure to S. chartarum modulates the inflammatory reaction and airway hyperresponsiveness, depending on the allergic status of the exposed mice.

Topics: Animals; Environmental Exposure; Female; Hypersensitivity; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Nose; Pneumonia; Stachybotrys

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major nosocomial pathogen that causes severe morbidity and mortality in many hospitals worldwide, and MRSA infections are frequent in intensive care units (ICUs).. A prospective study was implemented to investigate the risk factors for ICU-acquired MRSA infections.. This study was conducted in surgical and neurologic ICUs from May to November 2003. The patients staying in ICUs more than 48 hours were included in the study. All of the patients were visited daily, and data were recorded on individual forms for each patient until discharge or death. Nasal swab cultures were done within 48 hours of ICU admission and repeated every week until the patients colonized with MRSA or were discharged from ICUs. ICU-acquired MRSA infection was diagnosed when MRSA was isolated from the infected site.. Overall, 249 patients were followed during the study. MRSA infection was detected in 21 (8.4%) of these patients. The most frequent infection was primary bloodstream infection (10/21, 47%). It was followed by pneumonia (8/21, 38%) and surgical site infection (3/21, 14%). Nasal MRSA colonization was detected in 59 (23.7%) patients, and 12 of them (20.3%) developed MRSA infection. In univariate analysis, hospitalization period in an ICU, intraabdominal and orthopedic pathologies, mechanical ventilation, central venous catheter insertion, total parenteral nutrition, previous antibiotic use, surgical ICU stay, nasal MRSA colonization, and presence of more than 2 patients having nasal colonization in the same ICU at the same time were found significant for MRSA infections. In multivariate analysis; hospitalization period in an ICU (OR, 1.090; 95% CI: 1.038-1.144, P = .001), central venous catheter insertion (OR, 1.822; 95% CI: 1.095-3.033, P = .021), previous antibiotic use (OR, 2.337; 95% CI: 1.326-4.119, P = .003) and presence of more than 2 patients having nasal colonization in the same ICU at the same time (OR, 1.398; 95% CI: 1.020-1.917, P = .037) were independently associated with MRSA infections.. According to the our results, hospitalization period in an ICU, presence of patients colonized with MRSA in the same ICU at the same time, previous antibiotic use, and central venous catheter insertion are independent risk factors for ICU-acquired MRSA infections. Detection of these factors helps to decrease the rate of MRSA infections in the ICUs.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Catheterization; Cross Infection; Female; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Length of Stay; Male; Methicillin Resistance; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Nose; Parenteral Nutrition; Pneumonia; Prospective Studies; Respiration, Artificial; Risk Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Surgical Wound Infection

Female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to mainstream smoke from standard reference cigarettes and a nontobacco cellulose cigarette for 35 days. Whole smoke and smoke fractions were investigated. Lung inflammation was evaluated by differentiation of bronchoalveolar lavage cells and lymphocytes in thoracic lymph nodes. Histopathological changes in the nose and larynx were assessed. Results showed that the particulate phase of cigarette mainstream smoke is mostly responsible for inflammation in the lung (neutrophil increase up to 240-fold) and hyperplastic and metaplastic epithelial changes in the larynx, whereas irritative volatile constituents in the gas phase are mostly responsible for changes in the nose.

Topics: Animals; Bronchoalveolar Lavage; Cell Differentiation; Epithelial Cells; Female; Inflammation; Larynx; Lymph Nodes; Lymphocytes; Neutrophils; Nicotiana; Nose; Pneumonia; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Smoke; Smoke Inhalation Injury

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Cross Infection; Device Removal; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Intubation, Gastrointestinal; Intubation, Intratracheal; Nose; Oropharynx; Pneumonia; Ventilators, Mechanical

Beige mice show increased susceptibility to intranasal infection with organisms of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) compared with their immunocompetent congenics, C57BL/6 mice. This increased susceptibility was clear 2 weeks postinfection, before the activation of the specific immune response. T lymphocytes from 4-week infected beige mice, cultured in vitro, produced amounts of gamma interferon similar to those found in cells from C57BL/6 mice. Macrophage activation, as judged by NO production and lysis of the macrophage target P815, occurred in the lungs of beige mice. Despite the inability of bone marrow-derived NK cells from beige mice to lyse NK-susceptible YAC-1 cells, their gamma interferon production was normal. Monoclonal antibody to NK1.1 was used to deplete C57BL/10 mice of lytic activity against YAC-1 cells without exacerbating infection between 2 and 6 weeks of observation, making it unlikely that any deficiency in NK cells was the cause of susceptibility in beige mice. There was a striking influx of neutrophils in the lungs of beige mice compared with C57BL/6. More than half of the MAC organisms appeared associated with the neutrophils of beige mice, while in C57BL/6 mice, most MAC organisms were associated with cells of macrophage/monocyte morphology. Injection of monoclonal antibody specific for neutrophils failed to eliminate those cells from the lungs of beige mice. However, in C57BL/6 mice, neutrophil numbers were reduced by 95% without exacerbating the infection. We conclude that, although neutrophils are not essential to the relative resistance of C57BL/6 mice, the known deficiencies in both neutrophils and macrophages account for the susceptibility of beige mice.

Topics: Animals; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Interferon-gamma; Killer Cells, Natural; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mycobacterium avium; Neutrophils; Nose; Pneumonia; Tuberculosis

Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Bronchitis; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Bronchoscopy; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Middle Aged; Nose; Pharynx; Pneumonia

Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Bronchi; Bronchial Provocation Tests; Bronchitis; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Middle Aged; Nose; Pharynx; Pneumonia; Skin Tests

Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Humans; Lung; Lung Diseases; Nose; Pneumonia; Pulmonary Fibrosis

Fifty-two neonates with tetanus who required muscle paralysis and IPPV were managed alternatively with naso-tracheal intubation or tracheostomy. The complications of the two techniques were compared. Planned extubation caused less problems in the intubated than in the tracheostomized children, and secondary infection occurred less often. Accidental extubation, however, was a significant hazard in the intubated child.

Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation; Intubation, Intratracheal; Nose; Pneumonia; Positive-Pressure Respiration; Tetanus; Tracheotomy

The relationship between serotypes and biotypes of 505 carriage strains of Haemophilus influenzae isolated from the upper respiratory tracts of well children, children with pneumonia, and healthy adults was studied. All except serotype c were significantly associated with one or two specific biotypes (P less than 0.001). No encapsulated organisms belonging to biotypes V, VI, or VII were encountered. No significant difference in the interaction of biotypes and serotypes isolated from well and sick children was present. Both encapsulated and nonserotypable biotype I H. influenzae strains were commonly carried in the upper respiratory tracts of healthy Melanesian children. The distribution of nonserotypable H. influenzae strains occurred throughout all biotypes, and the frequency of nonencapsulated biotype III and IV strains differed significantly from serotypable organisms with the same biotype (P less than 0.001).

Topics: Adult; Child, Preschool; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Nasopharynx; Nose; Papua New Guinea; Pneumonia; Serotyping

A 64-year-old woman died after 12 years of progressive pulmonary disease which was initially diagnosed as sarcoidosis but later correctly identified as mineral oil pneumonia due to insufflation of paraffin instilled as nasal drops. In view of the potential damaging effect of liquid paraffin on the lungs, the current indications for its use must be strongly questioned.

Topics: Autopsy; Female; Humans; Lung; Middle Aged; Nose; Oils; Paraffin; Pneumonia; Radiography

Strains of bovine Mycoplasmatales exhibited two growth forms on a plate medium containing 0.1 per cent Tween 80. Colonies of Mycoplasma bovis could easily be differentiated from those of concomitant mycoplasmatales in that the former grew rapidly with film and spots, while colonies of M arginini and Acholeplasma species did not produce film and spots; the growth of M bovirhinis was completely inhibited.

Topics: Acholeplasma; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Culture Media; Mycoplasma; Nose; Pneumonia; Polysorbates

Topics: Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Lung; Nose; Pasteurella; Pasteurella Infections; Pneumonia; Sheep; Sheep Diseases

Topics: Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Hempa; Lung; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nose; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pneumonia; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Respiratory System; Solvents; Trachea

During pregnancy seven minimum-disease sows (group A) were infected intranasally with Bordetella bronchiseptica, fed with the killed bacterium periodically and inoculated parenterally with a dead vaccine eight, six and two weeks before parturition. Groups B and C, isolated from A until farrowing, contained respectively six sows given the vaccine parenterally and eight control sows. At parturition, group A had much higher average agglutinin titres in the serum and colostrum than B or C. Group A sows gave their piglets a better passive protection against infection with B bronchiseptica strain 293 and its effects in the respiratory tract during the first eight weeks of life, especially in those exposed to spontaneous infection with bordetellae from a littermate deliberately inoculated intranasally 24 hours after birth. Passive antibody strongly affected the capacity of piglets to respond actively to parenteral vaccination (when seven and 28 days old), marked humoral responses being noted only in those from group C sows. Vaccination of piglets exposed to infection by contact reduced neither the prevalence or intensity of the nasal infection, the amount of turbinate atrophy or pneumonia nor significantly improved weight gain compared with unvaccinated littermates. Unlike their eight-week-old littermates there was little hypoplasia and no pneumonia in infected pigs (whether vaccinated or not) when they reached five months of age.

Topics: Agglutination Tests; Animals; Bordetella; Bordetella Infections; Female; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Immunization; Nose; Pneumonia; Pregnancy; Swine; Swine Diseases

In each of 11 experiments, four calves were exposed first to an aerosol of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1, virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis) and second to an aerosol of Pasteurella haemolytica. The interval between aerosols was three to five days. In two other experiments, calves were exposed only to a bacterial aerosol. Climate was controlled for all experiments from the day of viral exposure and for eight of the experiments it was also controlled for four to six days before the first aerosol. The concentration of infectious doses of virus in the aerosols and the number of bacteria in the aerosols of each calf were determined. Macroscopically recognizable rhinitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, tracheitis and pneumonia of lobar distribution in 42 lobes from 11 calves were seen in five experiments in which bacterial aerosol followed the viral aerosol by at least four days. One calf died with marked respiratory disease in each of four experiments within four days of exposure to the bacterial aerosol. Production of pneumonia was dependent on an interval between aerosols of at least four days but not on the condition of controlled climate on the environmental chamber either before or after the viral aerosol nor on the period of habituation allowed calves of some experiments.

Topics: Aerosols; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Lung; Nose; Pasteurella; Pasteurella Infections; Pneumonia; Temperature

Intravenous vaccination of rats with either viable or Formalin-inactivated Mycoplasma pulmonis reduced the incidence and severity of lower respiratory tract lesions after intranasal challenge with viable organisms. Intranasal vaccination with killed organisms reduced the severity of rhinitis, but did not affect lesions in any other region of the respiratory tract. The maximum protection against upper tract lesions (rhinitis, otitis, and laryngotracheitis) was provided by intravenous immunization with viable organisms. Dual vaccination (intraperitoneal plus intranasal) with killed organisms provided no significant protection in any segment of the tract. However, these ineffective vaccine regimens did not potentiate the lesions. These results conclusively demonstrate that vaccination of rats against mycoplasma respiratory disease is feasible and also suggest that systemic vaccination may provide greater protection for the lungs than intranasal vaccination, at least when equivalent antigen doses are used.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Immunity; Immunization; Injections; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Injections, Intravenous; Laryngitis; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Nose; Otitis; Pneumonia; Rats; Rhinitis

Pasteurella multocida was isolated from 42 of the 135 (31%) deep nasal swabs from clinically healthy conventional rabbits supplied by two vendors. The prevalences were significantly different among sex, age, and sources. The females and adults had higher prevalences when compared to males and juveniles, respectively. One vendor's rabbits had a prevalence of 41% while the other had 20%. Biochemically, only 24% of the 42 isolates decarboxylated L-ornithine, and 55% produced indol. All isolates were sensitive in vitro to several of the commonly used antibiotics, but most isolates were resistant to lincomycin, streptomycin, and sulfonamides. Typing with a hyaluronidase inhibition test revealed that 28 of the 42 (67%) isolates were type A. Type A was the major type isolate, whether the samples came from healthy rabbits or from rabbits with pyogenic lesions. The acriflavine flocculation test showed that two of the 42 (5%) isolates were type D. Although none of the 42 isolates were positive to both hyalurondase and acriflavine tests, 12 of the 42 (29%) isolates were negative to both tests, indicating that these isolates were not typeable by these two methods. The demonstration of more than one capsular type of Pasteurella multocida in rabbits indicates the need for more extensive studies on this important rabbit pathogen.

Topics: Acriflavine; Animals; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Lung; Male; Nose; Pasteurella; Pneumonia; Rabbits; Sulfonamides

Topics: Bacteria; Conjunctivitis; Cross Infection; Female; Gastric Juice; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature; Male; Nose; Pneumonia; Skin; Umbilical Cord; Vulva

Topics: Bacteria; Blood; Candida; Escherichia coli; Humans; Klebsiella; Leukemia; Lung; Mouth; Nose; Pneumonia; Sputum; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Neonatal staphylococcal disease occurred in the nurseries of a university hospital three weeks after discontinuation of routine, daily, whole-body bathing of newborns with hexachlorophene. Of 16 infants who had clinical manifestations within a two-week period, 11 cases were confirmed bacteriologically. Shortly after onset of the outbreak, daily clinical and microbiologic surveillance and control measures on all infants and personnel were inaugurated. Clinical surveillance after the outbreak did not yield any new case. Average incidence of cultures positive for coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus was highest (13% per week) during the first three weeks of microbiologic surveillance (when hexachlorophene was not used). This is lower than that reported in most previous studies. These findings indicate the importance of scrupulous hand washing before and after handling each infant and of enforcement of other basic nursery techniques.

Topics: Baths; Conjunctiva; Conjunctivitis; Cross Infection; Female; Fingers; Hexachlorophene; Humans; Infant Care; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Nose; Nurseries, Hospital; Nursing Staff, Hospital; Pneumonia; Soaps; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus Phages; Time Factors; Umbilicus

Six groups of ten beef calves six to eight months of age were shipped from western Canada and observed untreated for one week after arrival. The following parameters were measured daily: body temperature, plasma fibrinogen, nasal bacterial mean colony counts of Pasteurella hemolytica and Pasteurella multocida, total and differential leukoyte counts, packed cell volumes and the following, twice during the week: serum and nasal antibody titres to P. hemolytica and parainfluenza-3 virus. The lungs from 44 of the calves were obtained at post mortem and given a numerical score based on the degree of pneumonia present. Animals were designated SICK and WELL according to body temperature and plasma fibrinogen. The SICK animals had higher nasal mean colony counts of P. hemolytica than the WELL animals. The SICK animals had lower levels of serum antibody to P. hemolytica than the WELL on day 1 but had a greater rise in titre over the week than did the WELL animals. Both groups were similar with regard to serum antibody to parainfluenza-3 virus and there was little change in these titres. The SICK animals had a much greater degree of pneumonia than the WELL. The values of some of the parameters were combined with the data of previously studied animals in order to provide a comparison of SICK and WELL with larger numbers of animals.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antibodies, Viral; Body Temperature; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Hematocrit; Leukocyte Count; Lung; Nose; Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human; Pasteurella; Pasteurella Infections; Pneumonia

A three-week-old Arabian filly was admitted to the Large Animal Hospital with a respiratory disorder and died despite symptomatic treatment. The necropsy lesions were suggestive of viral pneumonia. An equine adenovirus were isolated from nasal and pharyngeal swabs and from several tissues after death. Typical adenovirus virions were demonstrated by electron microscopy.

Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Female; Horse Diseases; Horses; Lung; Nose; Pharynx; Pneumonia

Topics: Animals; Lung; Mycoplasma; Nose; Pneumonia; Sheep; Sheep Diseases

Topics: Animals; Female; Lung; Male; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Nose; Pneumonia; Sheep; Sheep Diseases

Topics: Animals; Lung; Mycoplasma; New Zealand; Nose; Pneumonia; Sheep; Sheep Diseases

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Arthritis; Bacterial Infections; Body Weight; Culture Media; Denmark; Female; Jejunum; Moraxella; Nose; Parity; Pneumonia; Pregnancy; Seasons; Spleen; Swine; Swine Diseases

Coxsackievirus B(4) was isolated from the throat, nose, blood, stools and urine of a 9-year-old boy with acute glomerulonephritis and a pneumonitis. Neutralization test showed a greater than fourfold rise in the antibody titre to coxsackievirus B(4). The antistreptolysin O titre was elevated, but the complement component was within the normal range. The importance of the coxsackievirus B(4) in the pathogenesis of acute glomerulonephritis is clearly indicated; however, further investigations are needed to understand the details of the virus-kidney interaction.

Topics: Acute Disease; Antistreptolysin; Blood; Child; Complement System Proteins; Coxsackievirus Infections; Enterovirus; Feces; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Male; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Pharynx; Pneumonia; Streptococcal Infections; Urine

Topics: Animals; Colostrum; Culture Media; Germ-Free Life; Housing, Animal; Hysterectomy; Lung; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Pneumonia; Swine; Swine Diseases; Virus Cultivation

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Housing, Animal; Immunity, Active; Lung; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Pneumonia; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Germ-Free Life; Injections; Kidney; Liver; Lung; Mycoplasma; Nose; Pneumonia; Rabbits; Spleen; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Bordetella; Guinea Pigs; Lung; Nose; Pneumonia; Trachea

Topics: Acute Disease; Age Factors; Antibodies; Blood; Bronchiolitis, Viral; Cell Line; Child, Preschool; Complement Fixation Tests; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Feces; Female; Hemadsorption Inhibition Tests; Humans; Infant; Laryngitis; Male; Mumps virus; Nose; Pharynx; Pneumonia; Population Surveillance; Sex Factors; Time Factors

Hysterectomy-produced, colostrum-deprived (HPCD) pigs and naturally born, enzootic-pneumonia-free (EPF) pigs were compared with respect to their susceptibility to two strains of enzootic pneumonia induced by intranasal inoculation of suspensions of ground pneumonic tissue. All but one of the HPCD pigs developed enzootic pneumonia, whereas the EPF pigs commonly failed to develop the disease; secondly, the pneumonic lesions were more extensive in the HPCD pigs.When the dose of inoculum was increased in EPF pigs, the resulting pneumonic areas were larger.In a small, in-contact experiment the disease was also more readily transmitted to HPCD pigs than to EPF pigs.

Topics: Animals; Colostrum; Germ-Free Life; Hysterectomy; Injections; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Nose; Pneumonia; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Haemophilus; Haemophilus Infections; Lung; Nose; Pneumonia; Swine; Swine Diseases; Trachea

Topics: Agglutination Tests; Animals; Antibodies; Bordetella; Haplorhini; Kidney; Lung; Mice; Monkey Diseases; Nose; Pharynx; Pneumonia; Time Factors

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Chloramphenicol; Enterococcus faecalis; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Klebsiella; Lung; Lymph Nodes; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mucus; Nose; Oleandomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Proteus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Sepsis; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptomycin

Topics: Animals; Bronchi; Germ-Free Life; Lung; Lymphocytes; Monocytes; Mycoplasma Infections; Neutrophils; Nose; Plasma Cells; Pneumonia; Pulmonary Alveoli; Reticulin; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis; Hemoptysis; Humans; Larynx; Nose; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Trachea; Ulcer

Topics: Air Conditioning; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cross Infection; Escherichia coli; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Influenza, Human; Nose; Pharynx; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Viral; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus; Sterilization; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline

Topics: Common Cold; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Nose; Pneumonia; Serum Albumin; Serum Globulins; Virus Diseases

Topics: Humans; Nasal Cavity; Nose; Paranasal Sinuses; Pneumonia

Topics: Humans; Nose; Oils; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Lipid