phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Paramyxoviridae-Infections

In a community-based birth cohort of 158 Australian infants followed to age 2 years, the incidence rate of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) was 0.42 (95% CI = 0.33, 0.54) episodes per child-year with episodes occurring year-round, peaking in the spring season. HPIV-3 was the dominant subtype. Overall, 41% of detections were asymptomatic; only 32% of HPIV episodes led to healthcare contact with 1 hospitalization.

Topics: Asymptomatic Infections; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nose; Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Paramyxovirinae; Parturition; Prospective Studies; Public Health; Queensland; Respiratory Tract Infections; Seasons

Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are major causes of illness among children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. No vaccine has been licensed for protection against either of these viruses. We tested the ability of two Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-based viral replicon particle (VEE-VRP) vaccines that express the hRSV or hMPV fusion (F) protein to confer protection against hRSV or hMPV in African green monkeys. Animals immunized with VEE-VRP vaccines developed RSV or MPV F-specific antibodies and serum neutralizing activity. Compared to control animals, immunized animals were better able to control viral load in the respiratory mucosa following challenge and had lower levels of viral genome in nasopharyngeal and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. The high level of immunogenicity and protective efficacy induced by these vaccine candidates in nonhuman primates suggest that they hold promise for further development.

Topics: Alphavirus; Animals; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Chlorocebus aethiops; Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine; Immunoglobulin G; Metapneumovirus; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Replicon; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Viral Fusion Proteins; Viral Vaccines

Respiratory viruses are a cause of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), but can be associated with severe lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in immunocompromised patients. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic variability of influenza virus, parainfluenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the duration of viral shedding in hematological patients. Nasopharyngeal swabs from hematological patients were screened for influenza, parainfluenza and RSV on admission as well as on development of respiratory symptoms. Consecutive swabs were collected until viral clearance. Out of 672 tested patients, a total of 111 patients (17%) were infected with one of the investigated viral agents: 40 with influenza, 13 with parainfluenza and 64 with RSV; six patients had influenza/RSV or parainfluenza/RSV co-infections. The majority of infected patients (n = 75/111) underwent stem cell transplantation (42 autologous, 48 allogeneic, 15 autologous and allogeneic). LRTI was observed in 48 patients, of whom 15 patients developed severe LRTI, and 13 patients with respiratory tract infection died. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a variety of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), influenza B, parainfluenza 3 and RSV A, B viruses. RSV A was detected in 54 patients, RSV B in ten patients. The newly emerging RSV A genotype ON1 predominated in the study cohort and was found in 48 (75%) of 64 RSV-infected patients. Furthermore, two distinct clusters were detected for RSV A genotype ON1, identical RSV G gene sequences in these patients are consistent with nosocomial transmission. Long-term viral shedding for more than 30 days was significantly associated with prior allogeneic transplantation (p = 0.01) and was most pronounced in patients with RSV infection (n = 16) with a median duration of viral shedding for 80 days (range 35-334 days). Long-term shedding of respiratory viruses might be a catalyzer of nosocomial transmission and must be considered for efficient infection control in immunocompromised patients.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cohort Studies; Communicable Disease Control; Cross Infection; Female; Genotype; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Influenza, Human; Male; Middle Aged; Mutation; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae; Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Retrospective Studies; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Time Factors; Transplantation, Homologous; Virus Shedding; Young Adult

This study is the first report of experimental infection and transmission of Menangle virus (MenPV) in pigs. Isolated in 1997 from piglets that were stillborn at a large commercial piggery in New South Wales, Australia, MenPV is a recently identified paramyxovirus of bat origin that causes severe reproductive disease in pigs and an influenza-like illness, with a rash, in humans. Although successfully eradicated from the infected piggery, the virus was only isolated from affected fetuses and stillborn piglets during the period of reproductive disease, and thus the mode of transmission between pigs was not established. To investigate the pathogenesis of MenPV, we undertook time-course studies in 6-week-old pigs following intranasal administration of a low-passage, non-plaque-purified isolate from the lung of an infected stillborn piglet. Viraemia was of short duration and low titre, as determined by real-time RT-PCR and virus isolation. Following an incubation period of 2-3 days, virus was shed in nasal and oral secretions, faeces and urine, typically for less than 1 week. Cessation of shedding correlated with the development of neutralizing antibodies in sera. Secondary lymphoid organs and intestine were identified, using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, as major sites of viral replication and dissemination, and this was confirmed by positive immunolabelling of viral antigen within various lymphoid tissues and intestinal epithelium. These data provide new insights into the pathogenesis of MenPV in weaned pigs, and will facilitate future control and eradication programmes should it ever re-emerge in the pig population.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Bodily Secretions; Feces; Female; Intestinal Mucosa; Lymphoid Tissue; Mouth; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Paramyxovirinae; Swine; Swine Diseases; Urine; Viral Load; Viral Tropism; Viremia; Virus Shedding

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has recently been identified as an important cause of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children worldwide. However, there is little systematic data on its frequency and importance as a cause of ARI in the Middle East. We conducted a viral surveillance study in children <5 years of age admitted with respiratory symptoms and/or fever at two major tertiary care hospitals in Amman, Jordan from 1/18-3/29/07. Nose and throat swabs were collected and tested for HMPV and other respiratory viruses by real-time RT-PCR. A total of 743 subjects were enrolled. Forty-four (6%) subjects were positive for HMPV, 467 (64%) were positive for RSV and 13 (1.3%) had co-infection with both HMPV and RSV. The frequency of HMPV in January, February, and March was 4.1%, 3.0%, and 11.9% respectively. Clinical features associated with HMPV infection were similar to those of other respiratory viruses, except children with HMPV were more likely to present with fever than children not infected with HMPV. Children with HMPV and RSV co-infection were administered supplemental oxygen and were admitted to the ICU more frequently than children infected with HMPV alone or RSV alone, though these differences did not reach statistical significance. We conclude that HMPV is an important cause of acute respiratory infections in children in Amman, Jordan. Longer surveillance studies are needed to better understand the seasonal epidemiology of HMPV and to assess if co-infection with HMPV and RSV leads to more severe illness.

Topics: Child, Hospitalized; Comorbidity; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Jordan; Male; Metapneumovirus; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pharynx; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Seasons

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory illness (ARI) in children. Population-based incidence rates and comprehensive clinical characterizations of disease have not been established.. We conducted population-based prospective surveillance for 2 years in 2 US counties of HMPV infection among children <5 years old who were hospitalized with ARI or fever. Nasal and throat specimens obtained with swabs were tested for HMPV by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and genotyped.. Forty-two (3.8%) of 1104 children tested positive for HMPV. The overall annual rate of HMPV-associated hospitalizations per 1000 children <5 years old was 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9-1.6). This rate was highest among infants 0-5 months old (4.9 per 1000 [95% CI, 2.9-7.2]), followed by children 6-11 months old (2.9 per 1000 [95% CI, 1.4-4.7]). The annual rate of hospitalization for HMPV infection was less than that for respiratory syncytial virus infection but similar to that for influenza and parainfluenza virus 3 infection in all age groups. The mean age of children hospitalized with HMPV infection was 6 months. Bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and asthma were the most common diagnoses among children with HMPV infection. All 4 HMPV subgroups were detected during both years at both sites. HPMV infection was most prominent from March through May.. HMPV was detected in 3.8% of children hospitalized with ARI or fever, with a population incidence similar to that of influenza virus and parainfluenza virus 3.

Topics: Child, Hospitalized; Child, Preschool; Female; Genotype; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Metapneumovirus; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pharynx; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Viral; United States

The role of the novel respiratory viruses, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV NL63) and human bocavirus (HBoV), in wheezing illness in children has not been well studied, especially in Africa. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hMPV, HCoV NL63 and HBoV in South African children with acute wheezing. A prospective study of consecutive children presenting with acute wheezing to a pediatric hospital from May 2004 to November 2005 was undertaken. A nasal swab was taken for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and PCR for hMPV, HCoV NL63 and HBoV; when positive, the genes were sequenced. Shell vial culture for RSV, influenza A and B viruses, adenovirus and parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3 was performed on every 5th sample. Two hundred and forty two nasal swabs were collected from 238 children (median age 12.4 months). A novel respiratory virus was found in 44/242 (18.2%). hMPV, HBoV, and HCoV NL63 was found in 20 (8.3%), 18 (7.4%), and 6 (2.4%) of samples, respectively. Fifteen of 59 (25%) samples were positive for other respiratory viruses. Viral co-infections, occurred in 6/242 (2.5%). Phylogenetic analysis showed co-circulation of hMPV and HCoV NL63 A and B lineages, although only HBoV genotype st2 was found. Viruses are an important cause of wheezing in preschool children; hMPV, HCoV NL63, and HBoV are less common than the usual respiratory pathogens.

Topics: Bocavirus; Child, Preschool; Comorbidity; Coronavirus; Coronavirus Infections; Female; Hospitals; Humans; Infant; Male; Metapneumovirus; Molecular Epidemiology; Molecular Sequence Data; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Parvoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Sounds; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology; South Africa; Virus Cultivation

The objective of this study was to evaluate different preparations of avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtype C as vaccine challenge in turkeys. Two aMPV isolates and their respective nasal turbinate homogenates after propagation in turkeys were used in the study. Significantly higher clinical sign scores were recorded in birds inoculated with 20 or 2% turbinate homogenate of recent isolate. Birds in the above groups showed more pronounced histopathological lesions, and a higher percentage of birds showed viral RNA and antigen in tissues. The data demonstrated that nasal turbinate homogenate of recent isolate produced severe clinical signs and lesions in turkeys and could be an ideal candidate for vaccine-challenge studies.

Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Female; Histocytochemistry; Lung; Metapneumovirus; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Poultry Diseases; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Viral; Trachea; Turkeys

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, is a causative agent of acute respiratory-tract illness. Two main hMPV lineages circulate worldwide and reinfections occur frequently. It is unclear what level of protection is induced by natural hMPV infection, what the durability of this protection is and whether it differs for reinfection with homologous or heterologous viruses. Here, protective immunity in cynomolgus macaques at different time points after inoculation with molecularly cloned prototype viruses of the two main lineages of hMPV has been addressed. Animals received a homologous challenge at 4, 6 or 12 weeks after the primary infection. In addition, animals that had been inoculated three times within 10 weeks were challenged with homologous or heterologous virus 8 months later. Primary infection with 10(7) TCID(50) resulted in virus shedding and induction of virus-neutralizing antibody responses, with higher titres against the homologous than the heterologous virus. Infections associated with virus shedding and seroconversion protected completely from homologous reinfection within 6 weeks, and partly at 12 weeks, after primary infection. Eight months later, protection had waned to virtually undetectable levels. This study demonstrates that experimental hMPV infection induces transient protective immunity.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Macaca fascicularis; Metapneumovirus; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pharynx; Virus Shedding

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a powerful tool that allows the detection of minute quantities of viral RNA. Because of the sensitivity of these assays it is possible that the finding of viral RNA indicates not only active infection but also transient colonization or residual nucleic acid from a distant infection. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two viruses for which RT-PCR is now frequently used for diagnosis in adult disease.. We evaluated nasal secretions from adults with and without respiratory illnesses by nested, one-tube RT-PCR for RSV and hMPV to determine if rates of detectable RNA were significantly higher among ill subjects compared to controls suggesting a causal relationship with respiratory illness.. Adults presenting to a health care provider with complaints of respiratory illness were recruited as "cases" and those visiting for non-respiratory complaints were recruited as "controls". Subjects were enrolled during a 3-month period (January to April) when both viruses were expected to be prevalent in the community. Nasal swab samples were obtained and subjected to one-tube nested RT-PCR for RSV and hMPV.. Of 146 ill subjects, 17 (11.6%) tested positive for RSV and 5 (3.4%) were positive for hMPV. Of the 158 control subjects, one was RT-PCR positive for RSV and none tested positive for hMPV. The rates of RT-PCR positive cases compared to controls were significantly different for RSV (p<.0001) and hMPV (p<.02). Subjects remained RSV RT-PCR positive on average until day 7.1+/-2.8 of symptoms with a range of 3-10 days. No subject had a positive swab on days 14, 21 or 28.. Asymptomatic carriage of RSV or hMPV is uncommon. RT-PCR should be a useful method for the diagnosis of these viral illnesses in adults.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Male; Metapneumovirus; Middle Aged; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Viral; Specimen Handling

This study was carried out to further the available information on adult cases of human metapneumovirus (hMPV), a recently described cause of respiratory infection. Among a cohort of 741 symptomatic patients tested since 2003, the virus was diagnosed in six adults using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Of the six, two were from the community, two were hospital inpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and two were immunocompromised patients, both of whom required ventilation and later died. This report discusses the clinical features, epidemiology and diagnosis of hMPV, highlighting that this infection may be associated with death in high-risk adults. For adults presenting with respiratory symptoms and a background of pre-existing respiratory disease or who are immunocompromised, nucleic acid-based techniques are a cost-effective means of making the viral diagnosis in a clinically relevant time frame.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Male; Metapneumovirus; Middle Aged; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pharynx; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sputum; Trachea

In several chronic diseases, lesions are more severe in LEW rats than in F344 rats. To determine whether or not acute viral diseases also are more severe in LEW rats than in F344 rats, we inoculated 6-7-week-old LEW and F344 rats with 10(7.2) cell culture infective units of sialodacryoadenitis virus or 10(4.7) infective units of Sendai virus. Twenty-four rats of each strain were given each virus. Lesions in nasal passages, tracheas, intrapulmonary airways, and pulmonary alveoli in 6 or 12 rats inoculated with each virus were assessed by scoring 5, 10, and 14 days after inoculation. Both viruses caused typical patchy necrotizing rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis, with multifocal pneumonitis, in rats of both strains. Mean lesion indices for LEW rats given sialodacryoadenitis virus were significantly different from those for F344 rats for nasal passages on days 10 (0.999 vs. 0.680) and 14 (0.736 vs. 0.278), bronchi on day 5 (0.479 vs. 0.361), and alveoli on day 5 (0.677 vs. 0.275). Lesion indices for LEW rats given Sendai virus were significantly different from those for F344 rats for nasal passages on days 10 (1.000 vs. 0.611) and 14 (0.778 vs. 0.583); trachea on day 10 (0.625 vs. 0.028); bronchi on days 5 (0.476 vs. 0.331), 10 (0.123 vs. 0.013), and 14 (0.038 vs. 0); and alveoli on days 5 (0.413 vs. 0.114) and 10 (0.185 vs. 0.020). Thus, at the tested doses, both viruses caused more severe respiratory tract lesions in LEW rats than in F344 rats.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Bronchi; Coronavirus Infections; Coronavirus, Rat; Lung; Lung Diseases; Male; Nose; Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pulmonary Alveoli; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Rats, Inbred Lew; Rodent Diseases; Severity of Illness Index; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Trachea

The prophylactic effects by mouse nasal inoculation of 31 kinds of organic dye-inactivated Sendai viruses were investigated by contact exposure experiment that used mouse nasally infected with 10(5.8) EID50, immunofluorescent examination of the entire respiratory tract, and check of rise of serum HI titer postexposure. The relative merits of the dye-structures for inciting nasal immunogenicity were determined. Of 14 azo-dye-inactivated vaccines, only azo blue- and amido black 10B treated ones brought about nearly complete protection, while the other 5 dye-groups provided partial protection and the remaining 7 dye-groups the least protection. Of 6 thiazole dye-vaccines, primuline-, thioflavine S-, and thioflavine T-vaccines induced complete or almost complete protection, and the others moderate or the least protection. With 3 quinoline-vaccines, both pinacyanol- and quinaldine red-inactivated ones provided complete protection, but not with quinoline blue-vaccine. Of 4 reactive dye-vaccines, both cibacron brilliant yellow 3G-P- and reactive blue 4-treated ones brought about nearly complete protection, but the remaining 2 vaccines induced regional infection. Nevertheless, all 4 naphthol group (AS, AS-BS, AS-BI, and AS-MX)-treated vaccines yielded complete or almost complete protection. The thirteen most effective vaccine groups suppressed marked rise of high or low serum HI titers developed through nasal vaccination postexposure. In short, specified dyestuffs having a great affinity for cellulosic fibers, evidently incited mucosal immunogenicity, probably by major union of the dyes to viral core ribose.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Antigens, Viral; Coloring Agents; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Viral Vaccines

To determine whether respiratory virus infections (URI) are associated with exacerbation of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in childhood, a prospective two-winter study of 32 children with NS was done. We obtained pre- and post-season viral serologic studies, biweekly nose and throat viral cultures, daily urinalysis, biweekly telephone follow-up for URI and renal complaints, and clinical assessments as indicated. When a URI occurred, viral cultures were done weekly if the child was at home and twice weekly if hospitalized. Sixty-one URIs occurred; the agent was identified in 33 (51.6%) (respiratory syncytial virus 14, influenza virus five, parainfluenza virus five, varicella zoster virus four, adenovirus three, Mycoplasma pneumoniae one, and Chlamydia trachomatis one). Forty-one exacerbations occurred, 71% with URI; 29% had no URI during the preceding 10 days (P less than 0.01). Total relapse occurred in 29 of 41 exacerbations, 69% with URI and 31% without URI (P less than 0.01). Patients with unstable NS had more exacerbations than those with stable NS (15 of 19 (79%) vs four of 13 (31%), P less than 0.001) and more URI (2.32 vs 1.46 per child, P less than 0.05). Exacerbations in patients with minimal change, mesangioproliferative, and focal glomerulosclerosis occurred in 40%, 60%, and 64%, respectively. We conclude that exacerbations and relapses of childhood NS are temporally related to URI. Inasmuch as multiple viral agents were associated with exacerbations, nonspecific host response to infection, not viral antigen or antibody response, may be the link to NS.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chickenpox; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Influenza, Human; Male; Nephrotic Syndrome; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pharynx; Prospective Studies; Recurrence; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respirovirus; Seasons; Surveys and Questionnaires; Virus Diseases

Over a 3-week period, 20 of 34 (59%) infants in a newborn nursery developed nosocomial viral respiratory tract disease. Either respiratory syncytial virus (seven infants) or parainfluenza virus type 3 (five) or both (two) were demonstrated in respiratory secretions from 14 of the 20 symptomatic patients. Symptoms in the 20 infants included rhinitis (15 infants), cough (14), apnea (eight), pulmonary infiltrates (seven), and fever (six). There were no differences in symptoms between children infected with respiratory syncytial virus alone, with parainfluenza virus alone, or with both viruses concurrently. Patients were clustered in the nursery by agent: infants with the same virus tended to share contiguous bed spaces, supporting the concept that parainfluenza virus as well as respiratory syncytial virus can be transmitted from patient to patient. In addition to this risk for contiguous bed spaces, the presence of a nasogastric tube was associated with risk of illness (P less than 0.05). In the presence of a nursery outbreak of respiratory tract disease, more than one virus may circulate concurrently, and an individual patient may be infected simultaneously by more than one virus.

Topics: Boston; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Epidemiologic Methods; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hospital Bed Capacity, 300 to 499; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intubation; Nose; Nurseries, Hospital; Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respirovirus Infections; Risk; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Epithelium; Lung; Male; Nose; Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Rats; Respiratory System; Weaning

Infant rats infected with influenza A virus, Sendai (parainfluenza 1) virus or rat coronavirus were used to determine whether viral infection increases the intensity of nasal colonization with Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIB). Intranasal inoculation of HIB in rats previously infected with each of these viruses resulted in nasal HIB titers at least 100-fold higher than those for controls during the first 2 wk after HIB inoculation, and as much as 10,000-fold higher during the first week. Children with cough, sneezing, or rhinorrhea could be effective disseminators of HIB if they were as heavily and persistently colonized as these virus-infected animals.

Topics: Animals; Haemophilus influenzae; Nose; Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Virus Diseases

The immunogenicity and safety of 3 serials of a canine parainfluenza (CPI) virus-Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine was evaluated. Each serial was used to vaccinate 10 dogs with single doses given intranasally. The 30 vaccinated and 10 nonvaccinated controls dogs were challenge exposed with aerosols of virulent CPI virus and B bronchiseptica at 18 days and at 21 days, respectively, after vaccination. After challenge exposure, none of the 30 vaccinated dogs had clinical signs of disease; however, 9 of the 10 nonvaccinated dogs developed coughing problems. The CPI virus was isolated from nasal swab specimens obtained from nonvaccinated dogs on an average of 5.1 days after challenge exposure, but was not isolated from any of the specimens obtained from the vaccinated dogs. Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated from nasal swab specimens obtained from both vaccinated and nonvaccinated dogs up to 18 days after challenge exposure. The erythrocyte sedimentation rates and total leukocyte counts for control dogs were generally increased, in contrast to those for the vaccinated groups. Dogs showed a primary serologic response to CPI virus and B bronchiseptica after vaccination and an anamnestic response to the bacterium after challenge exposure. Adverse local or systemic reactions attributable to the bivalent vaccine were not observed in the vaccinated dogs.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Formation; Bacterial Vaccines; Bordetella; Bordetella Infections; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respirovirus; Viral Vaccines

The persistence of systemic and local antibodies was studied after two intranasal administrations of the vaccine, six weeks apart. Systemic antibodies to I.B.R. and adenovirus 3 evoked by the vaccine were still present 21 weeks following the second dose of the vaccine. Inconslusive results were obtained regarding the persistence of systemic and local PI-3 antibodies because of an intercurrent natureal PI-3 infection occurring during the observation period. Local antibodies to adenovirus type 3 were found in a high percentage of vaccinated animals 21 weeks after the second dose of the vaccine, whereas local antibodies to I.B.R. remained detectable in 50% of the animals eight weeks after thesecond dose. The results of a challenge study 21 weeks after revaccination show that the presence of local and systemic antibodies prevent the multiplication of PI-3 and BAV-3 in the upper respiratory tract. Protection against I.B.R. was achieved in the absence of detectable local antibodies.

Topics: Adenoviridae; Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Cattle; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Immunity; Mucus; Nose; Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respirovirus; Viral Vaccines

The nasal and serum neutralising antibody responses of lambs was compared following vaccination with live or inactivated parainfluenza 3 (PI 3) virus by either intramuscular (IM) or intranasal (IN) routes. Nasal antibody was only detected following inoculation of live virus IN or inactivated virus in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) IM. Immunity to aerosol challenge, as assessed by viral shedding from the nose, was conferred by (1) live virus administered by either route, (2) two IM inoculations of inactivated virus in FCA, and (3) one IM injection of inactivated virus in FCA followed by IN instillation of inactivated virus.

Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Aerosols; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Formation; Freund's Adjuvant; Injections, Intramuscular; Nasal Mucosa; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respirovirus; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines

Topics: Animals; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respirovirus; Rhinovirus; RNA Viruses; Virus Diseases

Fifteen steers were vaccinated after shipment with a modified live virus vaccine containing infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine virus diarrhea (BVD), and bovine myxovirus parainfluenza-3 (PI3), and 16 unvaccinated steers were kept as controls. Geometric mean titers one month after vaccination were highest to BVD, followed by PI3 and IBR. Weight gains were higher during 30 days after vaccination in the controls. One case of acute respiratory disease developed in one vaccinated calf. Revaccination 79 days after the first dose increased antibody to PI3 and BVD virus but not IBR. In a second trial, no clinical respiratory disease developed after shipment of 13 heifers that received an antibacterial-antiviral antiserum or in the 12 controls. Weight gains 30 days after shipment were identical in both groups.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Immunity, Active; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Mycoplasma; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pasteurella; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respirovirus; RNA Viruses; Vaccination

Topics: Animals; Artiodactyla; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Hemorrhage; Immunodiffusion; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pasteurella; Pasteurella Infections; Respirovirus; Sepsis; Vaccination

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cells, Cultured; Colostrum; Injections, Intramuscular; Kidney; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respirovirus; Time Factors; Viral Vaccines; Virus Cultivation

Topics: Animals; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respirovirus; Sheep; Sheep Diseases

Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Complement Fixation Tests; Culture Techniques; Exudates and Transudates; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Influenza, Human; Methods; Mobile Health Units; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Netherlands; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pharynx; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respirovirus; Sputum; Time Factors; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Injections, Intramuscular; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respirovirus; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines

The interferon inducer double-stranded polyinosinic acid and polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) was studied in hamsters experimentally infected with parainfluenza 3 virus. Upper intranasal, deep intranasal, or intraperitoneal treatment of hamsters with poly I:C (100 mug/100- to 120-g animal) 24 hr before an upper respiratory infection significantly reduced the virus yields taken 28 hr after infection. Deep intranasal and intraperitoneal treatment with poly I:C greatly decreased the virus titers in the lungs, as measured 48 hr after a deep lung infection with parainfluenza 3 virus; however, the upper respiratory poly I:C treatment was ineffective.

Topics: Animals; Cricetinae; Cytosine Nucleotides; Dosage Forms; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Lung; Male; Nose; Nucleosides; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Polynucleotides; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respirovirus; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Injections; Injections, Intramuscular; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respirovirus; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Complement Fixation Tests; Female; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Lung; Male; Mice; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human; Paramyxoviridae Infections

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Colostrum; Female; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Influenza, Human; Lung; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pathology; Pregnancy; Research; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Swine Diseases; Virus Cultivation

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Epidemiology; Exudates and Transudates; gamma-Globulins; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Illinois; Influenza, Human; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Virus Cultivation