phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Mouth-Breathing
phenylephrine-hydrochloride has been researched along with Mouth-Breathing* in 175 studies
Reviews
10 review(s) available for phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Mouth-Breathing
Article | Year |
---|---|
Facial growth direction after surgical intervention to relieve mouth breathing: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
A systematic review was performed to assess the prognosis for facial growth direction documented by mandibular plane inclination and anterior face height in growing subjects who had undergone surgical intervention to relieve mouth breathing (PROSPERO database, registration no. CRD 42013005707).. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library and LILACS were searched based on the guidelines of the PRISMA statement. Included were longitudinal studies with mouth-breathing patients who had undergone surgical interventions to relieve their respiratory pattern, with a minimum follow-up of one year.. A total of 1555 studies were identified, whereby only three nonrandomized clinical trials comprising 155 participants met the inclusion criteria. Primary outcome was change between the initial and final measurements of the mandibular plane-SN angle (95% confidence interval [CI] -2.13° [-3.08, -1.18]). Secondary outcomes included changes in total anterior face height (AFH; 95% CI -0.76 mm [-1.91, 0.38]), upper AFH (95% CI 0.09 mm [-0.57, 0.74]), and lower AFH (95% CI 0.06 mm [-0.87, 0.99]). Risk of bias was low for most of bias domains and the quality of evidence across the studies was considered to be very low. The design, the small number of participants, and the absence of blinding generated imprecision.. There is very low evidence that the mandibular growth direction became more horizontal during the first year after surgery to treat mouth breathing. The total anterior facial height decreased, although not always significantly. Topics: Adenoidectomy; Databases, Factual; Face; Facial Bones; Humans; Mandible; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Respiration Disorders; Tonsillectomy; Vertical Dimension | 2018 |
THE ESSENTIAL ROLE OF THE COM IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SLEEP-DISORDERED BREATHING: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND DISCUSSION.
The origins of Orofacial Myofunctional Therapy began in the early 1960's by orthodontists who recognized the importance of functional nasal breathing, proper swallowing, and more ideal oral rest postures. Re-patterning these functions through myofunctional therapy assisted with better orthodontic outcomes and improved stability. Experts in orofacial myology have concluded that improper oral rest postures and tongue thrusting may be the result of hypertrophy of the lymphatic tissues in the upper airway. Orthodontists are aware of the deleterious effects these habits have on the developing face and dentition. Sleep disordered breathing is a major health concern that affects people from infancy into adulthood. Physicians who treat sleep disorders are now referring patients for orofacial myofunctional therapy. Researchers have concluded that removal of tonsils and adenoids, along with expansion orthodontics, may not fully resolve the upper airway issues that continue to plague patients' health. Sleep researchers report that the presence of mouth breathing, along with hypotonia of the orofacial muscular complex, has been a persistent problem in the treatment of sleep disordered breathing. Orofacial myofunctional disorders (OMDs) coexist in a large population of people with sleep disordered breathing and sleep apnea. Advances in 3D Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) imaging offer the dental and medical communities the opportunity to identify, assess, and treat patients with abnormal growth patterns. These undesirable changes in oral structures can involve the upper airway, as well as functional breathing, chewing and swallowing. Leading researchers have advocated a multidisciplinary team approach. Sleep physicians, otolaryngologists, dentists, myofunctional therapists, and other healthcare professionals are working together to achieve these goals. The authors have compiled research articles that support incorporating the necessary education on sleep disordered breathing for healthcare professionals seeking education in orofacial myology. Topics: Deglutition; Humans; Malocclusion; Mastication; Mouth Breathing; Myofunctional Therapy; Nose; Patient Care Team; Respiration; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Tongue Habits | 2014 |
Different aspects of respiration: relationships between the upper and lower respiratory tracts, and the middle ear cleft, nasal versus oral breathing.
This paper outlines the normal functioning of the child's upper airway: defending the lower airway by means of air conditioning, filtration, initiation of inflammatory reactions or immune responses. We investigate the hypothetical mechanisms that explain the influence of, and interrelations between, mouth breathing and obstructive sleep apnoea on craniofacial development. We advise orthodontic diagnosis and/or intervention at a young age. Topics: Ear, Middle; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Pharynx; Respiration | 2012 |
Nasorespiratory function and orofacial development.
The controversy over whether altered development of orofacial structures arises purely from expression of genetic potential or is influenced by environmental factors is reviewed. Resolving this controversy will determine the need for early intervention to permit nasal respiration and for orthodontic treatment. Topics: Airway Obstruction; Humans; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Nose Diseases; Respiration | 1989 |
Rediscovering the importance of nasal breathing in sleep or, shut your mouth and save your sleep.
Recent research, stimulated by the growing awareness of the sleep apnea syndrome, has shown that nasal breathing plays a major role in the regulation of respiration in sleep. These observations are not new; they confirm century-old clinical findings on the importance of nasal breathing in sleep. The earliest account of the deleterious effects of mouth breathing in sleep was made by Lemnious Levinus towards the end of the sixteenth century. Two hundred years later, Catlin dedicated an entire book to the superiority of nasal breathing over mouth breathing in sleep; and in the late 1800's, Cline, Wells, Griffin and others showed that obstructed nasal breathing causes sleep disorders. Topics: Adult; History, 16th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; United States | 1987 |
The soft palate and breathing.
Topics: Breath Tests; Child; Child, Preschool; Choanal Atresia; Fluorometry; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lip; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Palate; Physical Exertion; Respiration; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Smoking; Snoring; Spirometry; Sudden Infant Death; Uvula | 1986 |
Nasal airway obstruction and facial development.
Topics: Adenoids; Airway Obstruction; Dental Occlusion; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Physiology | 1984 |
[Nasal patency in changed physiological conditions].
Topics: Airway Resistance; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cilia; Humans; Mathematics; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Cavity; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Paranasal Sinuses; Respiration; Respiratory Function Tests; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Respiratory Tract Diseases | 1982 |
Recognizing the allergic individual.
Patients with respiratory tract allergy present certain auditory and visual signs which, when correlated with the history, aid substantially in arriving at a conclusive diagnosis. The physician should be alert to the signs that indicate allergic disease. Early recognition followed by modern allergy management will help to prevent progression of the allergic process. Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Conjunctiva; Conjunctivitis; Corneal Diseases; Eczema; Eye Diseases; Eye Manifestations; Eyelashes; Eyelids; Female; Gingival Hyperplasia; Glossitis, Benign Migratory; Habits; Humans; Male; Malocclusion; Maxillary Sinus; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Septum; Nose; Oral Manifestations; Pharyngeal Diseases; Polyps; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal; Seasons | 1975 |
The clinical physiology and pathology of the nasal airways and of their adjoining air-filled cavities.
Topics: Air; Bronchial Diseases; Chronic Disease; Humans; Humidity; Manometry; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Nose Diseases; Paranasal Sinuses; Respiration; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Respiratory System; Temperature | 1970 |
Trials
6 trial(s) available for phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Mouth-Breathing
Article | Year |
---|---|
Effect of mouth taping at night on asthma control--a randomised single-blind crossover study.
Nose breathing ensures that inspired air is warm, filtered and moist and may therefore benefit patients with asthma. It features in some complementary approaches to treat asthma and is encouraged at night in the Buteyko technique by the use of mouth taping. In this pragmatic study we sought to determine whether taping the mouth at night has any effect on asthma control compared with usual breathing in patients with symptomatic asthma, since if it was effective it would be a simple intervention to implement.. This was a randomised, single-blind, crossover study of participants (n=51) with symptomatic asthma (mean FEV(1) 86% predicted). A 4-week period of usual breathing at night was followed by use of mouth taping with microporous tape, as in the Buteyko technique, or vice versa, with a 2-week run-in period and a minimum 2-week washout period of usual breathing between 'treatments'. Primary outcomes were morning peak expiratory flow and symptom scores (Asthma Control Diary). Outcomes were measured and analysed without knowledge of treatment allocation.. Fifty participants completed the study and reported taping their mouth for a median 26 of 28 nights. Although 36 participants said mouth taping was very or fairly acceptable there were no differences between treatments for morning peak expiratory flow (mean difference -1l/min (95%CI, -9 to 7)) or symptoms scores (mean difference -0.12 (95%CI, -0.30 to 0.06)) nor for any secondary measures.. Taping the mouth at night had no effect on asthma control in patients with symptomatic asthma. Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Asthma; Breathing Exercises; Bronchodilator Agents; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Male; Medical Records; Middle Aged; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Patient Satisfaction; Peak Expiratory Flow Rate; Single-Blind Method; Sleep; Surgical Tape; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult | 2009 |
Effect of nasal or oral breathing route on upper airway resistance during sleep.
Healthy subjects with normal nasal resistance breathe almost exclusively through the nose during sleep. This study tested the hypothesis that a mechanical advantage might explain this preponderance of nasal over oral breathing during sleep. A randomised, single-blind, crossover design was used to compare upper airway resistance during sleep in the nasal and oral breathing conditions in 12 (seven male) healthy subjects with normal nasal resistance, aged 30+/-4 (mean+/-SEM) yrs, and with a body mass index of 23+/-1 kg x m2. During wakefulness, upper airway resistance was similar between the oral and nasal breathing routes. However, during sleep (supine, stage two) upper airway resistance was much higher while breathing orally (median 12.4 cmH2O x L(-1) x s(-1), range 4.5-40.2) than nasally (5.2 cmH2O x L(-1) x s(-1), 1.7-10.8). In addition, obstructive (but not central) apnoeas and hypopnoeas were profoundly more frequent when breathing orally (apnoea-hypopnoea index 43+/-6) than nasally (1.5+/-0.5). Upper airway resistance during sleep and the propensity to obstructive sleep apnoea are significantly lower while breathing nasally rather than orally. This mechanical advantage may explain the preponderance of nasal breathing during sleep in normal subjects. Topics: Adult; Airway Resistance; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Single-Blind Method; Sleep; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Wakefulness | 2003 |
Evaluation of an auto-nCPAP device based on snoring detection.
We evaluated an auto-nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) prototype (MC+; SEFAM, Nancy, France) in which apnoea/hypopnoea detection was disabled and nasal mask pressure vibration detection was the only mode of pressure setting. The device was tested in 15 previously untreated obstructive sleep apnoea patients during a night with polysomnography. We observed that a single night of auto-nCPAP improved the apnoea/hypnoea index (AHI) (12 +/- 21 vs 51 +/- 31 disordered breathing events.h-1 of sleep (mean +/- SD)), the awakening-arousal index (13 +/- 20 vs 40 +/- 26 arousals.h-1 of sleep), and duration of slow wave sleep (102 +/- 49 vs 71 +/- 56 min) but not of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (55 +/- 31 vs 64 +/- 38 min). Auto-nCPAP was effective (apnoea/hypopnoea and arousal indices < 10 events.h-1) in all but three patients. Auto-nCPAP was ineffective in one patient, whose obstructive respiratory events were not preceded by nasal mask pressure vibration detection, and in two patients who were quasi-permanent mouth breathers. Snoring detection may be effective in sleep apnoea syndrome with heavy snoring and without permanent mouth breathing, during the first night of nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment. Topics: Airway Obstruction; Arousal; Awareness; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Male; Masks; Middle Aged; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Polysomnography; Positive-Pressure Respiration; Pressure; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Sleep Stages; Sleep, REM; Snoring; Vibration | 1996 |
Acute exposure to acid fog: influence of breathing pattern on effective dose.
Concern about the possible adverse health effects of acid fog has been fed by two observations: air pollution disasters earlier in this century were typically associated with fog, and current samples of fog water can be strongly acid. To study the acute effects of acid fog on the lung, the authors generated a monodisperse 10 microM MMAD aerosol of H2SO4 with a pH of 2.0 and a nominal concentration of 500 micrograms/m3. They exposed seven healthy young men on alternate days to acid or control equiosmolar NaCl aerosol during 40 min of resting ventilation and 20 min of exercise; the latter was sufficiently intense to induce oronasal breathing. Exposure was by means of a head dome, a head-only exposure device that permitted continuous measurement (unfettered breathing) of Vr, f, VE, and the onset and persistence of oronasal breathing. In this article the authors compare the relative importance of parameters contributing to the between-subject variability in estimated hydrogen ion dose to the lower airways (H+LAW), based on analysis of variance. Physiologic parameters accounted for 70% of the variability, of which 34% was due to differences in duration of oronasal breathing (tON) and 36% to differences in ventilation rate during oronasal breathing (VE(ON)); inhaled hydrogen ion concentration [H+], the environmental parameter, contributed only 30%. Minute ventilation at the time of transition from nasal to oronasal breathing varied significantly among subjects even if normalized to FVC, an index of lung size. Topics: Acid Rain; Adult; Aerosols; Environmental Exposure; Heart Rate; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lung; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Physical Exertion; Respiration; Rest; Sulfuric Acids; Tidal Volume; United States; Vital Capacity | 1995 |
Partitioning of ventilation between nose and mouth: the role of nasal resistance.
We have examined the relationship between nasal resistance (Rna) and the distribution of ventilation between the nose and mouth in 10 normal breathing children and 15 children who met clinical criteria of mouth breathing. We studied Rna by posterior rhinometry. We used a face mask divided into separate oral and nasal chambers to measure oral and nasal components of ventilation. Each chamber of the mask was connected to a separate pneumotachograph. We measured oral and nasal tidal volumes (VTna) by integration of the oral and nasal flow, and calculated the total tidal volume (VTtot) by summing the oral and nasal components. The nasal fraction of ventilation (F-VTna) was calculated by dividing VTna by VTtot. We found a weak inverse correlation between Rna and F-VTna, but eight of 25 children did not breathe as one might predict on the basis of Rna, and eight of 15 children who appeared to be mouth breathers actually breathed through the nose. We administered a vasoconstricting nasal spray and a placebo nasal spray to the children and, although Rna changed significantly, we observed no change in the distribution of flow between the nose and mouth. In summary we found that clinical criteria of mouth breathing do not accurately identify children who actually breathe mainly through the mouth. Moreover Rna is only a weak predictor of the pattern of breathing; hence other factors may be important determinants of the distribution of flow between the nose and mouth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Topics: Airway Resistance; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Random Allocation; Reproducibility of Results; Respiration | 1989 |
Effect of an intranasally administered corticosteroid (budesonide) on nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, and asthma.
The effect of intranasally administered corticosteroid (budesonide) on nasal symptoms, mode of respiration (nasal versus mouth breathing), and asthma was investigated in 37 asthmatic children who were mouth breathers because of chronic nasal obstruction. After a 2-wk run-in period, the children were allocated randomly to 4 wk of intranasal therapy with either budesonide (400 micrograms/day) or placebo spray. A double-blind, parallel design was used. Diaries for peak expiratory flow, asthma, and rhinitis symptom scores and degree of mouth breathing were recorded at home. Nasal eosinophilia, nasal airway resistance at a flow of 0.2 L/s (NAR0.2), and lung function at rest and after exercise challenge were assessed at the clinic immediately before and at end of the 4-wk treatment. Budesonide, when compared with placebo, significantly decreased nasal obstruction (p less than 0.05), secretion (p less than 0.01), and eosinophilia (p less than 0.02), as well as NAR0.2 (p less than 0.05) and mouth breathing (p less than 0.01). The improvement in nasal obstruction correlated closely to the changes in mouth breathing (r = 0.80, n = 17, p less than 0.001). Furthermore, intranasally administered budesonide resulted in less exercise-induced asthma (EIA) (p less than 0.02) and decreased cough and asthma severity significantly. Pulmonary mechanics were only marginally improved. The present study showed that intranasally administered budesonide is effective in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. An attenuation of EIA and a tendency to less asthma after budesonide therapy suggest a decrease in bronchial reactivity, but the results gave no clear evidence of an association between nasal airway function and asthma. Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adolescent; Airway Obstruction; Airway Resistance; Asthma; Asthma, Exercise-Induced; Budesonide; Child; Double-Blind Method; Eosinophilia; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Nose Diseases; Peak Expiratory Flow Rate; Pregnenediones; Respiratory Function Tests | 1984 |
Other Studies
159 other study(ies) available for phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Mouth-Breathing
Article | Year |
---|---|
A Study of the Facial Soft Tissue Morphology in Nasal- and Mouth-Breathing Patients.
This study aimed to investigate the 3-dimensional (3D) facial morphology of children with skeletal Class II structure with different breathing patterns.. The 3dMDFace system (3dMD Inc.) was used to obtain 3D facial images. A total of 65 patients aged 10 to 12 years with skeletal Class II malocclusion (A point-Nasion-B point angle >5°) were grouped by sex into nasal-breathing (NB) and mouth-breathing (MB) participants. A total of 19 measurements, including linear distances, angles, and ratios, were measured. The measurements were compared using independent sample t test and Mann-Whitney U test. Factor analysis and logistic regression were used to test the correlation between facial morphology and different breathing patterns.. For male children, the lower lip was longer in the MB group than in the NB group (P < .05). For female children, compared to NB, MB patients had a narrower mandibular width (P < .05), a smaller ratio of mandibular width to face height (MB: 0.99 ± 0.08 vs NB: 1.04 ± 0.09; P < .05), and a larger ratio of lower lip height to lip width (MB: 1.24 ± 0.10 vs NB: 1.19 ± 0.16; P < .05). In both male and female children, MB participants had a more convex nasolabial angle (P < .05) and an increased ratio of the lower part of the face to the upper facial height (male MB: 1.61 ± 0.17 vs male NB: 1.50 ± 0.12; female MB: 1.52 ± 0.10 vs female NB: 1.50 ± 0.20; P < .05). The logistic regression test showed no significant correlation between facial morphology and breathing patterns.. In participants with skeletal Class II pattern, MB children compared with NB children showed different facial morphology in the same sex group. The children with MB showed a more protruded upper lip and increased lower facial height, accounting for a larger proportion of the facial height. However, no significant correlation was found between facial morphology and breathing pattern. Only correlative trends were found. Topics: Cephalometry; Child; Face; Female; Humans; Male; Mandible; Mouth Breathing; Nose | 2023 |
Analysis of maxillary arch morphology and its relationship with upper airway in mouth breathing subjects with different sagittal growth patterns.
This three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography(CBCT) study assessed pharyngeal airway and maxillary arch in mouth breathing subjects with different skeletal classifications and analyzed the factors associated with the upper airway morphological variations in mouth breathing (MB) and nasal breathing (NB) subjects.. One hundred and five subjects (52 MB and 53 NB children), divided into three skeletal groups: Class I (1° ≤ ANB° ≤ 5°), Class II (ANB° >5°), and Class III (ANB°<1°). An independent t-test and one-way ANOVA test were utilized in the group analysis of normal distributed data. The linear multiple regression test was applied to create a model for the airway volumes based on the maxillary arch parameters in different skeletal groups.. In three skeletal groups, NB individuals had greater oropharyngeal airway volume (OPV) and total pharyngeal airway volume (TPV) than MB. Maxillary arch parameters of intermolar width (IMW), intercanine width (ICW), and maxillary width of canines (MWC) were larger in NB participants than in MB subjects. In the MB group, we discovered that Class II individuals had lower NPV (nasopharyngeal airway volume) than Class I and Class III. MWC was lower in Class II subjects compared to Class I and Class III in both the NB and MB groups.. NB individuals had greater pharyngeal airway and maxillary arch parameters than MB subjects. Our model equation revealed that the inter-molar width (IMW) and palatal area (PA) parameters were the strongest predictors of total pharyngeal airway volume (TPV) in the skeletal Class II and Class I groups. Topics: Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Oropharynx; Pharynx | 2023 |
Relation of sensory processing and stomatognical system of oral respiratory children.
To verify the relationship between sensory processing and changes in the functions of the stomatognathic system in mouth breathing children, characterizing their sensory processing and comparing it with that of nasal breathing children.. 50 children (5 to 12 years) who were diagnosed with mouth breathing and 50 without signs and symptoms of mouth breathing or allergic rhinitis were selected to be part of the control group, matched for age and sex. Oral and nasal breathing children underwent sensory processing evaluation, through the Sensory Processing Measure - home form, and mouth breathers, through the evaluation of orofacial motricity through the Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation with score. The results were presented in table form and with their respective absolute and relative frequencies.. Most of the children evaluated were male, with an average age of eight years. Most mouth breathers presented alteration in the processing of all senses, with a statistically significant relationship when compared to nasal breathers. There was a relationship, in mouth breathers, between proprioceptive sensory processing and the movement of the cheeks, visual sensory processing and head movement during swallowing, and between the type of chewing and tactile sensory processing.. After analyzing the data, it was possible to see that the sensory processing of all systems presents with changes in mouth breathers and that this poor processing is related to orofacial mobility, as well as functions of the stomatognathic system, in addition to the type of chewing of this population.. Verificar a relação entre o processamento sensorial e as alterações das funções do Sistema Estomatognático de crianças respiradoras orais, caracterizando o processamento sensorial destas e comparando-o com o de respiradoras nasais.. Foram selecionadas 50 crianças (5 a 12 anos) que apresentaram diagnóstico de respiração oral e 50 sem sinais e sintomas de respiração oral ou rinite alérgica para fazer parte do grupo controle, pareadas por idade e sexo. As crianças respiradoras orais e nasais passaram por avaliação do processamento sensorial, através da Sensory Processing Measure – Home form, e as respiradoras orais por avaliação da motricidade orofacial através da Avaliação Miofuncional Orofacial com Escore. Os resultados foram apresentados em forma de tabela e com suas respectivas frequências absoluta e relativa.. A maioria das crianças avaliadas foi do sexo masculino, estando com idade média de 8 anos. A maioria dos respiradores orais apresentou alteração no processamento de todos os sentidos, com relação estatisticamente significativa quando comparados com os respiradores nasais. Houve relação, nos respiradores orais, entre o processamento sensorial proprioceptivo e o movimento das bochechas, processamento sensorial visual e movimentação da cabeça durante a deglutição e entre o tipo de mastigação e o processamento sensorial tátil.. Após análise dos dados foi possível perceber que o processamento sensorial de todos os sistemas se apresenta com alteração nos respiradores orais e que esse mau processamento se relaciona a mobilidade orofacial, bem como com funções do Sistema Estomatognático, além do tipo de mastigação dessa população. Topics: Child; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Perception; Respiration; Stomatognathic System | 2021 |
Evaluation of palatal support tissues for placement of orthodontic mini-implants in mouth breathers with high-narrow palates versus nose breathers with normal palates: a retrospective study.
The aim of this study was to compare the palatal total support tissues (TSTs) and bone support tissues (BSTs) at 5-mm paramedian section to the midsagittal suture between mouth breathers with high-narrow palates and nose breathers with normal palates and confirm the practicability and limitation on superimposition of lateral cephalograms and plaster models for orthodontic mini-implant (OMI) implantation in these patients.. The sample consisted of 27 mouth breathers with high-narrow palates (study group (SG)) and 27 nose breathers with normal palates (control group (CG)). Upper digital dental models were superimposed with corresponding cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images; then, TSTs and BSTs vertical to the curvature of the palatal mucosa were measured on the 5-mm paramedian section to the midsagittal suture. The measuring sites were the third ruga (R) and the sites anterior and posterior to R at 2-mm interval (A. The greatest average values of TSTs and BSTs in SG were 12.24 ± 2.63 mm and 9.59 ± 2.36 mm at P. Mouth breathers with high-narrow palates may have less palatal support tissues than nose breathers with normal palates at 5-mm paramedian section to the midsagittal suture of palate. The site a little posterior to R is more suitable for OMI implantation in mouth breathers. Two-dimensional superimposition of lateral cephalograms and plaster models can provide relatively effective assessment for the site choice of OMI implantation in both mouth breathers with high-narrow palates and nose breathers with normal palates.. Three-dimensional superimposition of CBCT data and digital dental model can provide accurate information for palatal OMI implantation. Meanwhile, 2D superimposition of lateral cephalograms and plaster models can be used for assessing the implantation sites at 5-mm paramedian section to the midsagittal suture of palates in mouth breathers under most conditions even those who have less palatal support tissues. Topics: Adolescent; Child; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Dental Implants; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures; Palate; Retrospective Studies | 2020 |
[Aerobic exercises during mouth breathing do not change the detection threshold of H2S].
In a previous study, the detection threshold for H2S during aerobic exercise worsened with forced nasal breathing. The cause remained unclear. It is to be examined how the detection threshold changes with exclusive mouth breathing.. During a resting phase, an aerobic physical load and subsequent recovery phase, different H2S concentrations were applied inspiratory-synchronously intranasal using a flow-olfactometer in a staircase procedure. The missing nasal breathing was objectified online and offline. The reaction times were determined. In parallel, various vital parameters have been measured.. The passive detection thresholds for H2S between the load and recovery phases did not differ. In the resting phase, the threshold was highest. The reaction times were not different in the three experimental phases.. An increased sympathetic tone, resulting from an approximately half-hour aerobic exercise, did not change the passive olfactory threshold for H2S during oral respiration compared to the subsequent recovery period. The high olfactory threshold in the resting phase might be explained by initial adaptation difficulties to the experimental conditions.. Während aerober körperlicher Belastung verschlechterte sich in einer früheren Studie bei Nasenatmung die Wahrnehmungsschwelle für H2S. Die Ursache blieb offen. Es soll in dieser Studie geprüft werden, wie sich die Wahrnehmungsschwelle bei alleiniger Mundatmung verändert.. Während einer Ruhephase einer aeroben Belastung und nachfolgender Erholungsphase wurden unterschiedliche H2S-Konzentrationen mittels eines Fluss-Olfaktometers im staircase Verfahren inspirationssynchron intranasal appliziert. Die fehlende Nasenatmung wurde online und offline objektiviert. Es wurden die Reaktionszeiten bestimmt. Parallel sind verschiedene Vitalparameter gemessen worden.. Die passiven Wahrnehmungsschwellen zwischen den Belastungs- und der Erholungsphasen differierten nicht. In der Ruhephase war die H2S Schwelle am höchsten. Die Reaktionszeiten waren in den drei Versuchsphasen nicht different.. Eine etwa halbstündige aerobe Belastung veränderte die passive Riechschwelle für H2S bei Mundatmung im Vergleich zur nachfolgenden Erholungsphase nicht. Die hohe Riechschwelle in der Ruhephase wird mit anfänglichen Anpassungsschwierigkeiten an die Versuchsbedingungen erklärt. Topics: Breath Tests; Exercise; Humans; Hydrogen Sulfide; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration | 2019 |
Nasal breathing and the vertical dimension: A cephalometric study.
The aim of this work was to perform a cephalometric analysis of the craniofacial parameters and natural head posture of mouth-breathers compared with control subjects, and to study the relationship between nose-breathing and the vertical dimension.. The headfilms taken at start of treatment of 53 cases (28 girls, 25 boys) aged 9 to 30 who consulted the dento-facial orthopedic department of the Ibn Rochd Casablanca dental consultation and treatment center were studied.. Among the mouth-breathers, we noted mandibular retrusion (SNB) in association with posterior rotation and more pronounced tilt of the mandibular plane (PP-MP) compared with the controls (P<0.05), a disproportionate increase in anterior face height and a lessening of posterior face height (hyperdivergence). These increases in anterior face height are often associated with retrognathism (and open bite).. Our study has shown that there are cephalometric differences between mouth-breathers and nose-breathers. There are several studies in the literature with results that support ours. Collaboration between the pediatric dentist, the orthodontist and the ENT specialist is important so as to establish an early diagnosis of mouth-breathing in children and initiate appropriate treatment to recreate the best conditions for harmonious development. Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cephalometry; Child; Face; Female; Humans; Male; Mandible; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration; Retrospective Studies; Vertical Dimension; Young Adult | 2016 |
Palatal surface and volume in mouth-breathing subjects evaluated with three-dimensional analysis of digital dental casts-a controlled study.
To compare the anatomical characteristics of the maxillary arch, identified as palatal surface area and volume, between mouth-breathing and nose-breathing subjects using a three-dimensional (3D) analysis of digital dental casts.. Twenty-one Caucasian subjects (14 females and 7 males) with a mean age of 8.5 years [standard deviation (SD) 1.6 years] were selected according to the following criteria: mouth-breathing pattern due to allergic rhinitis, early mixed dentition, skeletal Class I relationship, and pre-pubertal stage of cervical vertebral maturation. This study group (SG) was compared with a control group (CG) of 17 nose-breathing subjects (9 females and 8 males, mean age: 8.5 years; SD: 1.7 years). For each subject, initial dental casts were taken and the upper arch was scanned using a 3D laser scanner. On each digital model, 3D measurements were performed to analyse maxillary arch morphology. Between-group differences were tested with the independent sample Student's t-test (P < 0.05).. In mouth-breathing subjects, changes in physiological function of the upper respiratory tract resulted in skeletal adaptations of the maxillary arch. In the SG, both palatal surface area and volume were significantly smaller when compared with values of the CG. In particular, the palatal surface area and palatal volume were, respectively, 13.5 and 27.1 per cent smaller in the SG when compared to the CG.. Subjects with prolonged mouth breathing showed a significant reduction of the palatal surface area and volume leading to a different development of the palatal morphology when compared with subjects with normal breathing pattern. Topics: Case-Control Studies; Child; Dental Arch; Dental Casting Technique; Female; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Male; Maxilla; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Palate; Research Design; Rhinitis, Allergic | 2015 |
Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis.
To evaluate the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on nocturnal enuresis (NE) related to the nasal airway, nasal breathing, and plasma osmolality (as an indicator for antidiuretic hormone).. Nineteen patients with monosymptomatic primary NE, aged 6-15 years, were treated with RME for 10-15 days. To exclude a placebo effect of the RME appliance, seven patients were first treated with a passive appliance. Computed tomography of nasal cavity, rhinomanometric, and plasma osmolality measurements were made 2-3 days before and 2-3 months after the RME period. RME effects on NE were followed for three more years.. Two to three months after the expansion there were significant improvements in the breathing function and a decrease in the plasma osmolality. NE decreased significantly in all patients after the RME period, and all patients showed full dryness after 3 years.. This study demonstrates that RME causes complete dryness in all patients, with significant effects on pathophysiological mechanisms related to NE. Topics: Adolescent; Airway Resistance; Blood Glucose; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Child; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Malocclusion; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Cavity; Nocturnal Enuresis; Nose; Osmolar Concentration; Palatal Expansion Technique; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Rhinomanometry; Snoring; Sodium; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Vasopressins | 2015 |
Lateral facial profile may reveal the risk for sleep disordered breathing in children--the PANIC-study.
To evaluate the lateral view photography of the face as a tool for assessing morphological properties (i.e. facial convexity) as a risk factor for sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in children and to test how reliably oral health and non-oral healthcare professionals can visually discern the lateral profile of the face from the photographs.. The present study sample consisted of 382 children 6-8 years of age who were participants in the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) Study. Sleep was assessed by a sleep questionnaire administered by the parents. SDB was defined as apnoeas, frequent or loud snoring or nocturnal mouth breathing observed by the parents. The facial convexity was assessed with three different methods. First, it was clinically evaluated by the reference orthodontist (T.I.). Second, lateral view photographs were taken to visually sub-divide the facial profile into convex, normal or concave. The photos were examined by a reference orthodontist and seven different healthcare professionals who work with children and also by a dental student. The inter- and intra-examiner consistencies were calculated by Kappa statistics. Three soft tissue landmarks of the facial profile, soft tissue Glabella (G`), Subnasale (Sn) and soft tissue Pogonion (Pg`) were digitally identified to analyze convexity of the face and the intra-examiner reproducibility of the reference orthodontist was determined by calculating intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs). The third way to express the convexity of the face was to calculate the angle of facial convexity (G`-Sn-Pg`) and to group it into quintiles. For analysis the lowest quintile (≤164.2°) was set to represent the most convex facial profile.. The prevalence of the SDB in children with the most convex profiles expressed with the lowest quintile of the angle G`-Sn-Pg` (≤164.2°) was almost 2-fold (14.5%) compared to those with normal profile (8.1%) (p = 0.084). The inter-examiner Kappa values between the reference orthodontist and the other examiners for visually assessing the facial profile with the photographs ranged from poor-to-moderate (0.000-0.579). The best Kappa values were achieved between the two orthodontists (0.579). The intra-examiner Kappa value of the reference orthodontist for assessing the profiles was 0.920, with the agreement of 93.3%. In the ICC and its 95% CI between the two digital measurements, the angles of convexity of the facial profile (G`-Sn-Pg`) of the reference orthodontist were 0.980 and 0.951-0.992.. In addition to orthodontists, it would be advantageous if also other healthcare professionals could play a key role in identifying certain risk features for SDB. However, the present results indicate that, in order to recognize the morphological risk for SDB, one would need to be trained for the purpose and, as well, needs sufficient knowledge of the growth and development of the face. Topics: Anatomic Landmarks; Cephalometry; Child; Chin; Face; Feasibility Studies; Female; Forehead; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Observer Variation; Photography; Reproducibility of Results; Risk Factors; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Snoring | 2015 |
Dentofacial characteristics of oral breathers in different ages: a retrospective case-control study.
This study aimed to investigate the dental and skeletal variables associated with disturbances of craniofacial development in oral-breathing (OB) individuals and the probability that these variables are related to this condition.. This is an observational retrospective case-control study of 1596 patients divided into three groups of age n1 5-12, n2 13-18, and n3 19-57 years. Radiographic, clinical, and models data were analyzed. The control group was consisted of nasal breathing (NB) individuals. Statistical analyses of the qualitative data were performed with x (2) test to identify associations, and odds ratio (OR) tests were performed for the variables that the chi-square test (x (2)) identified an association.. In the descriptive analysis of the data, we observed that the class II malocclusion was the most frequent in the total sample, but when divided by age group and mode of breathing, there is a random division of these variables. In n1 group, class II, (OR = 2.02) short and retruded mandible (SM and RM) (OR = 1.65 and1.89) were associated with OB and it was considered a risk factor. In n2 group, class II (OR = 1.73), SM (OR = 1.87) and increased lower anterior height (ILAFH) (OR = 1.84) seemed to be associated and to be risk factors for OB. In the n1 group, decreased lower anterior facial height (DLAFH) and brachycephalic facial pattern (BP) seemed to be associated with NB and a protective factor against oral breathing.. This study showed that dental and skeletal factors are associated with OB in children, and it seems that it becomes more severe until adolescence. But adults showed no associations between OB and skeletal factors, only in dental variables, indicating that there is no cause-effect relationship between the dental and skeletal factors and OB. The treatment of nose breathing patient should be multidisciplinary, since OB remains even when dental and skeletal factors slow down. Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Brazil; Case-Control Studies; Cephalometry; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Malocclusion, Angle Class I; Malocclusion, Angle Class II; Malocclusion, Angle Class III; Mandible; Maxillofacial Development; Middle Aged; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration; Retrognathia; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Vertical Dimension; Young Adult | 2015 |
Effects of Breathing Pattern on Oxygen Delivery Via a Nasal or Pharyngeal Cannula.
During sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, oxygen delivery via a nasal cannula is often necessary. However, the influences of the oxygen delivery route and breathing pattern on the F(IO2) have not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this simulation study was to investigate the difference in the F(IO2) with a pharyngeal cannula versus nasal cannula during high- or low-tidal volume (V(T)) ventilation and open- or closed-mouth breathing.. Six healthy volunteers were asked to breathe using 2 patterns of ventilation (high or low V(T)) via a sealed face mask connected to an endotracheal tube that was retrogradely inserted into the trachea of a mannequin. The mannequin also had a pharyngeal or nasal cannula inserted into the pharynx or attached to the nose, through which oxygen (2 or 5 L/min) was delivered. The mouth of the mannequin was kept open or closed by packing. We measured the F(IO2) of every breath for 1 min at each setting.. During low- and high-V(T) ventilation, the F(IO2) was highest at a flow of 5 L/min with a pharyngeal cannula. Oxygen delivery was higher with the pharyngeal cannula compared with the nasal cannula at all settings. Differences in flow did not result in significant differences in the F(IO2) with high- and low-V(T) ventilation. At a flow of 5 L/min via a pharyngeal cannula, open-mouth breathing resulted in a significantly higher F(IO2) compared with closed-mouth breathing.. A pharyngeal cannula provided a higher F(IO2) compared with a nasal cannula at the same oxygen flow. Open-mouth breathing resulted in a higher F(IO2) compared with closed-mouth breathing when 5 L/min oxygen was delivered via a pharyngeal cannula. The breathing pattern did not affect the F(IO2) in this study. Topics: Adult; Catheters; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Masks; Middle Aged; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Oxygen; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Pharynx; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Tidal Volume | 2015 |
Vocal function and upper airway thermoregulation in five different environmental conditions.
Phonation threshold pressure and perceived phonatory effort were hypothesized to increase and upper airway temperature to decrease following exposure to cold and/or dry air. Greater changes were expected with mouth versus nose breathing.. In a within-participant repeated measures design, 15 consented participants (7 men, 8 women) completed 20-min duration trials to allow for adequate thermal equilibration for both nose and mouth breathing in 5 different environments: 3 temperatures (°C) matched for relative humidity (% RH), cold (15 °C, 40% RH), thermally neutral (25 °C, 40% RH), and hot (35 °C, 40% RH); and 2 temperatures with variable relative humidity to match vapor pressure for the neutral environment (25 °C, 40% RH), cold (15 °C, 74% RH) and hot (35 °C, 23% RH). Following each equilibration trial, measures were taken in this order: upper airway temperature (transnasal thermistor probe), phonation threshold pressure, and perceived phonatory effort.. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance, and no significant differences were established.. The study hypotheses were not supported. Findings suggest that the upper airway is tightly regulated for temperature when challenged by a realistic range of temperature and relative humidity environments. This is the first study of its kind to include measurement of upper airway temperature in conjunction with measures of vocal function. Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Adult; Body Temperature Regulation; Cold Temperature; Environment; Female; Humans; Humidity; Laryngeal Muscles; Larynx; Male; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Pressure; Respiration; Speech; Viscosity; Voice; Young Adult | 2014 |
Dental arch dimensional changes after adenotonsillectomy in prepubertal children.
The purposes of this study were to investigate the dental arch changes after adenotonsillectomies in prepubertal children and to compare the dental arch dimensions of mouth-breathing and nasal-breathing children.. The sample included 49 prepubertal severely obstructed mouth-breathing children and 46 prepubertal nasal-breathing children. Twenty-four of the 49 mouth-breathing children had an adenotonsillectomy and composed the adenotonsillectomy subgroup. The 25 children in whom the mouth-breathing pattern was unchanged during the 1-year study period composed the control subgroup.. The mouth-breathing children showed a deeper palatal vault, a larger mandibular width, and a larger mandibular arch length in comparison with the nasal-breathing children. After airway clearance, the adenotonsillectomy group showed a significant maxillary transverse width gain compared with the control subgroup. The control subgroup showed a significant deepening of the palatal height when compared with the adenotonsillectomy subgroup after 1 year.. The adenotonsillectomy subgroup had a significantly different pattern of arch development compared with the untreated controls. After adenotonsillectomy, the mouth-breathing children showed greater maxillary transverse development than did the controls. The palatal vault deepened in the untreated children. The mouth-breathing children showed a deeper palatal vault, a larger mandibular width, and a larger mandibular arch length in comparison with the nasal-breathing children. Topics: Adenoidectomy; Airway Obstruction; Case-Control Studies; Cephalometry; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Cuspid; Dental Arch; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hypertrophy; Male; Malocclusion, Angle Class II; Mandible; Maxilla; Molar; Mouth Breathing; Nasopharyngeal Diseases; Nose; Open Bite; Palate; Palatine Tonsil; Puberty; Respiration; Tonsillectomy | 2014 |
The Loudon Chateau repositioning appliance.
The LCR Appliance if fabricated and used properly, has many advantages over the Herbst and Twin Block appliances in solving tongue thrust, mandibular deficiency and repositioning with proper mandibular advancement and mandibular growth results. The regular Chateau appliance was named in 1904 after Dr. Chateau in Franc. It was originally used in Europe but was an uncomfortable removable appliance with wires used in the mandibular anterior lingual area to reposition the mandible. Topics: Acrylic Resins; Adolescent; Age Factors; Cementation; Child; Dental Materials; Dental Occlusion, Centric; Humans; Jaw Relation Record; Malocclusion, Angle Class II; Mandible; Mandibular Advancement; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Orthodontic Appliance Design; Orthodontic Appliances, Functional; Orthodontic Wires; Patient Care Planning; Respiration; Time Factors; Tongue Habits | 2014 |
Rashmdeep's method: a novel method to confirm nasal breathing.
Mouth breathing has been a very prevalent oral habit, especially among children. Common etiologies behind this common occurrence can be physiologic enlargement of lymphoid tissue like adenoids leading to decrease nasopharyngeal airway or allergic rhinitis. The traditional or the latest methods used for diagnosing mouth breathing either are too subjective or cannot be performed in usual dental setups. This article presents an innovative method to confirm whether patient can breathe through the nose. This can also be used to diagnose any unilateral nasal blockade. Topics: Child; Exhalation; Humans; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Respiration | 2013 |
Craniofacial development and physiological state after early oral breathing in rats.
In this study we determined whether craniofacial development in rats could be influenced by an early temporary (3 d) nasal obstruction associated with forced oral breathing. The rats were killed at specific time points after surgery. Plasma samples were taken for biochemical analyses, and cephalometric measurements were performed. Shortly after nasal obstruction, the vertical nasomaxillary complex and the longitudinal skull base proved to be smaller in both sexes of test rats compared with controls. This was maintained in male rats but not in female rats. In female rats, only the longitudinal skull base remained somewhat shorter as the animals grew older. Reversible nasal obstruction was further associated with reduced dimensions of the olfactory bulbs lasting into adulthood and an initial decrease in lung weight. One day after implementing nasal obstruction, basal corticosterone levels had increased (by over 1,000%) and stayed at a high level in female rats. In male rats, however, the corticosterone level seemed to return to normal by day 90. Oral breathing was also associated with a lower level of thyroid hormone, especially at the shorter term intervals in both sexes. We conclude that a 3-d nasal obstruction period in young rats leads to long-term hormonal changes and to craniofacial structural adaptation. Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Cephalometry; Corticosterone; Female; Lung; Male; Maxilla; Maxillary Sinus; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Olfactory Bulb; Organ Size; Palate; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sex Factors; Skull Base; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine | 2012 |
Using acoustic sensors to discriminate between nasal and mouth breathing.
The recommendation to change breathing patterns from the mouth to the nose can have a significantly positive impact upon the general well being of the individual. We classify nasal and mouth breathing by using an acoustic sensor and intelligent signal processing techniques. The overall purpose is to investigate the possibility of identifying the differences in patterns between nasal and mouth breathing in order to integrate this information into a decision support system which will form the basis of a patient monitoring and motivational feedback system to recommend the change from mouth to nasal breathing. Topics: Acoustics; Analysis of Variance; Carbon Dioxide; Decision Support Techniques; Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration | 2012 |
Heat and moisture exchange capacity of the upper respiratory tract and the effect of tracheotomy breathing on endotracheal climate.
The aim of this study was to assess the heat and moisture exchange (HME) capacity of the upper respiratory tract and the effect of tracheotomy breathing on endotracheal climate in patients with head and neck cancer.. We plotted the subglottic temperature and humidity measurements in 10 patients with head and neck cancer with a temporary precautionary tracheotomy during successive 10-minute periods of nose, mouth, and tracheotomy breathing in a randomized sequence.. End-inspiratory temperatures of nose, mouth, and tracheotomy breathing were 31.1, 31.3, and 28.3°C, respectively. End-inspiratory humidity measurements of nose, mouth, and tracheotomy breathing were 29.3, 28.6, and 21.1 mgH₂O/L, respectively. There was a trend toward lower end-inspiratory humidity in patients with radiotherapy or with large surgery-induced oropharyngeal mucosal defects, whereas temperatures were similar.. This study gives objective information about the HME capacity of the upper respiratory tract in patients with head and neck cancer with precautionary tracheotomy, and thus provides target values for HMEs for laryngectomized and tracheotomized patients. Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Gas Analysis; Body Temperature Regulation; Cohort Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Hot Temperature; Humans; Humidity; Intubation, Intratracheal; Linear Models; Male; Maximal Voluntary Ventilation; Middle Aged; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Neck Dissection; Nose; Oxygen Consumption; Postoperative Care; Respiratory Insufficiency; Risk Assessment; Trachea; Tracheotomy; Young Adult | 2011 |
Tongue position after deglutition in subjects with habitual open-mouth posture under different functional conditions.
To test the null hypothesis of no significant differences in (1) the duration of the post-deglutory, cranial tongue rest position (CTP) between different functional orofacial conditions and (2) the presence or absence of an oral screen (OS) in subjects with a habitual open-mouth posture.. Twenty-nine subjects (aged 6-16; mean: 9.69 years; 13/16 girls/boys) were selected according to the inclusion criterion of a habitual, daytime open-mouth posture.. Deglutition was screened at baseline during resting respiration using orofacial polysensography and simultaneous assessment of tongue-to-palate position and nasal airstream, during five functional intervals of 8 min each: F1 without instruction (RR); F2 the same, but including an oral screen (RROS); F3 with OS and the instruction to maintain a tongue-to-palate contact (IROS); F4 with OS and the instruction to perform tongue repositioning manoeuvres at the time of spontaneous swallowing (TRMOS); and F5 corresponds to F3 omitting OS (IR). Duration and frequency of deglutition were analysed descriptively as well as by anova and subsequent multiple comparisons, and the CTP was evaluated with chi-square tests and paired comparisons at a significance level of 5%.. Of 542 identified swallowing acts, 75% were accompanied by a post-deglutory CTP. Mean duration of CTP increased for functional conditions RR/1.01s > RROS/2.56s > IR/3.21s > IROS/6.53s > TRMOS/6.58s. The null hypothesis (1) was rejected in comparison of resting respiration (F1, F2) with IROS and TRMOS, whereas the use of an oral screen alone did not significantly prolong the duration of CTP. Topics: Adolescent; Child; Deglutition; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Optical Devices; Orthodontic Appliances, Functional; Palate; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Time Factors; Tongue; Tongue Habits | 2011 |
Association between halitosis and mouth breathing in children.
To determine whether there is a correlation between halitosis and mouth breathing in children.. Fifty-five children between 3 and 14 years of age were divided into two groups (nasal and mouth breathing) for the assessment of halitosis. A descriptive analysis was conducted on the degree of halitosis in each group. The chi-square test was used for comparison between groups, with a 5% level of significance.. There was a significantly greater number of boys with the mouth-breathing pattern than girls. A total of 23.6% of the participants had no mouth odor, 12.7% had mild odor, 12.7% had moderate odor and 50.9% had strong odor. There was a statistically significant association between halitosis and mouth breathing.. The occurrence of halitosis was high among the children evaluated, and there was a statistically significant association between halitosis and mouth breathing. Topics: Adolescent; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Halitosis; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration; Severity of Illness Index; Sex Distribution | 2011 |
Craniofacial growth variations in nasal-breathing, oral-breathing, and tracheotomized children.
Childhood oral breathing can alter muscular balance and lead to facial deformities. No articles in the literature have reported on the alteration of facial growth patterns in patients who have received tracheotomies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate craniofacial developmental consequences originating from variations in breathing mechanisms in children who are nasal breathers or oral breathers, and those who have been tracheotomized.. The sample was divided into 3 groups of 10 each. The nasal group had a mean age of 13.9 years, the oral group had a mean age of 12.7 years, and the tracheotomy group had a mean age of 12.8 years. The masseter and suprahyoid muscles were evaluated with electromyography. The following measurements were made: facial, maxillary, and mandibular widths; nasion-sella-gnathion angle; and facial index.. The tracheotomized group was similar to the nasal group for greater activity of the masseter muscles than of the suprahyoid muscles during mastication, as well as in the measurements of facial, maxillary, and mandibular widths. The oral group showed reductions in each category. The tracheotomized group was similar to the oral group during maximum dental occlusion for significantly higher activity of the suprahyoid muscles compared with the masseter muscles, with reductions in vertical values.. A childhood tracheotomy might affect facial development in a way comparable with that of oral breathers, including abnormal facial growth variations. Topics: Adolescent; Cephalometry; Child; Dental Arch; Electromyography; Face; Facial Muscles; Female; Humans; Male; Mandible; Masseter Muscle; Mastication; Maxilla; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Bone; Neck Muscles; Nose; Respiration; Sella Turcica; Tracheotomy; Vertical Dimension | 2011 |
The effect of mouth breathing versus nasal breathing on dentofacial and craniofacial development in orthodontic patients.
To determine the effect of mouth breathing during childhood on craniofacial and dentofacial development compared to nasal breathing in malocclusion patients treated in the orthodontic clinic.. Retrospective study in a tertiary medical center.. Clinical variables and cephalometric parameters of 116 pediatric patients who had undergone orthodontic treatment were reviewed. The study group included 55 pediatric patients who suffered from symptoms and signs of nasal obstruction, and the control group included 61 patients who were normal nasal breathers.. Mouth breathers demonstrated considerable backward and downward rotation of the mandible, increased overjet, increase in the mandible plane angle, a higher palatal plane, and narrowing of both upper and lower arches at the level of canines and first molars compared to the nasal breathers group. The prevalence of a posterior cross bite was significantly more frequent in the mouth breathers group (49%) than nose breathers (26%), (P = .006). Abnormal lip-to-tongue anterior oral seal was significantly more frequent in the mouth breathers group (56%) than in the nose breathers group (30%) (P = .05).. Naso-respiratory obstruction with mouth breathing during critical growth periods in children has a higher tendency for clockwise rotation of the growing mandible, with a disproportionate increase in anterior lower vertical face height and decreased posterior facial height. Topics: Adolescent; Cephalometry; Child; Dental Arch; Female; Humans; Male; Malocclusion; Mandible; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Radiography; Retrospective Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires | 2010 |
Correlation between morphology and function of the upper lip: a longitudinal evaluation.
In order to evaluate the relationship between the morphology of the upper lip and muscle activity in a sample of 38 subjects (17 males and 21 females) with Angle Class II division 1 malocclusions, cephalometric and electromyographic analyses were conducted. The sample was subdivided into either predominantly nose or mouth breathers. The individuals were evaluated at two different periods, with a 2 year interval. At the first observation, the subjects were 11 years to 14 years 11 months of age and at the second observation, 13 years 4 months to 16 years 6 months of age. Height and thickness of the upper lip were measured on lateral cephalograms with the aid of a digital pachymeter. For each individual, electromyographic records were obtained of the orbicularis oris superior muscle at rest and in a series of 12 movements. The electromyographic data were normalized as a function of amplitude, for achievement of the percentage value of each movement. Pearson and Spearman correlation tests were applied. The results showed some correlation between morphology and muscle function (at a confidence level of 95 per cent). However, as the values of the correlation coefficient (r) were too low to establish associations between variables, it was concluded that the dimensions of the upper lip are not correlated with muscle activity. Topics: Adolescent; Cephalometry; Child; Deglutition; Electromyography; Facial Muscles; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lip; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Malocclusion, Angle Class II; Mastication; Mouth Breathing; Muscle Contraction; Nose; Phonetics; Respiration; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Speech | 2009 |
Correlations between transversal discrepancies of the upper maxilla and oral breathing.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between malocclusion with cross-bite and permeability of the upper airways, and to observe the cephalometric changes of the rhinopharyngeal space after rapid palatal expansion therapy.. The sample consisted of 17 patients (age 9-12) of which 10 were males, followed up for a period of 1 year at the Department of Paediatric Dentistry of the Dental Clinic of the University of Pisa. Clinical, radiographical and otolaryngological examinations were carried out before treatment with palatal expansor. After expansor activation, each patient underwent an otolaryngological and orthodontic evaluation followed by rhinomanometry, and, in the cooperating children, endoscopy was also performed. After 6 and 12 months from the beginning of the treatment, each patient was examined again and the radiographic examination was repeated.. The cephalometric analysis exhibited an increase of the rhinopharyngeal space in 16 children. Furthermore all the 17 patients showed, after therapy, an increase of the transverse dimension of the upper jaw, measured on the postero-anterior teleradiography. On the other hand, the otolaryngological examination, and in particular rhinomanometry, exhibited an improvement of the flow and of right and left nasal resistance only in 3 children, while in 6 children the graph remained unchanged, and in 8 children it worsened. The results show that the rapid palatal expansion produces an improvement of the transversal skeletal discrepancy, and an improvement of the permeability of the upper airways. To make a correct diagnosis lateral and postero-anterior teleradiography, and a cephalometric analysis are needed; instead the otolaryngological examination in our opinion it is not an essential diagnostic examination for this kind of pathology. Topics: Airway Resistance; Cephalometry; Child; Endoscopy; Exhalation; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Inhalation; Male; Malocclusion; Maxilla; Mouth Breathing; Nasopharynx; Nose; Palatal Expansion Technique; Pulmonary Ventilation; Rhinomanometry | 2009 |
Clinical estimation of mouth breathing.
Breathing mode was objectively determined by monitoring airflow through the mouth, measuring nasal resistance and lip-seal function, and collecting information via questionnaire on the patient's etiology and symptoms of mouth breathing.. The expiratory airflow through the mouth was detected with a carbon dioxide sensor for 30 minutes at rest. Fifteen men and 19 women volunteers (mean age, 22.4 +/- 2.5 years) were classified as nasal breathers, complete mouth breathers, or partial mouth breathers based on the mean duration of mouth breathing. Nasal resistance, lip-sealing function, and the subjective symptoms of mouth breathing ascertained by questionnaire were statistically compared by using 1-way and 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the chi-square test in the breathing groups.. Nasal resistance was significantly (P <0.05) greater for the mouth breathers than for the nasal breathers, and significantly (P <0.05) greater for the partial mouth breathers than for the complete mouth breathers. There were no significant differences in the subjective responses to questions about mouth breathing among the 3 groups.. Detecting airflow by carbon dioxide sensor can discriminate breathing mode. Degree of nasal resistance and subjective symptoms of mouth breathing do not accurately predict breathing mode. Topics: Adult; Airway Resistance; Analysis of Variance; Carbon Dioxide; Chi-Square Distribution; Exhalation; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation; Young Adult | 2009 |
Long-term effects of pharyngeal flaps on the upper airways of subjects with velopharyngeal insufficiency.
To investigate the long-term effects of pharyngeal flap surgery (PFS) on nasal and nasopharyngeal dimensions of patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) and to correlate the findings with the onset of respiratory complaints after surgery.. Prospective study in 58 nonsyndromic patients with repaired cleft palate and VPI, evaluated 2 days before and 5 months (POST1) and 1 year (POST2) after PFS, on average. Patients were divided into two groups: one consisting of patients with postoperative respiratory complaints (RC group) and the other without complaints (NRC group).. Superiorly based PFS.. Respiratory complaints (self reports of mouth breathing, snoring, and other sleep obstructive events) assessed at POST1 and POST2, and minimum nasal (NCSA) and nasopharyngeal (NPA) cross-sectional areas assessed by rhinomanometry at POST2.. Respiratory complaints were reported by 55% and 36% of the patients evaluated at POST1 and POST2, respectively. Posterior rhinomanometry showed a significant postoperative reduction of mean NCSA in the RC and NRC groups (p < .05), to subnormal levels in some of them. The decrease was more pronounced in the RC group. No significant changes in NCSA were observed by anterior rhinomanometry. Similar results were obtained when NPA was assessed by modified anterior rhinomanometry.. In the long-term, PFS yielded a significant reduction in upper airways dimensions beyond what should be expected and associated with persistent respiratory complaints in some cases. Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Cleft Palate; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nasopharynx; Nose; Oral Surgical Procedures; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Prospective Studies; Rhinomanometry; Snoring; Surgical Flaps; Velopharyngeal Insufficiency | 2008 |
Oral breathing and head posture.
To determine the head posture and cephalometric characteristics in oral breathing children.. Lateral cephalograms taken in natural head posture of 35 oral breathing patients (OB) (mean age 8.8 +/- 2.2 years SD; range 5-13 years) and of 35 patients with varied malocclusions and physiological breathing (PB) (mean age 9.7 +/- 1.6 years SD; range 7-13 years) were examined.. A Student's t-test showed that an increase in angles NSL/OPT (P = .000), NSL/CVT (P = .001), FH/OPT (P = .000), FH/CVT (P = .005), and NSL/VER (P = .000); a decrease in the distance MGP-CV1p (P = .0001); and a decrease in the angles MGP/OP (P = .000) and OPT/ CVT (P = .036) were found in the OB group. A low position of the hyoid bone (H-MP, P = .009), a major skeletal divergence (ANS-PNS/Go-Me, P = .000), and an increased value of the ANB angle (P = .023) were present in OB patients. To ascertain if the changes in posture were connected with posterior obstruction of the upper respiratory airways, the OB group was divided into two subgroups based on the distance Ad2-PNS being greater than or less than 15 mm. No significant differences were found between these two groups.. Our data suggest that OB children show greater extension of the head related to the cervical spine, reduced cervical lordosis, and more skeletal divergence, compared with PB subjects. Topics: Adolescent; Airway Resistance; Cephalometry; Cervical Vertebrae; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Head; Humans; Hyoid Bone; Male; Malocclusion; Mandible; Maxilla; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Posture; Respiration; Sella Turcica | 2008 |
[Classification, clinical picture and diagnosis of sleep disordered breathing].
Topics: Airway Resistance; Body Mass Index; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Obesity; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases; Polysomnography; Sleep Apnea Syndromes | 2007 |
[A functional approach in the primary treatment of labial-alveolar-velopalatine clefts for a minimum of sequels].
Is the poor potential of growth an ineluctable consequence of mesodermal deficiency? Should we agree with the idea that all protocols are equivalent? Actually, these opinions reflect the empiricism of previous generations. We must now become rational and develop a project without compromise to achieve good functions at primary surgery. 'The normal structures are present on either side of the cleft, only modified by the fact of the cleft...' Victor Veau's hypothesis is the conclusion of rigorous anatomical and embryological research. Our current knowledge of the pathological anatomy allows for a better restoration of the normal anatomy. Anatomy is nothing if it is not functional. Every thing should be done to control the healing process to allow the best expression and interaction of the various functions, especially for those concerning nasal ventilation and masticatory efficiency. To correct the deformity, the cleft surgeon must perform a wide subperiosteal and subperichondrial elevation and must learn the skills of this accurate work to preserve the integrity of very fragile structures. The primary treatment must take into account a rational and uncompromising selection of the age of the first operation, of the successive procedures, and their chronology to benefit from the growth spurt of the maxilla, and to avoid the worse scars resulting from secondary epithelialization. Finally, if nasal breathing is the most important function concerning facial growth, it is essential to restore this normal function at the time of the first operation. The oral breathing pattern set at the time of the first operation leaves a cortical imprint that is very difficult to erase, even after clearing the nasal airways. The results of the functional approach we have used in the last decade are particularly consistent and very convincing. In this ambitious and demanding program, the patient comes first; we decrease the burden for him and his family, and give them the benefit of a good social life before school age. Topics: Age Factors; Alveolar Process; Child, Preschool; Cicatrix; Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; Clinical Protocols; Gingivoplasty; Humans; Incisor; Infant; Mastication; Maxilla; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Palatal Obturators; Palate, Soft; Postoperative Complications; Respiration; Tooth Eruption; Treatment Outcome | 2007 |
[Nasal sequels of unilateral clefts: analysis and management].
Usually, the nasal sequels of unilateral cleft patient are just considered as an esthetic problem to be addressed after the growth spurt of adolescence. This very narrow vision has led the cleft lip and palate treatment to a deadend. Actually, nasal sequels are the worst in terms of consequence on facial growth. 75% of complete unilateral cleft children are more oral than nasal breathers. Today, we know about the bad consequences of oral breathing on facial growth. It is not surprising to observe a high rate of small maxilla with cleft maxilla scars. In the fetus, the unilateral cleft nose deformities are well explained by the rupture of the facial envelope and the ventilatory dynamics of the amniotic fluid. Every step of the primary treatment threatens the nasal air way patency, whether when repairing lip and nose, suturing the hard palate that is the floor of the nose, or closing the alveolar cleft which controls the width of the piriform aperture. The functional and esthetic nasal sequels reflect the initial deformity, but are also the surgeon's skill and protocol choice. Before undertaking treatment, we must analyze the deformity at every level. Usually, the best option is to reopen the cleft completely to perform a combined revision of the lip, nose, and alveolar cleft after an adequate anterior maxillary expansion. If nasal breathing is necessary for an adequate facial growth, 25 years of experience showed us that it was very difficult to erase the cortical imprint of an early oral breathing pattern. So it is essential to establish a normal nasal breathing mode at the initial surgery. When the initial surgery is efficient and/or the secondary repair is successful, the final esthetic rhinoplasty, when indicated, is just performed for the sake of harmonization, with a classic internal approach and a few refinements. Topics: Adolescent; Child; Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; Clinical Protocols; Dissection; Esthetics; Humans; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Bone; Nose; Palatal Expansion Technique; Patient Care Planning; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Respiration; Rhinoplasty; Treatment Outcome | 2007 |
Electromyographic activity evaluation and comparison of the orbicularis oris (lower fascicle) and mentalis muscles in predominantly nose- or mouth-breathing subjects.
The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the orbicularis oris--lower fascicle (LOO) muscle and the mentalis muscle (MT)--in predominantly nose-breathing (PNB) and mouth-breathing (PMB) subjects.. Thirty-four subjects, 22 PNB and 12 PMB, with Class II Division 1 malocclusions were evaluated in 2001 (T1) and again in 2004 (T2), 2 years 5 months later. The age ranges of the sample were 11 years to 14 years 11 months at T1, and 13 years 4 months to 16 years 6 months at T2. EMG activity was recorded with bipolar surface electrodes at rest and during 12 movements; data were processed and normalized by the EMG highest value. The Student t test and the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test were used to compare the mean values and the variables between the observation times.. Greater EMG activity of the MT was observed in the PMB group at rest and swallowing at T1 and T2. At T2, increased EMG activity of the LOO at blowing and pronunciation of the phoneme \\b\\ was observed as well as a greater increment of EMG activity of this muscle at blowing, pronunciation of the phoneme \\m\\, and chewing in the PMB group. In addition, greater EMG activity of the MT at chewing in the PMB group was observed at T2.. These results suggest that mouth breathing influences EMG activity of the LOO and MT muscles. Topics: Adolescent; Child; Deglutition; Electromyography; Facial Muscles; Female; Humans; Male; Malocclusion, Angle Class II; Mastication; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Speech; Speech Articulation Tests; Statistics, Nonparametric | 2006 |
Soft tissue profile of children with impaired nasal breathing.
The aim of the study was to evaluate soft tissue profile of the children with impaired nasal breathing.. Soft tissue points relative to the true vertical line (TVL) were measured on the lateral cephalograms in natural head position of 54 subjects with diagnosed nasal obstruction (34 males, 20 females, mean age 13.3+/-2.7). As controls served 33 patients receiving orthodontic treatment for different types of malocclusion (19 males, 14 females, mean age 13.4+/-2.7). Nasal airflow measurements were performed for all children.. Both groups had retrognathic soft tissue profile, and there were no statistically significant difference between the groups in the linear and angular measurements of the soft tissue measurements, except for the interlabial gap measurement. Soft tissue profile projections to TVL were dependent on craniocervical and cervical inclination angles. In addition head extension was associated with flattened mentolabial sulcus and increased lower face height. Some of the soft profile measurements correlated with age.. Soft tissue profile of the children with impaired nasal breathing in general is not different from the soft tissue profile of other orthodontic patients and mostly is dependent on the craniocervical posture and age. Topics: Adolescent; Case-Control Studies; Cephalometry; Face; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Posture; Regression Analysis; Rhinomanometry | 2006 |
The negative effect of mouth breathing on the body and development of the child.
Topics: Breathing Exercises; Child; Child Development; Environment Design; Facial Bones; Housing; Humans; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Orthodontic Appliances; Palatal Expansion Technique; Posture; Respiratory Mechanics; Tongue Habits | 2006 |
Effect of race on fine particle deposition for oral and nasal breathing.
Nasal efficiency for removing fine particles from inhaled air may be affected by variations in nasal structure associated with race. In 11 African American and 11 Caucasian adults (age 18-31 yr) we measured the fractional deposition (DF) of fine particles (1 and 2 mum mass median aerodynamic diameter) (MMAD) for oral and nasal breathing using individual breathing patterns previously measured by respiratory inductance plethysmography during a graded exercise protocol. DF for both nasal and mouth breathing was measured separately by laser photometry at the same tidal volume and breathing rate for resting and light exercise (20% of maximum work load) conditions. From these DF measures, nasal deposition efficiency (NDE) was calculated for each condition. For light exercise conditions, NDE for both 1- and 2-microm particles was less in African Americans versus Caucasians, 0.15 +/- 0.07 (SD) versus 0.24 +/- 0.11 for 1-microm particles (p = .03), and 0.29 +/- 0.13 versus 0.44 +/- 0.11 for 2-microm particles (p = .006). The racial differences in NDE were associated with racial differences in nasal resistance and nostril shape. These race-dependent nasal efficiencies are dosimetric factors that should be considered in modeling and assessing particulate dose from human exposure to air pollutants. Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aerosols; Airway Resistance; Black or African American; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Particle Size; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Waxes; White People | 2005 |
[Clinicofunctional parallels in posttraumatic deformities of the nasal tip].
The analysis of different posttraumatic deformities of the nasal tip gave evidence for a close correlation of internal nose deformities with nasal breathing ranging from common changes in the internal nose (hypertrophy of the inferior turbinated bone) to atresia when nasal breathing is completely blocked. Because of tissue edema, respiration improved and normalized only 1 and 3 months after surgery. It is concluded that functional examinations before and after surgery are beneficial for patients and warrant optimal terms of surgery. Topics: Adult; Facial Injuries; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Nose Deformities, Acquired; Respiration; Rhinoplasty; Trauma Severity Indices | 2005 |
Effects of adenoidectomy and changed mode of breathing.
Topics: Adenoidectomy; Alveolar Process; Cephalometry; Face; Humans; Lip; Molar; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Respiration; Vertical Dimension | 2005 |
Induced oral breathing and craniocervical postural relations: an experimental study in healthy young adults.
The influence of induced oral breathing on head and craniocervical posture was studied in ten healthy young adults. After a baseline recording, oral respiration was induced by using a swimmer's type nose clip. The subjects were filmed 15 and 90 minutes after wearing the nose clip, immediately and 15 minutes after taking it off. The angles C7-tragion versus the true vertical, nasion-tragion versus the vertical, and C7-tragion-nasion were calculated, and the difference between the baseline and the four experimental recordings was computed. During the experiment, head and neck positions were modified in all subjects, but with a large variability for both the direction (flexion or extension) and the extent of the modification. Overall, the mean differences were minimal with large standard deviations. Differences between baseline and the experimental recordings were significant only for the C7-tragion versus the vertical angle (analysis of variance, p=0.0083). In conclusion, induced oral respiration may have a significant role in the alteration of head and craniocervical posture, but the effect was highly variable. Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Cephalometry; Cervical Vertebrae; Ear Canal; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Frontal Bone; Head; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Posture; Vertical Dimension | 2004 |
Craniofacial morphology in an unusual case with nasal aplasia studied by roentgencephalometry and three-dimensional CT scanning.
To examine the three-dimensional morphology of internal structures of the craniofacial region and present the orthodontic problems in an unusual case with nasal aplasia.. The patient was an 11.5-year-old boy with aplasia of the nose and nasal cavity with extremely constricted nasopharyngeal airway. He did not have mental or somatic retardation. The patient had dacryostenosis. The morphology of the craniofacial structures was characterized by absence of septal structures, including cribriform plate, perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone, vomer, and septal cartilage; bony hypotelorism; midface hypoplasia; short and retrognathic maxilla with Class III jaw relationship; average mandibular plane angle; high arched palate; severe anterior open bite with bilateral posterior crossbites; and dental anomalies (agenesis of four maxillary permanent teeth, microdontia, taurodontism, and short roots). Thus, the patient had characteristic dentofacial phenotype, which might be caused by a combination of the primary anomaly and the functional disturbances secondary to the nasal obstruction. Topics: Cephalometry; Child; Craniofacial Abnormalities; Humans; Male; Malocclusion; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Cavity; Nose; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Tooth Abnormalities | 2004 |
Nasal ventilation and orthodontia.
Topics: Child; Cognition Disorders; Humans; Malocclusion; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Sleep Wake Disorders | 2004 |
Electromyographic muscle EMG activity in mouth and nasal breathing children.
Mouth breathing may cause changes in muscle activity, because an upper airway obstruction leads may cause a person to extend his/her head forward, demanding a higher inspiratory effort on the accessory muscles (sternocleidomastoids). This purpose of this study is to compare, using electromyography (EMG), the activity pattern the sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius muscles in mouth breathing children and nasal breathing children. Forty-six children, ages 8-12 years, 33 male and 13 female were included. The selected children were divided into two groups: Group I consisted of 26 mouth breathing children, and Group II, 20 nasal breathing children. EMG recordings were made using surface electrodes bilaterally in the areas of the sternocleidomastoideus and upper trapezius muscles, while relaxed and during maximal voluntary contraction. The data were analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis statistical test. The results indicated higher activity during relaxation and lower activity during maximal voluntary contraction in mouth breathers when compared to the nasal breathers. It is suggested that the activity pattern of the sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius muscles differs between mouth breathing children and nasal breathing children. This may be attributed to changes in body posture which causes muscular imbalance. Because of the limitations of surface EMG, the results need to be confirmed by adding force measurements and repeating the experiments with matched subjects. Topics: Airway Obstruction; Child; Electromyography; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Muscle Contraction; Neck Muscles; Nose; Posture; Respiration; Rest; Statistics, Nonparametric | 2004 |
Skeletal and occlusal characteristics in mouth-breathing pre-school children.
This study verified the influence of chronic mouth breathing on dentofacial growth and developmental in pre-school children. The study evaluated 73 children, both sexes, ranging from 3 to 6 years of age. After the otorhinolaryngological breathing diagnosis, 44 mouth-breathing children and 29 nasal-breathing children were compared according to facial and occlusal characteristics. The skeletal pattern measurements SN.GoGn, BaN.PtGn, PP.PM, Ar-Go, S-Go indicated a tendency to mouth-breathing children presenting a dolicofacial pattern. According to occlusal characteristics, only the intermolar distance showed a significant correlation with a narrow maxillary arch in mouth-breathing subjects. Based on the results of this study, mouth-breathing can influence craniofacial and occlusal development early in childhood. Topics: Analysis of Variance; Cephalometry; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Chin; Dental Arch; Dental Occlusion; Female; Humans; Male; Malocclusion; Mandible; Maxilla; Maxillofacial Development; Molar; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration; Sella Turcica | 2004 |
[Quantification of initial malocclusion according to the mode of breathing in black African children].
The relations between the mode of breathing and the development of the malocclusions were the subject of many studies causing polemic sometimes (2, 3, 7, 9, 20). In fact the impact of the mode of breathing on occlusion is not clarified yet. The goal of this study is to quantify the dental characteristics, which constitute the malocclusion according to the mode of breathing. 100 African melanoderme children old from 6 to 15 years were subjected to a rhinologic evaluation based on the nostril reflex of GUDIN and the test of ROSENTHAL (12). Of this examination these children were left again in a group of 50 nasal respirators and in another group of 50 mouth breathers. Each child underwent a radiographic examination which was used to make a cephalometric analysis and a meeting of catch of dental prints. The statistical analysis of the data recorded on the dental casts and the layouts cephalometric (test t of student) indicate that the mode of breathing is not associated standard initial malocclusion. But, when the facial divergence, which is characteristic of mouth breathing increases, the initial malocclusion becomes significant. Topics: Adolescent; Cephalometry; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Malocclusion; Mouth Breathing; Nose | 2004 |
Effects of adenoidectomy and changed mode of breathing on incisor and molar dentoalveolar heights and anterior face heights.
Mouth breathing may affect facial form and the positions of the teeth.. To determine whether the increased dentoalveolar and facial heights found in mouth breathing children with enlarged adenoids are maintained following adenoidectomy and changed mode of breathing from mouth to nose.. The subjects were Swedish children, either mouth breathers with nasal obstruction caused by large adenoids, or nose breathers. The children in the mouth breathing group were adenoidectomized at seven years of age and changed from mouth breathing to nose breathing. The unoperated subjects were age and sex matched to the operated subjects, and both groups were followed up again at 12 years of age. The incisor and molar dentoalveolar heights and anterior face heights, measured on lateral cephalometric radiographs, were compared prior to adenoidectomy and at 12 years of age.. Significant intra-group increases were found for all dentoalveolar heights and 5 out of 6 facial heights. Only the ratio of upper anterior to lower anterior face height in the controls was not different statistically. Upper posterior dentoalveolar height was significantly larger (p < 0.05) in the adenoidectomized group compared with the controls at follow up, but not before adenoidectomy. Lower face height was significantly longer (p < 0.001) in the adenoidectomized group compared with the control group initially, and at follow up (p < 0.01). Initially, the ratio of upper face height to lower face height was significantly larger (p < 0.001) in the control group than the adenoidectomized group, but the groups were similar at follow up. Small, but statistically significant, correlations were found between the changes in upper molar dental height and the mode of breathing (p < 0.05) in the adenoidectomized group, and between the change in the ratio of upper to lower face heights and the mode of breathing (p < 0.01).. The changes in the dentoalveolar heights of the maxillary molars, and the ratio of the upper and lower anterior face heights seem to be associated with the change in mode of breathing from mouth to nose breathing after adenoidectomy. Topics: Adenoidectomy; Alveolar Process; Case-Control Studies; Cephalometry; Child; Face; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incisor; Male; Mandible; Maxilla; Molar; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Respiration; Vertical Dimension | 2004 |
Comparison of exhaled and nasal nitric oxide and exhaled carbon monoxide levels in bronchiectatic patients with and without primary ciliary dyskinesia.
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is associated with chronic airway inflammation resulting in bronchiectasis.. The levels of exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), carbon monoxide (eCO) and nasal NO (nNO) from bronchiectatic patients with PCD (n=14) were compared with those from patients with non-PCD bronchiectasis without (n=31) and with cystic fibrosis (CF) (n=20) and from normal subjects (n=37) to assess the clinical usefulness of these measurements in discriminating between PCD and other causes of bronchiectasis.. Exhaled NO levels were lower in patients with PCD than in patients with non-PCD non-CF bronchiectasis or healthy subjects (median (range) 2.1 (1.3-3.5) ppb v 8.7 (4.5-26.0) ppb, p<0.001; 6.7 (2.6-11.9) ppb, p<0.001, respectively) but not lower than bronchiectatic patients with CF (3.0 (1.5-7.5) ppb, p>0.05). Nasal levels of nNO were significantly lower in PCD patients than in any other subjects (PCD: 54.5 (5.0-269) ppb, non-PCD bronchiectasis without CF: 680 (310-1000) ppb, non-PCD bronchiectasis with CF: 343 (30-997) ppb, control: 663 (322-1343) ppb). In contrast, eCO levels were higher in all patient groups than in control subjects (PCD: 4.5 (3.0-24.0) ppm, p<0.01, other bronchiectasis without CF: 5.0 (3.0-15.0) ppm, p<0.001; CF: 5.3 (2.0-23.0) ppm, p<0.001 v 3.0 (0.5-5.0) ppm). Low values in both eNO and nNO readings (<2.4 ppb and <187 ppb, respectively) identified PCD patients from other bronchiectatic patients with a specificity of 98% and a positive predictive value of 92%.. The simultaneous measurement of eNO and nNO is a useful screening tool for PCD. Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Bronchiectasis; Carbon Monoxide; Ciliary Motility Disorders; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nitric Oxide; Nose; Sensitivity and Specificity; Vital Capacity | 2003 |
Electromyographic analysis of trapezius and sternocleidomastoideus muscles during nasal and oral inspiration in nasal- and mouth-breathing children.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate sternocleidomastoideus (SCM) and trapezius (superior fibers) muscle activity patterns in mouth-breathing children, and to compare them with nasal-breathing children. Forty-six children, of both sexes, ranging from 8 to 12 years old, were evaluated through electromyography. The selected children were divided into two groups; Group I, was made up of 26 mouth-breathing children and Group II of 20 nasal-breathing children. Electromyographic recordings were obtained through surface electrodes in the SCM and trapezius muscles, bilaterally, during oral and nasal inspiration. Root-mean-square (RMS) data expressed in microvolts (microV), were analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis statistical test. From the results obtained, we concluded that there was a significant difference in the muscle activity between the groups, with higher activity during nasal inspiration in the mouth-breathing group. During oral inspiration, there was no significant difference between groups. Within the groups, only the mouth-breathing group showed higher activity during nasal inspiration. Topics: Action Potentials; Child; Electromyography; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Neck Muscles; Nose; Respiration | 2002 |
Dentofacial morphology of mouth breathing children.
The relationship between dentofacial morphology and respiration has been debated and investigated from various approaches. The aim of this study was to verify the skeletal and dental relationship of mouth and nose breathing children. Thirty-five children, 7 to 10 years of age, were submitted to orthodontic and otorhinolaryngologic evaluations and were separated into 2 groups: 15 nose breathers and 20 mouth breathers. Each subject underwent a cephalometric radiograph analysis. Statistical analysis (Mann-Whitney U test) indicated that changed mode of breathing was associated with 1) maxillo-mandibular retrusion in relation to the cranial base in the mouth breathers; 2) the SNGoGn and NSGn angles were greater in the mouth breathing group; 3) incisor inclination in both jaws and the interincisal angle were not different between groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the maxillary and mandibular molar heights between the nose breathers and mouth breathers. Topics: Cephalometry; Child; Chin; Face; Female; Humans; Incisor; Male; Mandible; Maxilla; Molar; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Bone; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation; Sella Turcica; Skull Base; Statistics, Nonparametric; Tongue Habits; Tooth | 2002 |
A study on the difference of craniofacial morphology between oral and nasal breathing children.
The purpose of this study was to compare the difference of craniofacial morphology between oral and nasal breathing children, and discover the relationship between respiratory mode and craniofacial morphology.. Using the system for the simultaneous measurement of oral and nasal respiration, 34 oral breathing children and 34 nasal breathing children aged from 11 to 14 years were selected.. Compared with the nasal-breathing children, the oral-breathing children showed apparently vertical growth pattern. The mandibuler plane Angle of oral breathing children is 39.3, which is significant greater than that of nasal breathing children (P < 0.01). The jans, the oral-breathing children had shorter mandibular body, larger gonion angle, retrusive chin and face (P < 0.05). On the other hand, in the sagittal direction, the oral breathing children may display all kinds of skeletal facial types. There is no significant difference between the two groups.. Oral breathing is one of the factors related to the vertical over-development. Topics: Adolescent; Child; Craniofacial Abnormalities; Facial Bones; Female; Humans; Male; Mandible; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Radiography; Respiration; Respiratory Function Tests; Skull; Statistics as Topic | 2002 |
[Nasal injuries during labor and in early childhood. Etiopathogenesis, consequences and therapeutic options].
Childhood and perinatal nasal traumatisms involve an anterior septal deviation or an anterior septal lysis. These complications induce a soft nasal tip. Nasal obstruction et oral ventilation are responsible for the development of facial and occlusal sequelae. A better knowledge of anatomy and physiopathology of nasal traumatisms is needed for an earlier treatment. Topics: Birth Injuries; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Maxillofacial Injuries; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Bone; Nasal Obstruction; Nasal Septum; Nose; Skull Fractures | 2002 |
[Could mouth breathing lead to obstructive sleep apnea syndromes. A preliminary study].
The aim of this preliminary work is to determine an easy method to diagnose "buccal breather" children and "nasal breather" children. Then, to establish a possible connection with the syndrome of obstructive sleep apnea. 22 children agreed to participate. Clinical, orthophonic, orthodontic, postural and polysomnographical exams have been carried out. The proposed clinical exam turns out to be a good means of diagnosing between buccal breathers and nasal breathers. The aerophonoscope reveals velar inadequacies in buccal breathers. The latter also present osseous discrepancies mainly in the mandible. The polysomnography reveals a higher apnea/hypopnea index and more agitated sleep in buccal breathers. Mandibular lowering movements are more frequent and similar to those of adults suffering from apnea. These elements similar to those encountered in adults suffering from apnea make us think that buccal breathing could be the origin of obstructive sleep apnea, several decades later. Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cephalometry; Child; Dental Occlusion; Female; Head; Humans; Male; Mandible; Mouth Breathing; Movement; Nose; Palate, Soft; Polysomnography; Posture; Respiration; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Speech | 2000 |
The effects of chronic absence of active nasal respiration on the growth of the skull: a pilot study.
Oral respiration associated with an obstructed nasal airway is common in orthodontic patients. For several years chronic oral respiration has been implicated as a prime causative factor in the development of "adenoid facies or the "long-face syndrome. The animal experiment reported here begins a series designed to study, as separate variables, the 2 components of chronic oral respiration: (1) chronic absence of active nasal respiration and 2) chronic mouth opening to find out what dentofacial changes can be attributed to chronic absence of active nasal respiration alone. In this pilot study, 5 growing dogs underwent tracheotomy so that significant active nasal respiration was not possible and oral respiration was not essential. Topics: Animals; Cephalometry; Chronic Disease; Dental Arch; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Facial Bones; Facies; Female; Male; Malocclusion; Mandible; Maxilla; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Palate; Pilot Projects; Respiration; Skull; Syndrome; Tracheotomy; Zygoma | 2000 |
Internal thermistors in differentiating between oral and nasal breathing during sleep.
To select patients with sleep apnoea hypopnoea syndrome (SAHS) who will benefit from surgery, we use information from four different pressure sensors in the upper airways and oesophagus during polysomnography (PSG). These pressure sensors also have the ability to act as internal thermistors and can hence indirectly measure flow as well as pressure. This new method for measuring flow has proven to be very accurate for scoring hypopnoeas as well as apnoeas. The aim of this study was to determine whether the flow and pressure sensors located in the epipharynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx could differentiate between nasal and oral breathing. The design was a prospective cross-over study in 124 patients referred to the hospital for SAHS diagnosis. The awake patients were asked to breathe first through the nose and then through the mouth while the nose was blocked with a clip. A standard nocturnal PSG with pressure and flow measurement in the upper airways was performed in all patients. The procedure was repeated in a lateral position, and again the next morning in 32 of the patients. Reduction in flow signals from the nose was calculated, and a paired t-test was performed for statistical analysis. The difference between nasal and oral breathing was quite distinct in the flow tracings from the internal thermistors. The mean reduction in nasal flow signals when changing from nasal to oral breathing was 83.7% (SD 14.5, p < 0.0001). The same was seen in a lateral position, 82.2% (SD 16.4, p < 0.0001). Testing for changes in properties of the internal thermistors revealed no significant difference between the reduction in flow when the test started and after the patients had slept the whole night (p > 0.1). It is possible to differentiate between nasal and oral breathing using internal thermistors. Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Polysomnography; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Thermometers | 1999 |
[Pre-orthognathic surgery in orthodontics: towards justification].
This work presents long term results of rhinopharyngeal desobstructions on nine years old patients. By using several techniques such as: tonsillectomies, adenoïdectomy, adenoïdotonsillectomies, luxation of inferior turbinates, partial turbinectomies or bilateral turbinectomies under endoscopic guidance, and then, following carefully the oral and nasal peak flows for a period as long as one or two years, it becomes obvious that the most efficient desobstruction procedure is accomplished through a combination of E.N.T. rhinopharyngeal procedures, i.e. adenoïdotonsillectomies and inferior turbinectomies under endoscopic guidance. This global E.N.T. procedure is known as "Chimney Sweep". The author demonstrates that tongue behavior is severely affected by rhinopharyngeal obstruction and by the consecutive dysfunction of the upper airway ventilation pattern. Large tongues and normal tongues pushed forward due to enlarged tonsils or adenoïds are also affected by their necessary participation to oral ventilation (mouth breathers). Addition of a selective lingual glossoplasty or a partial glossectomy is sometimes necessary to put the morphogenic function in a proper order during growth and development. All of the above is part of a new pre-orthognathic concept, that helps control growth and development and helps manage orthodontic or orthognathic treatments. Topics: Adenoidectomy; Airway Obstruction; Child; Craniofacial Abnormalities; Endoscopy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glossectomy; Humans; Male; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Nasopharyngeal Diseases; Nose; Orthodontics, Corrective; Pulmonary Ventilation; Tongue Habits; Tonsillectomy; Turbinates | 1998 |
Detection of adenoidal hypertrophy using acoustic rhinomanometry.
Adenoidal hypertrophy is the commonest cause of nasal obstruction in the pediatric population. It may cause marked morbidity as regards respiratory physiology, facial growth and middle ear function. Determination of adenoidal presence and size is not easy. Nasal endoscopy and radiology are the most accepted modes of diagnosis and each has its disadvantages. We have used acoustic rhinometry to determine the size of adenoids. Changes in nasal volume and resistance were recorded and an easy formula was devised to determined adenoid size. This technique is easy, non-invasive and reproducible with a 93.5% predictive value. Topics: Acoustics; Adenoidectomy; Adenoids; Airway Resistance; Cephalometry; Child; Child, Preschool; Ear, Middle; Endoscopy; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Male; Manometry; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Otitis Media with Effusion; Otitis Media, Suppurative; Predictive Value of Tests; Radiography; Reproducibility of Results; Respiration; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Snoring | 1997 |
Electronic measurements of relative tongue-palate contact time. Development and testing for orthodontic functional analysis.
The importance of the tongue to the form of the jaws and dental arches has long been accepted. Clear-cut differences in arch width and arch height are observed between mouth and nasal breathing. Course measurements, e.g. duration of tongue contact with the gum, are not feasible with traditional measuring methods. The palatal measuring appliance presented here together with the purpose-developed storage and evaluation equipment permits for the first time continuous 24-hour measurement of tongue contact with the palate. The clinical observation is confirmed by the presented results. Nasal obstruction is associated with lower tongue-palate contact times. In our probands, these times fell by an average of 72% after forced mouth breathing. Since complex movements within the mouth cavity cannot be directly observed, functional analysis relating to the tongue position was previously impossible, at least over a longer period. The measuring device presented here is suitable for analyzing in more detail the diagnostically difficult complex of tongue movements and breathing habits. It might therefore conceivably be used to assess myofunctional disturbances and therapeutic methods. Topics: Child; Circadian Rhythm; Electronics, Medical; Humans; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Orthodontics; Palate; Respiration; Time Factors; Tongue | 1997 |
Exposure to passive smoking and other predictors of reduced nasal volume in children 7 to 12 years old.
The purpose of this study was to assess the nasal volume and the cross-sectional areas of the nose in 7 to 12 year old children, and to identify factors that may influence those parameters. Specifically we investigated the effect of passive smoking at home, body mass, presence of allergies, and history of removal of the tonsils, controlling for the age, gender and race of the child. Fifty-four children participated in the study. Five consecutive nasal measurements were taken from each nostril in one visit, using the acoustic reflection technique (acoustic rhinometry). The nasal volume and the cross-sectional area were computed from the nasal readings. We observed that the minimal cross sectional area is located at the laminal valve, which has been considered one of the main anatomical structures that affect the regulation of breathing in the anterior part of the nose. We also concluded that body mass and exposure to environmental tobacco by-products play a significant role in determining reductions in a child's nasal volume. The clinical significance of such a finding and its effect to the normal craniofacial development of a growing child may force parents to reconsider smoking while at home. Topics: Airway Obstruction; Body Constitution; Child; Female; Humans; Linear Models; Male; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Risk Factors; Tobacco Smoke Pollution | 1997 |
Ozone uptake in healthy adult males during quiet breathing.
Experimental measurements of ozone (O3) uptake are needed for validation of dosimetry model parameters and in predictions as well as for determining factors affecting uptake and for making comparisons between subpopulations or across species. In this study, 10 healthy adult male subjects were exposed to 0.3 ppm O3 while seated and breathing naturally through the nose or mouth. Total respiratory tract O3 uptake, spontaneous breathing parameters, and respiratory gas exchange were measured for 10 min under steady-state conditions. The exposure protocol was replicated in each subject approximately 2 weeks after the first visit. On each visit, health exams were performed and spirometric lung measurements were obtained. The experimental design provided comparisons of total O3 uptake during nasal and oral breathing, differences in uptake in an individual at two time points, and an examination of between-subject variability in O3 uptake. Exposure to O3 had no effect on the breathing parameters or gas exchange. Oral and nasal breathing frequency averaged 16.2 +/- 1.1 (SE) and 16.0 +/- 1.2 breaths per minute with tidal volumes averaging 651 +/- 46 and 669 +/- 67 ml, respectively. A significant correlation (p < 0.01) was found for the minute volume during resting breathing with the percentage of uptake. The percentage of O3 uptake was consistently higher (p = 0.02) during oral breathing (76.5% +/- 3.3) than during nasal breathing (73.1% +/- 3.0) although this difference may not be biologically significant. The variability in percentage of uptake between subjects was substantial with calculated uptakes ranging from 51 to 96%, a difference of about 45%. Variability in percentage of uptake for an individual was less with the maximal difference between the first and second visits being about 20%; the average difference, however, was only about 3%. We conclude that total percentage of O3 uptake is approximately 75% in adult males during resting breathing. It is slightly greater during oral than during nasal breathing, will vary considerably among subjects, and is moderately reproducible within a subject. Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Adult; Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Ozone; Reference Values; Respiration; Respiratory Function Tests | 1996 |
Electromyography of the human nasal muscles.
Electromyographic (EMG) activity of six nasal muscles was monitored in 17 male volunteers without nasal complaints. Surface electrodes were placed on the nasal skin in such a way that they selectively recorded the activity of these muscles. Recordings were made under different breathing conditions and during voluntary nasal movements. Inspiratory EMG activity was observed during nasal and oral breathing in one or more of the following muscles: dilator naris, nasalis muscle (alar and transverse parts) and apicis nasi. EMG activity increased markedly in response to physical exercise and was more often present in subjects with decreased nasal patency. During voluntary nasal movements a combined activity of the six nasal muscles was consistently found. We conclude that the function of the dilator naris, the nasalis muscle and the apicis nasi strongly relates to respiration. These muscles probably contribute to the prevention of collapse of the nasal valve. The role of the procerus and levator labii superioris alaeque nasi seems to be primarily concerned with facial expression. Topics: Adult; Electrodes; Electromyography; Exercise; Facial Muscles; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration | 1996 |
Inhalation of nasally derived nitric oxide modulates pulmonary function in humans.
The vasodilator gas nitric oxide (NO) is produced in the paranasal sinuses and is excreted continuously into the nasal airways of humans. This NO will normally reach the lungs with inspiration, especially during nasal breathing. We wanted to investigate the possible effects of low-dose inhalation of NO from the nasal airways on pulmonary function. The effects of nasal and oral breathing on transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2) were studied in healthy subjects. Furthermore, we also investigated whether restoring low-dose NO inhalation would influence pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) and arterial oxygenation (PaO2) in intubated patients who are deprived of NO produced in the nasal airways. Thus, air derived from the patient's own nose was aspirated and led into the inhalation limb of the ventilator. In six out of eight healthy subjects tcPO2 was 10% higher during periods of nasal breathing when compared with periods of oral breathing. In six out of six long-term intubated patients PaO2 increased by 18% in response to the addition of nasal air samples. PVRI was reduced by 11% in four of 12 short-term intubated patients when nasal air was added to the inhaled air. The present study demonstrates that tcPO2 increases during nasal breathing compared with oral breathing in healthy subjects. Furthermore, in intubated patients, who are deprived of self-inhalation of endogenous NO. PaO2 increases and pulmonary vascular resistance may decrease by adding NO-containing air, derived from the patient's own nose, to the inspired air. The involvement of self-inhaled NO in the regulation of pulmonary function may represent a novel physiological principle, namely that of an enzymatically produced airborne messenger. Furthermore, our findings may help to explain one biological role of the human paranasal sinuses. Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Adult; Blood Flow Velocity; Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nitric Oxide; Nose; Oxygen; Paranasal Sinuses; Respiration; Respiration, Artificial | 1996 |
Temporal variation in nasal and oral breathing in children.
The purpose of this study was to measure several variables associated with respiratory function at repeated intervals. The temporal variation of these variables was assessed within persons and within the sample population. Twenty-nine children, 18 boys and 11 girls, between the ages of 7 and 13 years of age, participated. Each subject attended three separate appointments. At each appointment, the percentage nasal breathing was measured three times with inductive plethysmography. The nasal resistance and smallest nasal cross-sectional area were measured once at each appointment with posterior rhinomanometry. The findings suggest a significant amount of variation in repeated measurements of respiratory variables. More variation was noted in measurements taken on different days than within 1 day. No correlation was present between either nasal resistance or nasal cross-sectional area in relation to percentage of nasal breathing. All subjects had a nasal component of respiration; no one was a 100% oral breather. No correlation was observed between age or gender of the subjects and any of the respiratory variables measured. Topics: Adolescent; Air Pressure; Airway Resistance; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Manometry; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Plethysmography, Whole Body; Respiratory Mechanics; Statistics, Nonparametric; Time Factors | 1995 |
Perceptual and respiratory responses to added nasal airway resistance loads in older adults.
The purpose of the present study was to assess breathing behavior under various nasal resistance load conditions and, in particular, to determine whether respiratory responses to added nasal resistance loads occur before the threshold perception of an added load. The participants were 40 older adults who ranged in age from 59 to 82 years. Nasal airflow and resistance were measured with the pressure-flow technique, which was modified to create calibrated resistance loads. Statistical analyses revealed a significant decrease in airflow rate and volume during load conditions both before perceptual detection and at detection of increased resistance in comparison to a "no load" condition. No differences in respiratory behaviors were found between the load condition just before perceptual detection of an increased resistance load and the load condition at detection. The present findings suggest that physiologic responses to changes in the airway environment apparently occur even before there is perceptual recognition that the environment has changed. Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Airway Resistance; Awareness; Differential Threshold; Female; Heart Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Multivariate Analysis; Nose; Perception; Pressure; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Respiratory Mechanics | 1995 |
Comparison of maximal oxygen consumption with oral and nasal breathing.
The major cause of exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is thought to be the drying and cooling of the airways during the 'conditioning' of the inspired air. Nasal breathing increases the respiratory system's ability to warm and humidity the inspired air compared to oral breathing and reduces the drying and cooling effects of the increased ventilation during exercise. This will reduce the severity of EIA provoked by a given intensity and duration of exercise. The purpose of the study was to determine the exercise intensity (%VO2 max) at which healthy subjects, free from respiratory disease, could perform while breathing through the nose-only and to compare this with mouth-only and mouth plus nose breathing. Twenty subjects (11 males and 9 females) ranging from 18-55 years acted as subjects in this study. They were all non-smokers and non-asthmatic. At the time of the study, all subjects were involved in regular physical activity and were classified, by a physician, as free from nasal polyps or other nasal obstruction. The percentage decrease in maximal ventilation with nose-only breathing compare to mouth and mouth plus nose breathing was three times the percentage decrease in maximal oxygen consumption. The pattern of nose-only breathing at maximal work showed a small reduction in tidal volume and large reduction in breathing frequency. Nasal breathing resulted in a reduction in FEO2 and an increase in FECO2. While breathing through the nose-only, all subjects could attain a work intensity great enough to produce an aerobic training effect (based on heart rate and percentage of VO2 max). Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Asthma, Exercise-Induced; Carbon Dioxide; Exercise Tolerance; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Maximal Voluntary Ventilation; Middle Aged; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Oxygen; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Exertion; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Running; Spirometry; Tidal Volume; Vital Capacity | 1995 |
The effect of nasal occlusion on the initiation of oral breathing in preterm infants.
The ability to switch from nasal to oral breathing in response to nasal obstruction is crucial for survival, and has been suggested to be an important mechanism in preventing sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). To know whether the ability to switch from nasal to oral breathing is uniformly present during the early neonatal period, we examined the effects of slow and fast nasal occlusions on the establishment of oral breathing in preterm infants. Slow occlusions were used to mimic more closely occlusions occurring spontaneously. We studied 17 healthy preterm infants [birth weight, 1830 +/- 27 g (mean +/- SE); study weight, 1800 +/- 109 g; gestational age, 32 +/- 1 weeks; postnatal age, 12 +/- 2 days]. We used a nosepiece with a nasal occluder and a flow-through system to measure ventilation. A CO2 sampling catheter at the mouth was used to detect oral breathing. Of 58 occlusions, 29 were slow [resistance increasing slowly from 0 to infinite (occlusion)], and 29 were fast (infinite elastance applied in < 1 sec). Oral breathing was always established following slow and fast occlusions. In 44% of the slow occlusions, oral breathing started before complete occlusion. Arousal was observed in 12/58 (17%) of all occlusions, occurring primarily after initiation of oral breathing. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate decreased significantly following occlusions, from 96 +/- 0.6 to 87 +/- 1.2% and 49 +/- 2.8 to 38 +/- 2 breaths/min, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Topics: Airway Obstruction; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Sudden Infant Death; Time Factors | 1994 |
Effect of hypercapnia on laryngeal airway resistance in normal adult humans.
Laryngeal airway resistance (Rlar) was measured in eight normal adult humans during progressive hyperoxic hypercapnia. In most subjects, the translaryngeal pressure-flow relationship appeared linear under normocapnic conditions. During hypercapnia, the pressure-flow relationship on inspiration and expiration was curvilinear with increasing translaryngeal pressure associated with progressively smaller increments in flow. Translaryngeal pressure-flow relationships at different CO2 levels were compared over their common flow ranges by performing a least-squares linear regression on data throughout inspiration and expiration. During normocapnia, the mean slope, i.e., mean Rlar, was 0.50 +/- 0.21 (SD) cmH2O.l-1.s. A moderately significant decrease in Rlar was present at 9% end-tidal CO2 (P = 0.08). In a separate series of experiments, subjects breathed oxygen- and helium-based gas mixtures through a face mask attached to a pneumotachograph. Data analysis over the flow range present during normocapnia revealed no difference in Rlar between nose and mouth breathing and similar decreases in Rlar under hypercapnic conditions with the oxygen- and helium-based gas mixtures. The decrease in Rlar from normocapnic to hypercapnic conditions found over common, but relatively low, ranges of flow predicts that even greater increases in Rlar would occur at high flow rates in the absence of increasing glottic aperture. Topics: Adult; Airway Resistance; Female; Humans; Hypercapnia; Larynx; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Pressure; Pulmonary Ventilation; Reference Values; Respiration | 1994 |
Technique for assessing nasal airway resistance in patients treated prosthetically.
This investigation was designed to compare nasal airway resistance (Rnaw) values by use of "head-out" plethysmography and standard posterior pressure-flow rhinometry. Fourteen adults who had prostheses because of velopharyngeal inadequacy caused by a variety of etiologic conditions were examined. Each patient performed rest breathing and sustained /m/ productions to develop Rnaw values for comparison. The results revealed increased Rnaw and decreased cross-sectional nasal airway area and derived velopharyngeal orifice area when the appliances were in place. The two techniques for assessing Rnaw produced comparable results when certain conditions were met. Clinical implications for team assessment of patients involved with prosthetic management are discussed. Topics: Adult; Aged; Air Pressure; Airway Resistance; Female; Humans; Male; Manometry; Middle Aged; Mouth Breathing; Nasopharynx; Nose; Palatal Obturators; Plethysmography, Whole Body; Speech Therapy; Velopharyngeal Insufficiency | 1994 |
Nitrogen dioxide-induced acute lung injury in sheep.
Lung mechanics, hemodynamics and blood chemistries were assessed in sheep (Ovis aries) before, and up to 24 h following, a 15-20 min exposure to either air (control) or approximately 500 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Histopathologic examinations of lung tissues were performed 24 h after exposure. Nose-only and lung-only routes of exposure were compared for effects on NO2 pathogenesis. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from air- and NO2-exposed sheep were analyzed for biochemical and cellular signs of NO2 insult. The influence of breathing pattern on NO2 dose was also assessed. Five hundred ppm NO2 exposure of intubated sheep (lung-only exposure) was marked by a statistically significant, albeit small, blood methemoglobin increase. The exposure induced an immediate tidal volume decrease, and an increase in both breathing rate and inspired minute ventilation. Pulmonary function, indexed by lung resistance and dynamic lung compliance, progressively deteriorated after exposure. Maximal lung resistance and dynamic lung compliance changes occurred at 24 h post exposure, concomitant with arterial hypoxemia. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid epithelial cell number and total protein were significantly increased while macrophage number was significantly decreased within the 24 h post-exposure period. Histopathologic examination of lung tissue 24 h after NO2 revealed patchy edema, mild hemorrhage and polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocyte infiltration. The NO2 toxicologic profile was significantly attenuated when sheep were exposed to the gas through a face mask (nose-only exposure). Respiratory pattern was not significantly altered, lung mechanics changes were minimal, hypoxemia did not occur, and pathologic evidence of exudation was not apparent in nose-only, NO2-exposed sheep. The qualitative responses of this large animal species to high-level NO2 supports the concept of size dependent species sensitivity to NO2. In addition, when inspired minute ventilation was used as a dose-determinant, a linear relationship between NO2 dose and lung resistance was found. The importance of these findings, NO2 dose-determinants, and the utility of sheep as a large animal inhalation model are discussed. Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Lung; Lung Diseases; Mouth Breathing; Nitrogen Dioxide; Nose; Pulmonary Circulation; Respiration; Sheep | 1994 |
Measurement of carbon dioxide at both nares and mouth using standard nasal cannula.
Topics: Anesthesiology; Breath Tests; Carbon Dioxide; Humans; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration | 1994 |
Nasal resistance and breathing mode.
Topics: Airway Resistance; Humans; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Regression Analysis; Respiration; Sensitivity and Specificity | 1994 |
Nasal resistance and breathing mode.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Airway Resistance; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Sex Characteristics | 1993 |
Age and gender effects on nasal respiratory function in normal subjects.
One hundred and ninety-seven normal individuals between the ages of 5 and 73 years were evaluated to determine nasal resistance, nasal cross-sectional area, and respiratory mode during quiet breathing. Subjects were categorized into three age groups. Nasal resistance and respiratory mode were directly determined using posterior rhinomanometry and the SNORT technique, respectively. Nasal cross-sectional area was estimated using the hydrokinetic equation. Results indicated significant effects of age on all variables; significant gender differences were found for respiratory mode. Weak correlations were found between respiratory mode and nasal resistance. The results are presented as normative data on nasorespiratory characteristics to facilitate diagnostic and treatment decisions relative to individuals with normal morphology as well as to patients with craniofacial anomalies. A fundamental issue of both clinical and theoretical importance arising from the study pertains to the definitions of normality and impairment. Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Airway Resistance; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Plethysmography; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Sex Characteristics | 1993 |
[Non-obstructive etiology of mouth breathing].
Besides nose obstruction other etiological factors can be advanced to explain the development of oral respiration: malformation of the face (Binder's syndrome, Bimler's microrhinodysplasia, Apert's and Crouzon's syndrome); alterations or deviations of the tongue (Robin's syndrome, macroglossia, ankyloglossia); lip closure problems. Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Facial Bones; Humans; Infant; Macroglossia; Malocclusion; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Syndrome; Tongue | 1993 |
[Clinical evaluation of the mouth-breathing patient].
All elements resulting from clinical examination of the upper airways are reviewed. The collaboration of the ENT and maxillofacial surgeon is stressed. Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Deglutition; Humans; Infant; Medical History Taking; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Palate; Pharynx; Physical Examination; Respiration; Sucking Behavior; Tongue | 1993 |
Effects of nasal airflow on breathing during sleep in normal humans.
The nasal airway is a common route for oxygen delivery to hypoxemic patients, and it has been advocated as a suitable route for intermittent positive pressure ventilation to patients in respiratory failure. There is, however, conflicting evidence on the question of whether nasal airflow has a stimulant or a depressant effect on ventilation. We therefore studied the effects on ventilation of increasing and decreasing nasal airflow during sleep, thereby avoiding the voluntary and behavioral influences on breathing seen during wakefulness. After an acclimatization night, each of nine normal male volunteers (20 to 28 yr of age) underwent overnight sleep studies using standard techniques. Each sleep study had three phases of at least 2-h durations: (1) control nasal breathing (CNB); (2) added nasal flow of 4 L of compressed air via nasal prongs (ANF); (3) predominant mouth breathing (PMB). Significant differences were found by ANOVA for the three experimental periods for both minute ventilation (Vl) and mean inspiratory flow rate (VT/Tl) during Stage 2 sleep, with the highest values occurring during ANF. Vl was 5.40 +/- 0.58 L/min (mean +/- SD) during ANF, 5.35 +/- 0.82 during CNB, and 4.92 +/- 0.71 during PMB (p < 0.05 by ANOVA). VT/Tl was 266 +/- 23 ml/s during ANF, 248 +/- 39 during CNB, and 241 +/- 30 during PMB (p < 0.02 by ANOVA). VT also tended to be higher during ANF (p < 0.1 by ANOVA). Respiratory frequency did not differ significantly during the three study periods. There was insufficient slow-wave and REM sleep to allow ventilatory comparisons in these sleep stages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Polysomnography; Pulmonary Ventilation; Reference Values; Respiration; Sleep; Sleep Stages | 1993 |
Rhinometry and open-mouth posture in young children.
A biracial sample of 348 elementary school children who were in the first grade were assessed for open-mouth posture (OMP) in the natural environment. In addition, rhinometry was performed on 296 of the children. Means were computed for percent OMP and cross-sectional nasal airway. Results indicated that, in general, these children exhibited relatively high rates of OMP. Boys displayed significantly greater OMP than girls, and black children showed significantly larger cross-sectional nasal areas than white children. A significant correlation between OMP and nasal area only was evident for children exhibiting OMP during more than 80% of the observation intervals. The implications of the findings were discussed. Topics: Analysis of Variance; Black People; Cephalometry; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Reference Values; Reproducibility of Results; Sex Factors; White People | 1993 |
Open mouth posture and cross-sectional nasal area in young children.
A biracial sample of two-hundred ninety-six children were assessed for open-mouth posture (OMP) in the natural environment. In addition, rhinometry was performed on 288 of the youngsters. Means were computed for percent OMP and cross-sectional nasal airway. Results indicated that in general these children exhibited relatively high rates of OMP. Boys displayed significantly greater OMP than girls. However, children exhibiting OMP on 80% of the observation intervals had significantly smaller cross-sectional nasal areas than the youngsters who displayed OMP on fewer than 20% of observation intervals. The implications of the findings were discussed. Topics: Analysis of Variance; Cephalometry; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose | 1993 |
The prevalence of preferential nasal breathing in adults.
The prevalence of preferential nasal breathing was studied in an awake adult population. One hundred and ninety-four people consented to gentle manual compression of the nostrils. They were advised to 'breathe in and out', but no further information regarding breathing was given to avoid influencing the patient. One hundred and eighty patients (92.8%) commenced immediate regular relaxed breathing. Fourteen patients (7.2%) had difficulty with oral breathing which ranged from irregular mouth breathing associated with distress to no spontaneous respiration. The prevalence of preferential nasal breathing was strongly associated with increasing age (chi 2 for trend, P = 0.007). In addition, a weakly significant association was demonstrated between a history of asthma and this phenomenon (P = 0.047). These findings suggest a tendency for the elderly person to revert to the infant pattern of obligate nasal breathing. Physicians should be aware of this possibility in the elderly patient, especially prior to any procedure which may induce nasal obstruction. Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Asphyxia; Asthma; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Prevalence; Respiration | 1993 |
Relative acute toxicities of hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen bromide in nose- and pseudo-mouth-breathing rats.
Hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen bromide (HBr), and hydrogen chloride (HCl) gases can be generated during the pyrolysis of a variety of materials and they may be encountered in numerous industrial settings. Although injury to the respiratory tract has been characterized following the inhalation of halide gases via the nasal route, essentially no experimental information is currently available about their injurious effects when they are inhaled during mouth breathing. In this study, we simulated mouth breathing by using a pseudo-mouth-breathing (MB) rat model in order to: (1) characterize the profiles and magnitudes of respiratory tract injury that result from the acute inhalation of relatively high mass concentrations of the above halides when the upper airway is bypassed, and (2) assess the relative toxicities of HF, HBr, and HCl when inhaled by way of either the nasal or the oral pathways. Tracheal tubes connected to mouthpieces were inserted into temporarily anesthetized rats, i.e., mouth breathers. Awake rats were placed into whole body flow plethysmographs for pulmonary ventilation studies while they were exposed either to air or to 1300 ppm of HF, HBr, or HCl for 30 min. Similarly pretreated rats were also exposed but without the mouthpiece, i.e., nose breathers (NB). The animals were euthanized 24 hr after exposure for histopathologic analyses of their upper and lower respiratory tracts and for lung gravimetric measurements. Tissue injury following NB exposure to the halides was confined to the nasal region, e.g., epithelial and submucosal necrosis, accumulations of inflammatory cells, exudates, and the extravasation of erythrocytes. MB exposure caused higher mortality rates and major tissue disruption in the trachea, including epithelial, submucosal, glandular, and cartilage necrosis, and accumulations of inflammatory cells and exudates. More peripheral lung damage was manifested by lung gravimetric increases and histopathologic changes primarily in the larger conducting airways. The results of this study demonstrate that the injurious response profiles to HF, HBr, and HCl markedly differ as a function of the route by which they are inhaled. Furthermore, examinations of the magnitudes of injury caused by exposure to the halides during nose or mouth breathing in conjunction with animal ventilatory data obtained during exposure to the halides suggest that HF, HBr, and HCl are quantitatively similar in their toxic effects in the respiratory tract. Topics: Acids; Animals; Body Weight; Hydrobromic Acid; Hydrochloric Acid; Hydrofluoric Acid; Intubation, Intratracheal; Lung; Lung Diseases; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Respiratory Function Tests; Trachea; Tracheal Diseases | 1991 |
Particle deposition and resistance in the noses of adults and children.
Nasal filter efficiency for particles has been described by several authors as showing large individual variations, probably somehow related to airflow resistance. Twelve children, aged 5.5-11.5 yrs and 8 aged 12-15 yrs were compared to a group of ten adults. Deposition of polystyrene beads (1, 2.05, 2.8 microns mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD] was measured by comparing inhaled aerosols and exhaled air concentrations, for both nose and mouth breathing. Ventilation was controlled to scale breathing patterns appropriate for each age either at rest or during moderate exercise to allow comparison between subjects in similar physiological conditions. Anterior nasal resistance (as a function of flow rate) and standard lung function were measured for each subject. For the same inhalation flow rate of 0.300 l.s-1, children had much higher nasal resistances than the adults, 0.425 +/- 0.208 kPa.l.1.s under 12 yrs, 0.243 +/- 0.080 kPa.l.1.s over 12 yrs and 0.145 +/- 0.047 kPa.l.1.s in adults. Individually, nasal deposition increased with particle size, ventilation flow rate and nasal resistance, from rest to exercise. The average nasal deposition percentages were lower in children than in adults, in similar conditions: at rest, 12.9 and 11.7 versus 15.6 for 1 microns; 13.3 and 15.9 versus 21.6 for 2.05 microns; 11 and 17.7 versus 20 for 2.8 microns. This was even more significant during exercise, 17.8 and 15.9 versus 29.2 for 1 microns; 21.3 and 18.4 versus 34.7 for 2.05 microns; 16 and 16.1 versus 36.8 for 2.8 microns.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aerosols; Airway Resistance; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Manometry; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Provocation Tests; Nose; Particle Size; Pulmonary Ventilation | 1991 |
Relationship between alae nasi activation and breathing route during exercise in humans.
We studied the relationship between alae nasi muscle (AN) activation and breathing route in normal subjects during exercise. Nasal and oral airflow were measured simultaneously using a partitioned face mask and were recorded with the AN electromyogram. Subjects breathed via 1) the nose and mouth (NM) 2) the nose only (N), or 3) the mouth only (M). As ventilation (VE) rose progressively, the peak phasic inspiratory AN activity (IAAN) increased for all breathing routes. IAAN during N [11.8 +/- 2.0 arbitrary units (AU)] was greater than during NM (3.3 +/- 1.3 AU) and M (2.4 +/- 1.0 AU; P less than 0.01) measured at the highest common VE (over a 10-l/min range). At the highest 20% of IAAN recorded during NM, the total VE during N (24 +/- 5 l/min). However, for the same IAAN, nasal VE during NM (27 +/- 3 l/min) was similar to that during N. Thus, as ventilation increases during exercise, AN activity and nasal ventilation are tightly correlated, independently of flow through the mouth. This suggests either reflex modulation of AN activity by nasal flow or coordination of AN activation with the flow-partitioning mechanism of the upper airway. Topics: Adult; Electromyography; Exercise; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Muscles; Nose | 1991 |
Oronasal partitioning of ventilation during exercise in humans.
The partitioning of oronasal breathing was studied in five normal subjects during progressive exercise. Subjects performed three to five identical runs, each consisting of four 1-min work periods at increments of 50 W. Nasal and oral airflow were measured simultaneously using a partitioned face mask both during and for 4 min after exercise. Total mean flows were the sum of nasal and oral flows. At a total mean inspiratory flow of 2 l/s, the nasal fraction of total flow was 0.36 +/- 0.04 (SE) and decreased by 6 +/- 3% between total flows of 1.5 and 2.5 l/s. Throughout exercise, the nasal fraction of total mean inspiratory flow did not differ from that of total expiratory flow and was similar to that of total mean inspiratory flow during the postexercise period at a corresponding total mean flow (both P greater than 0.02). The results show that oronasal flow partitioning is not directly due to the exercise itself but is related to the level of ventilation and is uninfluenced by the direction of upper airway flow (i.e., inspiratory vs. expiratory). These findings suggest tightly controlled modulation of the relative resistances of the oral and/or nasal pathways. Topics: Adult; Airway Resistance; Ergometry; Exercise; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiratory Function Tests; Respiratory Mechanics | 1991 |
Relationship between vertical dentofacial morphology and respiration in adolescents.
The relationship between vertical dentofacial morphology and respiration has been debated and investigated from various approaches. The purpose of this study was to use contemporary respirometric techniques to compare the breathing behavior of normal and long-faced adolescents. Sixteen normal and 32 long-faced subjects 11 to 17 years of age were chosen clinically and verified by means of a discriminant function. Vertical and anteroposterior facial form was assessed from lateral cephalometric radiographs according to the following measurement criteria: six skeletal angular, eight skeletal linear, four dental linear, and three skeletal ratios. Breathing behavior was quantified according to tidal volume, minimum cross-sectional nasal area, and percent of nasal breathing as assessed by pneumotachography, measurement of differential pressures, and inductive plethysmography. The data indicated that the normal and long-faced groups were significantly different with respect to lower face form, and each group in the study was comparable to groups that had been chosen by previous investigators. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the normal and long-faced groups had similar tidal volumes and minimum nasal cross-sectional areas, but the long-faced subjects had significantly smaller components of nasal respiration. These results illustrate that groups without significant differences in airway impairment can have significantly different breathing modes that may be behaviorally based, rather than airway-dependent. Topics: Adolescent; Airway Resistance; Analysis of Variance; Cephalometry; Child; Discriminant Analysis; Face; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation; Regression Analysis; Spirometry; Tidal Volume; Vertical Dimension | 1991 |
Dynamics of soluble gas exchange in the airways: II. Effects of breathing conditions.
A mathematical model of the airways is developed which focuses on the dynamic exchange characteristics of heat, water and soluble gas. A typical airway segment is divided radially into three regions: the airway lumen, a thin mucous layer of variable thickness coating the airway wall, and an underlying nonperfused tissue layer. A bronchial circulation capillary bed lies beyond the nonperfused tissue layer. The simultaneous exchange of water, heat and soluble gas is dealt with using the model of Tsu et al. (Ann. Biomed. Eng. 16:547-571, 1988). In the case of excretion of ingested ethyl alcohol from the bronchial and pulmonary circulations, the model predicts that during inspiration, because of the alcohol flux from the airway mucosa, a concentration of alcohol in equilibrium with mucus is achieved in the inspired air before the respiratory bronchioles are reached. During exhalation, much of this alcohol redeposits on the airway surface. The net flux of alcohol from the airway surface exceeds the flux of alcohol from the mouth in the exhaled gas indicating that the exhaled alcohol comes from the airways and bronchial circulation rather than from the alveoli and the pulmonary circulation. Alcohol flux moves farther into the airways with oral breathing compared to nasal breathing. Increased ventilation shifts the alcohol flux more alveolarward. Changes in inspired air temperature and humidity have almost no effect on the distribution of alcohol flux in the airways. Topics: Computer Simulation; Ethanol; Humans; Hyperventilation; Mouth Breathing; Mucous Membrane; Nose; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Respiration; Solubility; Temperature | 1991 |
Mandibular and maxillary growth after changed mode of breathing.
The amount of maxillary and mandibular growth and the direction of maxillary growth were studied in 38 children during the 5 years after adenoidectomy for correction of severe nasopharyngeal obstruction. The amount of mandibular growth measured between successive gnathion points on superimposed radiographs was significantly greater in the group who had an adenoidectomy than in the matched controls. In the boys the difference was 3.8 mm (p less than 0.001), and in the girls the difference was 2.5 mm (p less than 0.01). The boys also showed a tendency toward greater growth in the maxilla as measured between successive subnasal points (1.2 mm, p less than 0.05). We detected no difference in the direction of maxillary growth between who had undergone adenoidectomy and the controls. Topics: Adenoidectomy; Cephalometry; Child; Child, Preschool; Chin; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Mandible; Mandibular Condyle; Maxilla; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration | 1991 |
The identification of nasal obstruction through clinical judgments of hyponasality and nasometric assessment of speech acoustics.
This study examined the records of a consecutive series of 79 patients referred for evaluation at the Oral-Facial and Communicative Disorders Program during a 3-month period in 1989. The purpose was to determine whether clinical judgments of hyponasality, based on a six-point equal-appearing interval scale or an acoustic assessment with a Kay Elemetrics nasometer could provide information concerning nasal airway patency comparable to that obtained by means of aerodynamic measurement techniques. Among the 40 adults in the series, the sensitivity of hyponasality ratings was 0.55 when nasal airway impairment was defined as a condition in which the airway was less than 0.40 and 0.71 when the definition was limited to airways of less than 0.30 cm2. Specificities for the two groups were 0.89 and 0.85, respectively. Similarly, the sensitivity of nasometer ratings was 0.30 for the first group and 0.38 for the second group, while the specificity for the two groups was 0.83 and 0.92, respectively. Comparable analyses for children were not possible because of the extent to which nasal airway size varies in children younger than 15 years of age. Possible reasons for the findings and their clinical significance are discussed. Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Humans; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Pressure; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Sensitivity and Specificity; Speech Acoustics; Speech Disorders; Velopharyngeal Insufficiency | 1991 |
Posture of the head, the hyoid bone, and the tongue in children with and without enlarged tonsils.
The purpose of this investigation was to analyse whether there were any differences between children with and without enlarged tonsils with regard to the posture of the head, the hyoid bone, and the tongue. Twenty-two children with enlarged tonsils were compared with a matched normal control group. Of the children in the tonsil group, 59 per cent were mouth-breathers during the day and 82 per cent during the night. None of the control children was a mouth-breather. The results showed that, compared with the control children, children with enlarged tonsils had an extended posture of the head, a lowered position of the hyoid bone, and an antero-inferior posture of the tongue. The vertical position of the hyoid bone also reflected the vertical position of the tongue. The antero-posterior position of the tongue was closely related to the oro-pharyngeal depth. The postural pattern in children with enlarged tonsils appears to be associated with the need for maintenance of free oro-pharyngeal airway capacity. Topics: Adolescent; Analysis of Variance; Cephalometry; Cervical Vertebrae; Child; Female; Head; Humans; Hyoid Bone; Hypertrophy; Male; Mandible; Mouth Breathing; Nasopharynx; Nose; Oropharynx; Palatine Tonsil; Posture; Regression Analysis; Skull; Tongue | 1990 |
[Results of the evaluation of nasal respiration in maxillo-mandibular malocclusion in children. Apropos of 53 cases].
The authors measured nasal resistance in 53 children aged 5 to 13 years treated for bite disorders. Comparison of the results with a normal control group of children of the same age demonstrated that major nasal incompetence was 4 times more common in the group of children with orthodontic abnormalities. Nasal incompetence with permanent buccal respiration leads to disordered growth and modification of the morphogenesis of the naso-ethmoid-maxillary unit. Adaptation of deglutition and phonation to these new conditions produces modifications in the tension of the velo-pharyngo-facial and pharyngo-hyoglossal musculo-aponeurotic bands with a tendency to produce more vertical mandibular growth in children. The prevention of nasal incompetence in children and its treatment are important for coherent facial growth and guarantee the stability of the results of orthodontic treatment. Topics: Adolescent; Airway Resistance; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Malocclusion; Manometry; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation | 1990 |
A quantitative assessment of respiratory patterns and their effects on dentofacial development.
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of quantitatively determined breathing patterns on dentofacial development in growing children. Forty-nine subjects ranging in age from 10 to 16 years participated in the breathing pattern assessment portion of this project. Oral, nasal, and total airflow were measured at separate times by means of a head-out body plethysmograph technique and the values were compared with the subjects' and parents' subjective perceptions of their breathing modes. These breathing pattern measurements also were compared to nasal airway resistance and nasal power. Temporal variation and cyclic respiration, which may play important roles in quantitative evaluations of childrens' breathing patterns, also were addressed. In addition, objective assessments of possible associations between dentofacial structure and respiration were made on 45 of these children. Most subjects' exhibited was either an oronasal or a completely nasal respiratory pattern. However, significant variation in breathing measures was evident among a number of subjects whose breathing was measured twice on the same day and on different days. No significant correlations were found between objectively measured and subjectively determined impressions of respiratory patterns. In addition, there was no association between nasal airway resistance or nasal power and plethysmograph recordings of percent of mouth breathing. Comparisons of measured breathing modes and dentofacial characteristics revealed a weak tendency among mouth breathers toward a Class II skeletal pattern and retroclination of maxillary and mandibular incisors. In contrast, subjective perception of mouth breathing was associated with increased anterior facial height and greater mandibular plane angles. Nasal power and resistance were not correlated with either dental or skeletal variables. This study presents evidence that determination of respiratory pattern is a complex issue for which methods must be refined and performed longitudinally. Topics: Adolescent; Airway Resistance; Cephalometry; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Malocclusion; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Plethysmography, Whole Body; Pulmonary Ventilation; Regression Analysis; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tooth | 1990 |
The relationship between nasal airway size and nasal-oral breathing in cleft lip and palate.
Clefts of the lip and palate generally result in reduced size of the nasal airway. Procedures such as the placement of a pharyngeal flap tend to further compromise nasal breathing. The purpose of this study was to determine how size of the nasal airway affects the mode of breathing in adults with cleft lip and/or palate. A heterogeneous population of 50 adult subjects with cleft lip and/or palate was studied. Nineteen of the subjects had pharyngeal flaps. Respiratory inductive plethysmography was used in combination with an integrating pneumotachograph to measure percent nasal breathing. Pressure-flow studies were used to estimate nasal airway size. The data revealed that a majority of subjects had an airway size of less than 0.4 cm2, which constitutes impairment. Mean cross-sectional area for all subjects was 0.38 cm2 +/- 0.20 SD. Seventy percent of the subjects studied were oral breathers to some extent. A Spearman rank correlation coefficient of 0.725 (p less than 0.0001) indicated that oral-nasal breathing mode was related to airway size. Airway size in the subgroup with pharyngeal flaps was even smaller (0.31 cm2), while percent nasal breathing was lower. Mouthbreathing was observed in all subjects whose airway size was less than 0.38 cm2. Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; Humans; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Plethysmography; Pressure; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Rheology; Surgical Flaps; Tidal Volume; Transducers | 1990 |
Better sleep with dilated nose.
Topics: Adult; Dilatation; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Sleep; Snoring | 1989 |
Lower anterior face height and lip incompetence do not predict nasal airway obstruction.
The controversy regarding nasal obstruction and malocclusion has been largely due to the inability to quantitate nasal airway function and hence objectively determine the mode of breathing. The purpose of this study was to measure the nasal airway resistance of patients before and after rapid maxillary expansion (RME), to compare them to a control group of subjects not receiving RME, and to measure oral/nasal airflow ratios (respiratory mode). An evaluation of the statistical associations between anterior facial height, lip posture, oral/nasal airflow ratios, and nasal resistance was undertaken. The effects of RME on nasal resistance have been reported elsewhere. We found that variation, for resistance values, was very high, and thus the median response for the group was not an adequate estimation of individual response. In this paper we describe associations between lip posture, lower anterior facial height, and nasal resistance. No significant correlations could be established between respiratory and morphologic features. Lower anterior facial height was greater in the lips apart posture group. However, there was no significant correlation between percent nasality and lower anterior facial height. A small negative correlation (r = -0.47) existed between nasal resistance and percent nasality, but this relationship was not linear. Thus, it was not possible to predict percent nasality from nasal resistance data. Furthermore, no correlation was found between the amount of expansion and changes in nasal resistance. This paper was originally submitted June 1986, and revised October 1988. Topics: Adolescent; Airway Obstruction; Airway Resistance; Cephalometry; Child; Dental Arch; Face; Humans; Lip; Manometry; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Palatal Expansion Technique; Pulmonary Ventilation; Vertical Dimension | 1989 |
Lack of correlation between mouth-breathing and bite force.
The correlation between mouth-breathing and bite force was studied in 81 children, 7 to 16 years old. Mouth-breathing was diagnosed on the basis of the subject history, the rhinomanometrically determined nasal airflow and the size of the airway measured on the profile cephalogram. The maximum bite force was measured at the first molars. In addition, the facial morphology was analysed on profile cephalograms. Both mouth-breathing and bite force were associated with the facial morphology but there was no association between mouth-breathing and bite force. It was concluded that the long-face morphology characteristic of mouth-breathing children is not due to weak masticatory muscles. Topics: Adolescent; Bite Force; Cephalometry; Child; Dental Occlusion; Face; Female; Humans; Male; Masticatory Muscles; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation; Stress, Mechanical | 1989 |
The effects of pentobarbitone, diazepam and alcohol on oral breathing in neonatal and mature sheep.
Our aim was to determine the effects of pharmacological sedation on oral breathing induced by nasal obstruction in chronically prepared newborn and mature sheep. Nasal obstruction (5 min) was achieved by blocking tubes temporarily fixed into the nostrils. We continuously recorded EMG activity of the diaphragm, genioglossus and digastric muscles, intrapleural pressure and percent O2 saturation in arterial blood (SaO2). Blood samples were taken intermittently and analysed for SaO2, P02, PCO2 and pH. As previously reported, nasal obstruction in lambs and ewes led to asphyxial changes in blood gases and pH; lambs were affected more than ewes. Respiratory responses to nasal obstruction were retested after administration of pentobarbitone Na (5 and 10 mg/kg), diazepam (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) and alcohol (nominally 0.075 and 0.11% of blood w/v). Pentobarbitone and diazepam, both of which produced sedation, delayed the onset of oral breathing and led to a greater degree of asphyxia during nasal obstruction. EMG activities in the genioglossus and digastric muscles were inhibited by the drugs, whereas the depth of inspiratory efforts was not. Alcohol had no apparent sedative effect, nor did it significantly affect responses to nasal occlusion. We conclude that sedating doses of pentobarbitone and diazepam depress the effectiveness of oral breathing when the nose is blocked, probably owing to their inhibitory effects on activation of muscles maintaining patency of an oral airway. Topics: Airway Obstruction; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Blood Gas Analysis; Diazepam; Ethanol; Female; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Pentobarbital; Respiration; Respiratory Muscles; Sheep | 1989 |
Mandibular form and position related to changed mode of breathing--a five-year longitudinal study.
A five-year follow-up study was performed on 26 children treated for nasal obstruction by adenoidectomy, who exhibited a changed mode of breathing postoperatively. They were compared with a control group matched according to age and sex. Lateral skull radiographs were used to examine mandibular morphology. The mandibular outline was registered using 36 digitized points. This method of portraying growth changes provides a valuable complement to isolated measurements. The technique revealed a more anterior direction of symphyseal growth in the adenoidectomy group following surgery as well as some reversal of the initial tendency to a posterior rotation of the mandible. Topics: Adenoidectomy; Adolescent; Airway Obstruction; Cephalometry; Child; Face; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mandible; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Radiography; Respiration | 1989 |
Control of extrathoracic airway dynamics.
The ventilatory controlling factors associated with oral augmentation of nasal breathing were investigated in 25 (14 women, 11 men) healthy adults during an incrementally graded bicycle exercise test. Ventilatory variables were measured by separate oral and nasal pneumotachometers integrated with a valveless oral-nasal face mask and a flexible oral catheter. Inspired and expired breath length, nasal flows, nasal ventilation, transnasal pressures, nasal work of breathing, nasal powers, and nasal resistances were measured simultaneously on a breath-by-breath basis and averaged over the 30-s interval before oral augmentation. Subjects participated in a minimum of two separate tests, with statistical analysis focusing on the correlation obtained for nasal work of breathing (r = 0.870), nasal average power (r = 0.838), and average transnasal pressure (r = 0.819) during inspiration and for average nasal power (r = 0.801) during expiration indicates that these variables were the most reliable predictors of the oral augmentation of nasal breathing. Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Airway Resistance; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration; Work of Breathing | 1989 |
Proposed international conventions for particle size-selective sampling.
Definitions are proposed for the inspirable (also called inhalable), thoracic and respirable fractions of airborne particles. Each definition is expressed as a sampling efficiency (S) which is a function of particle aerodynamic diameter (d) and specifies the fraction of the ambient concentration of airborne particles collected by an ideal sampler. For the inspirable fraction. SI(d) = 0.5 (1 + e-0.06d). For the thoracic fraction, ST(d) = SI(d)[1 - F(x)], where (formula; see text) F(x) is the cumulative probability function of a standardized normal random variable. For the respirable fraction, SR(d) = SI(d)[1 - F(x)], where gamma = 4.25 microns, sigma = 1.5. International harmonization will require resolution of the differences between the firmly established BMRC [Orenstein, A. J. (1960) Proceedings of the Pneumoconiosis Conference, Johannesburg, 1959, pp. 610-621. A.J. Churchill Ltd, London] and ACGIH [(1985) Particle size-selective sampling in the workplace. Report of the ACGIH Technical Committee on Air Sampling Procedures] definitions of the respirable fraction. The proposed definition differs approximately equally from the BMRC and ACGIH definitions and is at least as defensible when compared to available human data. Several standard-setting organizations are in the process of adopting particle size-selective sampling conventions. Much confusion will be avoided if all adopt the same specifications of the collection efficiencies of ideal samplers, such as those proposed here. Topics: Aerosols; Air Pollutants; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Lung; Models, Biological; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Particle Size; Pulmonary Alveoli; Pulmonary Ventilation | 1989 |
Re: Partitioning of ventilation between nose and mouth: the role of nasal resistance.
Topics: Airway Obstruction; Airway Resistance; Child; Humans; Malocclusion; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration | 1989 |
Respiration characteristics in subjects diagnosed as having nasal obstruction.
The purpose of this study was to determine the respective oral and nasal contributions to total respiration in patients scheduled for surgical corrections of nasal obstruction. The effect of anterior nares expansion and/or nasal decongestant administration on the nasal component of breathing was also examined in these patients. Although variability among subjects was demonstrated in the ratio of nasal respiration to total respiration, 25% of the "nasally-obstructed" patients were 100% nasal breathers and no patient had a nasal component less than 18% of total respiration. Great variability existed among the patients in their response to nares expansion and/or decongestant administration. Collectively, they demonstrated no significant mean increase in nasal respiration with nares expansion alone. The patients demonstrated an increase with administration of the decongestant and with decongestant combined with nares expansion. The latter condition resulted in an increase that was greater than with decongestant alone. The implication of this study is that the traditional diagnostic terms "mouth breathing" or "nasal obstruction" are not useful. They do not describe the type, location, or severity of an obstruction or the relative contribution of the nose and mouth to respiration. Many patients who experience symptoms or have signs of nasal obstruction can functionally compensate to maintain 100% nasal breathing. Topics: Adult; Airway Obstruction; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Decongestants; Nose; Nose Diseases; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration | 1988 |
An assessment of nasal functions in control of breathing.
Breathing pattern and steady-state CO2 ventilatory response during mouth breathing were compared with those during nose breathing in nine healthy adults. In addition, the effect of warming and humidification of the inspired air on the ventilatory response was observed during breathing through a mouthpiece. We found the following. 1) Dead space and airway resistance were significantly greater during nose than during mouth breathing. 2) The slope of CO2 ventilatory responses did not differ appreciably during the two types of breathing, but CO2 occlusion pressure response was significantly enhanced during nose breathing. 3) Inhalation of warm and humid air through a mouthpiece significantly depressed CO2 ventilation and occlusion pressure responses. These results fit our observation that end-tidal PCO2 was significantly higher during nose than during mouth breathing. It is suggested that a loss of nasal functions, such as during nasal obstruction, may result in lowering of CO2, fostering apneic spells during sleep. Topics: Adult; Airway Resistance; Carbon Dioxide; Female; Hot Temperature; Humans; Humidity; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Respiration; Tidal Volume | 1988 |
The relationship between nasal airway size and nasal-oral breathing.
Most clinicians agree that impaired nasal breathing results in obligatory mouth breathing. Some believe that mouth breathing influences dentofacial growth; others disagree. The term mouth breathing is confusing because total mouth breathing rarely occurs. A combination of nasal and oral breathing is more usual. The purpose of the present study involving 116 adult subjects was to (1) assess the relationship between nasal impairment and nasal-oral breathing, (2) determine the switching range from nasal to nasal-oral breathing, and (3) quantify the term mouth breathing. The pressure-flow technique was used to estimate nasal airway size; inductive plethysmography was used to assess nasal-oral breathing in normal and impaired breathers. Analysis of the date showed a Pearson rank correlation of 0.545 (P less than 0.001) between nasal area and nasal-oral respiration. Ninety-seven percent of subjects with a nasal size less than 0.4 cm2 were mouth breathers to some extent. About 12% of subjects with an adequate airway were assumed to be habitual mouth breathers. The findings indicate that the switching range from nasal to nasal-oral breathing is very narrow (0.4-0.45 cm2). These results also confirm our contention that in adults an airway less than 0.4 cm2 is impaired. Topics: Adult; Airway Obstruction; Humans; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Pressure; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Rheology | 1988 |
Nasal airway measurements.
Topics: Airway Resistance; Humans; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation | 1988 |
A quantified comparison of craniofacial form with nasal respiratory function.
Rhinomanometry provides a means to quantify the nasal airway in terms of its conductive efficiency by use of the inverse or resistance to airflow. In samples of 21 male and 26 female subjects, nasal airway resistance was compared with a number of form measurements and the coefficients of correlation were calculated. Statistical significance was found in some of the relationships with nasal airway resistance, particularly the maxillary-mandibular plane angle, the palate-tongue distance, the palatal width, and the facial index. Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Airway Resistance; Cephalometry; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration; Sex Characteristics | 1988 |
Response of genioglossus muscle activity to nasal airway occlusion in normal sleeping adults.
To determine the combined effect of increased subatmospheric upper airway pressure and withdrawal of phasic volume feedback from the lung on genioglossus muscle activity, the response of this muscle to intermittent nasal airway occlusion was studied in 12 normal adult males during sleep. Nasal occlusion at end expiration was achieved by inflating balloon-tipped catheters located within the portals of a nose mask. No seal was placed over the mouth. During nose breathing in non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep, nasal airway occlusion resulted in multiple respiratory efforts before arousal. Mouth breathing was not initiated until arousal. Phasic inspiratory genioglossus activity was present in eight subjects during NREM sleep. In these subjects, comparison of peak genioglossus inspiratory activity on the first three occluded efforts to the value just before occlusion showed an increase of 4.7, 16.1, and 28.0%, respectively. The relative increases in peak genioglossus activity were very similar to respective increases in peak diaphragm activity. Arousal was associated with a large burst in genioglossus activity. During airway occlusion in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, mouth breathing could occur without a change in sleep state. In general, genioglossus responses to airway occlusion in REM sleep were similar in pattern to those in NREM sleep. A relatively small reflex activation of upper airway muscles associated with a sudden increase in subatmospheric pressure in the potentially collapsible segment of the upper airway may help compromise upper airway patency during sleep. Topics: Adult; Airway Obstruction; Diaphragm; Electromyography; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Muscles; Nose; Sleep; Sleep, REM | 1988 |
Extrathoracic and intrathoracic removal of O3 in tidal-breathing humans.
We measured the efficiency of O3 removal from inspired air by the extrathoracic and intrathoracic airways in 18 healthy, nonsmoking, young male volunteers. Removal efficiencies were measured as a function of O3 concentration (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 ppm), mode of breathing (nose only, mouth only, and oronasal), and respiration frequency (12 and 24 breaths/min). Subjects were placed in a controlled environmental chamber into which O3 was introduced. A small polyethylene tube was then inserted into the nose of each subject, with the tip positioned in the posterior pharynx. Samples of air were collected from the posterior pharynx through the tube and into a rapidly responding O3 analyzer yielding inspiratory and expiratory O3 concentrations in the posterior pharynx. The O3 removal efficiency of the extrathoracic airways was computed with the use of the inspiratory concentration and the chamber concentration, and intrathoracic removal efficiency was computed with the use of the inspiratory and expiratory concentrations. The mean extrathoracic removal efficiency for all measurements was 39.6 +/- 0.7% (SE), and the mean intrathoracic removal efficiency was 91.0 +/- 0.5%. Significantly less O3 was removed both extrathoracically and intrathoracically when subjects breathed at 24 breaths/min compared with 12 breaths/min (P less than 0.001). O3 concentration had no effect on extrathoracic removal efficiency, but there was a significantly greater intrathoracic removal efficiency at 0.4 ppm than at 0.1 ppm (P less than 0.05). Mode of breathing significantly affected extrathoracic removal efficiency, with less O3 removed during nasal breathing than during either mouth breathing or oronasal breathing (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Ozone; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Reference Values; Respiration; Thorax | 1988 |
Effects of cleft lip and palate on the nasal airway in children.
Clefts of the lip and palate often produce significant nasal deformities and reduced nasal airway size. The purpose of this study was to assess how type of cleft affects nasal cross-sectional area and mode of breathing. The pressure-flow technique was used to estimate nasal airway size and modified inductive plethysmography was used to determine percent of nasal breathing in 60 children with cleft lip and palate aged 6 to 15 years. Ninety-five normal children served as controls. The data demonstrate that nasal size decreased among cleft types as follows: children with bilateral cleft lip and palate had largest airway, followed by unilateral cleft lip, cleft of the hard and soft palate, cleft of the soft palate, and unilateral cleft lip and palate. The data also indicated that most subjects with cleft were mouth breathers. Results of otolaryngologic examinations suggest that septal deformities affecting nasal valve function are responsible for much of the impairment, especially in the group with unilateral cleft lip and palate. The differences among groups appear to relate to developmental differences associated with the original defect and the surgical procedures used in primary repair. Topics: Adolescent; Air Pressure; Child; Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; Humans; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration | 1988 |
The effect of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal airway resistance.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in nasal resistance to airflow in persons undergoing rapid maxillary expansion and to reevaluate the responses at a 1-year follow-up. Nasal resistance measurements, assessed in four modes (natural state, anterior nares dilation with Tygon tubing, following administration of decongestant, and nares dilation with tubing and decongestant), were taken on a group of 38 patients receiving rapid maxillary expansion and compared with a control group not receiving expansion. Thirty-three of the patients were reevaluated 9 to 12 months after expansion was completed. Eighteen subjects in the control group were also reevaluated. Oral/nasal airflow rates (percent nasality) were recorded for the control group and for some of the expansion patients. Results indicated that some subjects receiving rapid maxillary expansion had a significantly higher nasal resistance than the control group. There was a significant median reduction in nasal resistance following rapid maxillary expansion, measured in the natural state only, and this appeared to be stable up to 1 year after maximum expansion was obtained. Rapid maxillary expansion appeared to effect an expansion at the anterior nares, which contributes to nasal resistance reduction. Individual variation in nasal resistance values was considerable and hence the median response for the group was not a reliable estimate of individual response. Due to the high individual response variability, rapid maxillary expansion is not a predictable means of decreasing nasal resistance. Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Airway Resistance; Child; Female; Humans; Intubation; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Decongestants; Nose; Palatal Expansion Technique; Pulmonary Ventilation; Time Factors | 1987 |
An improved technique for the simultaneous measurement of nasal and oral respiration.
A technique is described to record and measure both the nasal and oral components of respiratory airflow. The method is a modification of a previously reported technique, and represents an improvement in terms of accuracy, speed, convenience, and facility in both the acquisition and analysis of a large set of data per subject. The equipment and associated computer configuration permits a temporal characterization of inspiratory and expiratory parameters of both nasal and oral airflow, nasal airway resistance computation at predetermined flow rates, and the calculation of estimates of the minimum cross-sectional area of the nasal air passage. Topics: Airway Resistance; Computer Systems; Equipment Design; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiratory Function Tests; Rheology; Transducers | 1987 |
Changes in lip pressure following extension and flexion of the head and at changed mode of breathing.
The changes in upper and lower resting lip pressures following extension and flexion of the head and at changed mode of breathing were studied in a sample of 15 adults with Class I molar relationship. The lip pressure was measured with bonded strain gauge transducers on the upper and lower central incisors. The transducers could be calibrated directly in the subject's mouth. The upper and lower lip pressures during natural head posture had a mean value of 3.91 g/cm2 and 8.58 g/cm,2 respectively. The mean values of the differences between pressures obtained during natural head posture and during 5 degrees, 10 degrees, and 20 degrees of extension showed a continuously, highly significant increase in pressure. During 5 degrees, 10 degrees, and 20 degrees of flexion, the upper lip pressure continuously decreased with highly significant values. Changes in the lower lip pressure during flexion were difficult to measure because of intense muscle activity. A significant decrease was shown for the difference in upper and lower lip pressures between nose breathing and mouth breathing, whereas there was a significant increase in pressure when the subject extended the head 5 degrees during mouth breathing. Topics: Adult; Equipment Design; Female; Head; Humans; Lip; Male; Mandible; Middle Aged; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Posture; Pressure; Respiration; Transducers, Pressure | 1987 |
The effects of perennial allergic rhinitis on dental and skeletal development: a comparison of sibling pairs.
This study analyzed the effect of perennial allergic rhinitis on dental and facial skeletal characteristics. Twenty-five allergic children who were apparent mouth breathers, their 25 siblings who did not have the disease and were apparent nose breathers, and 14 nasal breathing control subjects were examined medically, dentally, and cephalometrically. Compared with their siblings, the allergic subjects had more nasal mucosal edema, a higher proportion of eosinophils in their nasal secretions, and greater nasal power. The allergic subjects were characterized by deeper palatal height, retroclined mandibular incisors, increased total anterior facial height and lower facial height, a larger gonial angle, and greater SN, palatal, and occlusal planes to mandibular plane angles. All of these measures except gonial angle were also significantly different between the allergic children and the nonconsanguineous controls. Also, the allergic subjects compared with controls had smaller SNB and SN-pogonion angles and an increased overjet. Both allergic and nonallergic sibling groups showed larger mean adenoid size on radiographs than controls. For most variables the nonallergic siblings fell between the allergic children and the control subjects. Overall, the allergic children had longer, more retrusive faces than controls. This retrusive characteristic was present in nonallergic siblings and cannot be ascribed to the apparent breathing mode at the time of the study. These results confirm earlier reports that allergic rhinitis may be associated with altered facial growth. Controlled longitudinal studies to analyze a possible cause-and-effect relationship and the effects of medical and surgical treatments should be undertaken. Topics: Adolescent; Airway Resistance; Cephalometry; Child; Child, Preschool; Edema; Facial Bones; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial; Tooth | 1987 |
Oral breathing in response to nasal trauma in term infants.
Topics: Airway Obstruction; Birth Injuries; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Time Factors | 1987 |
JCO/interviews Dr. Thomas Weimert on airway obstruction in orthodontic practice.
Topics: Airway Obstruction; Child; Humans; Malocclusion; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Orthodontics, Corrective | 1986 |
Measurement of nasal and oral respiration using inductive plethysmography.
The role of nasal respiratory function in oral and facial development remains unclear in spite of the long-standing interest of clinicians. Much of the current controversy stems from our inability to define mouth breathing in objective terms and evaluate nasal airway impairment quantitatively. Recent advances in respiratory monitoring technology provide new opportunities to assess upper airway breathing more objectively. The purpose of this study was to describe a new approach for measuring oral and nasal respiration and to test its reliability. The technique involves inductive plethysmography and the data provide an assessment of respiratory mode without the need to enclose the subject's head in an airtight box. The data were compared to pneumotachography and the results demonstrate the reliability of the technique. Topics: Abdomen; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Plethysmography; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Spirometry; Thorax; Tidal Volume; Transducers | 1986 |
Upper airway pressures during breathing: a comparison of normal and nasally incompetent subjects with modeling studies.
Although there has been considerable interest in the effects of nasal airway impairment on facial growth, the relationship is still unclear. This study examined the effect of nasal airway size on upper airway pressures during breathing. Three phases of data collection were involved. The first phase used a model to describe pressures during simulated normal and impaired respirations. The second phase involved subjects with normal airways, and the third used persons who were judged by an otolaryngologist to be nasally impaired. Aerodynamic assessment techniques were used to measure airway pressures during breathing and to assess nasal airway size. Results of the modeling study suggest that when nasal cross-sectional area is greater than 0.1 cm2, pressures associated with breathing are not excessive. These findings also suggest that slight lip opening (2 to 3 mm) would significantly reduce airway pressures. In addition, pressure magnitudes of the normal and nasally impaired groups were similar to the modeling data, and no significant difference in pressures was observed between the two groups. Accordingly, the assumptions that nasally impaired persons generate abnormal breathing pressures and that these pressures directly influence facial growth are questionable. Topics: Air Pressure; Airway Obstruction; Airway Resistance; Humans; Maxillofacial Development; Models, Anatomic; Models, Biological; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Nasopharynx; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration | 1986 |
Changes in postural EMG activity in the neck and masticatory muscles following obstruction of the nasal airways.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Airway Obstruction; Electromyography; Female; Head; Humans; Male; Mandible; Masticatory Muscles; Middle Aged; Mouth Breathing; Muscles; Neck Muscles; Nose; Posture | 1986 |
Mandibular growth direction following adenoidectomy.
The purpose of this article is to test the hypothesis that the establishment of nasal respiration in children with severe nasopharyngeal obstruction can be eliminated as a factor in determining mandibular growth direction. The article describes the changes in mandibular growth direction (MGD) in a 5-year period after adenoidectomies and the establishment of nasal breathing in a population of Swedish children. Measurements of mandibular growth directions were obtained from serial cephalometric radiographs after adenoidectomies in 38 Swedish children aged 7 to 12 years with previous nasopharyngeal obstructions. These were compared with the growth directions in a control sample of 37 Swedish children with clear airways and matched for age and sex. The adenoidectomy sample initially showed significantly longer lower face heights, steeper mandibular plane angles, and more retrognathic mandibles than the matched controls. Analysis showed that during the 5 years after adenoidectomies, the girls had a more horizontal MGD (P less than 0.02) than did the female controls. A corresponding but not significant trend was found for the boys. The individual growth directions that were obtained following adenoidectomies were more variable than those found in the controls. Topics: Adenoidectomy; Adolescent; Airway Obstruction; Cephalometry; Child; Chin; Female; Humans; Male; Mandible; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Nose Diseases; Pulmonary Ventilation; Radiography; Sex Factors; Subtraction Technique | 1986 |
Nasal respiratory function and craniofacial growth.
Nasal respiratory function and its relationship to growth development of the craniofacial structure has been a subject of interest and controversy for over 100 years. The otolaryngologist as the primary physician with responsibility of managing the upper respiratory tract is obviously most intimately involved with diagnosis and treatment of upper respiratory tract problems. To further evaluate the evidence regarding causes of craniofacial growth, a study was done involving pretreatment orthodontic subjects and their manifestation of classic signs of adenoid facies ("long-face syndrome"). Randomly selected were 106 subjects, ranging in age from 6 to 13 years, for evaluation of the facial features and medical history associated with long-face syndrome. No conclusive proof was found that nasal respiratory obstruction alters facial growth development. Studies of the nasal respiratory function need to be done utilizing clear definitions of respiratory mode and objective; reproducible techniques of measuring respiratory modes must be employed. Highly selected orthodontic patients can benefit from adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy. Topics: Adolescent; Airway Obstruction; Cephalometry; Child; Facial Bones; Female; Humans; Male; Malocclusion; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Random Allocation; Respiration; Syndrome | 1986 |
[Role of the nose in inspiration in mouth breathing: quantitative determination by analysis of expiratory gases].
It is widely accepted that increased nasal resistance plays a major role in habitual mouth breathing. We investigated oronasal air flow distribution during voluntary mouth breathing in subjects without nasal obstruction. To determine whether nasal air flow contributes to total inspiratory flow, we administered 100% O2 by a nasal mask while the lips were kept apart by a mouth piece. Expired O2 concentrations measured at the mouth were a sensitive indicator of nasal admixture during inspiration. Theoretical considerations predict that mixed expired pO2 from two consecutive steady state periods should allow calculation of nasal admixture. Measurements made on 22 healthy volunteers revealed a very variable degree of nasal contribution to inspiratory air flow (mean +/- SD, 25 +/- 15%, range 3-70%). There was no correlation between this proportion and anthropometric data, smoking habits, nasal resistance, or presence of rhinitis. We suggest that changes in the position of the soft palate, tongue, and/or pharyngeal wall associated with respiration are mainly responsible for the within and between subject variation observed in this study. This explanation is consistent with recent experimental findings on the pharyngeal dilating muscles. Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Airway Resistance; Female; Humans; Inhalation; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Oxygen; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Spirometry | 1986 |
[Effect of mouth breathing on plaque formation in monkeys].
Topics: Animals; Dental Plaque; Macaca; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration | 1985 |
Influence of the respiratory route on the resting breathing pattern in humans.
It has been shown that the pattern of breathing is modified when breathing through a mouthpiece (MP) with a noseclip (NC), although the reasons for this are not clear. We studied 14 healthy naïve subjects during unrestrained breathing, while connected to a spirometer without NC, and while connected to a spirometer with NC. Breathing pattern, studied with an inductive plethysmograph (Respitrace), was recorded during 4 min in each case, once a steady state was attained. During unrestrained breathing, all subjects breathed exclusively through the nose. During spirometric testing without NC, 9 of 14 subjects still breathed through the nose only (since the oropharynx is closed by the soft palate and the tongue, and flow proceeds through the nose). Tidal volume (VT), frequency (f), minute ventilation (VE), inspiratory time, mean inspiratory flow, and duty cycle (Tl/Ttot) were not different during the first 2 procedures (p greater than 0.1 by analysis of variance). By contrast, during spirometric testing with NC, mean VT increased from 530 (during unrestrained breathing) to 700 ml (p less than 0.02), whereas f decreased from 14.9 to 13.6 breaths X min-1 (p greater than 0.05), VE did not change, and Tl/Tot increased from 37 to 41% (p less than 0.05). These data suggest that the change in the pattern of breathing depends on the breathing route. To further confirm this, we asked 8 separate subjects to simply breathe through either the nose or the mouth (half of them starting with mouth breathing, half with nose breathing) while respiration was monitored with the Respitrace without any connection to the airways.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Plethysmography; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Respiratory System; Rest; Spirometry; Tidal Volume | 1985 |
[Effect of nasal respiration on the electrical activity of skeletal musculature].
Spontaneous electrical activity of human gastrocnemius and deltoid muscles was studied after physical overloading under the conditions of nasal or oral respiration. In nasal respiration, the electrical activity was enhansed as compared with oral respiration: stimulation of the nasal cavity receptors with air current seems to improve the respiratory center work and to produce optimal conditions for a wider irradiation of excitatory impulses from the respiratory center to the nerve-skeletal apparatus regulating the motor activity of the body. Topics: Adult; Electromyography; Humans; Mouth Breathing; Muscles; Nose; Physical Exertion; Respiration; Rest; Sensory Receptor Cells | 1985 |
Oral breathing in newborn infants.
Newborn infants are considered obligate nasal breathers, hence dependent on a patent nasal airway for ventilation. The conditions under which oral breathing could occur and the contribution of oral ventilation to total ventilation were studied in 30 healthy term infants (aged 1 to 3 days). Nasal and oral airflow were measured using two resistance-matched pneumotachometers, and heart rate, tcPO2, etCO2, and sleep state were continuously recorded. In three of 10 infants studied in undisturbed sleep, spontaneous oronasal breathing was noted during both active and quiet sleep (mean duration 19 +/- 25 minutes), the distribution of tidal volume being 70% +/- 12% nasal and 30% +/- 12% oral. Episodes of oronasal breathing were also observed after crying in six infants (mean duration 21 +/- 19 seconds). In an additional 20 infants, multiple 15-second end-expiratory nasal occlusions were performed; eight (40%) of these infants initiated and sustained oral breathing in response to nasal occlusion. Respiratory rate, tidal volume, heart rate, and tcPO2 did not change when oral breathing occurred in response to nasal occlusion, although minute ventilation decreased from 265 to 199 ml/min/kg (P less than 0.05). These results demonstrate that newborn infants may use the oral airway for ventilation, both spontaneously and in response to complete nasal occlusion. Topics: Airway Obstruction; Crying; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration; Respiration, Artificial; Sleep | 1985 |
The effects of chronic absence of active nasal respiration on the growth of the skull.
Topics: Animals; Child; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Facial Bones; Humans; Mandible; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration; Skull; Tracheotomy | 1985 |
Soft palate and oronasal breathing in humans.
In 20 naive patients without respiratory impairment, we investigated the ability of the soft palate to direct airflow during breathing. Patients were connected to a spirometer, without noseclip. No instructions were given on the breathing route. During quiet respiration, 15 patients breathed solely through the nose, despite an open mouth. During forced vital capacity (FVC) maneuvers, 19 patients expired exclusively through the mouth. When specifically asked to breathe quietly through the mouth, pure nasal breathing was no longer observed. Tidal volume (VT) or FVC were comparable when patients were asked to breathe through the mouth, with or without noseclip: 0.67 +/- 0.46 vs. 0.60 +/- 0.21 liter for VT (mean +/- SD); 4.05 +/- 0.65 vs. 4.18 +/- 0.70 liters for FVC. In eight separate healthy volunteers, the soft palate was shown by fluoroscopy to close the oropharyngeal isthmus during quiet breathing (resulting in pure nasal breathing) and to close the nasopharynx during FVC efforts (resulting in mouth breathing). During oronasal breathing, the soft palate lay in between the tongue and the posterior pharyngeal wall. These data suggest that when both mouth and nose are open, the soft palate is responsible for the partitioning of oronasal flow. Topics: Fluoroscopy; Humans; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Oropharynx; Palate, Soft; Posture; Pulmonary Ventilation; Spirometry; Tidal Volume; Vital Capacity | 1984 |
Analysis of simulated upper airway breathing.
There is substantial disagreement among clinicians concerning the etiologic significance of impaired nasal respiration. Conflicting views concerning the effects of breathing on facial growth suggest the need for a more quantitative approach to this important question. This investigation is the first in a series of studies representing a new direction for objectively assessing airway breathing. A model of the upper airway was used to study air movement under controlled conditions. The specific objectives were to determine the effects of airway size and shape on the aerodynamics of simulated breathing and develop a theoretical basis for predicting when breathing mode will change from nasal to predominantly oral. The following theoretical predictions are made on the basis of data generated from the model: A nasal airway cross-sectional area of less than 0.4 cm2 may represent an inadequate airway in adults and some mouth breathing would be expected. The amount of adenoid obstruction must be very large to affect airway resistance. However, if airway resistance in the nose is high, large adenoids would present a serious airway problem and cause predominantly mouth breathing. When nasal airway resistance is high, the mouth will open approximately 0.4 to 0.6 cm2. This shifts a significant amount of air orally and reduces airway resistance to a normal level. If morphologic changes are caused by airway impairment, other factors such as a large tongue, large tonsils, or a long, draping velum are probably significant contributing factors. Topics: Airway Resistance; Humans; Models, Anatomic; Models, Biological; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Nasopharynx; Nose; Oropharynx; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration | 1984 |
A quantitative technique for assessing nasal airway impairment.
The controversy concerning the effects of impaired nasal respiration on dentofacial development stems largely from the lack of a reliable method to assess airway impairment. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a quantitative technique to estimate nasal airway dimensions so that normal and impaired nasorespiratory function could be defined. The method involves a modification of the theoretical hydraulic principle and utilizes the following equation to estimate cross-sectional area of the nose (NA): NA = V/K [2(delta P)/d] 1/2 (where d = density of air). Pressure drop (delta P) across the nose is measured simultaneously with airflow (V) through the nose during breathing, using appropriate transducers and a PDP 11/34 computer. An analog model of the upper airway was used to determine the discharge coefficient (k) and estimate measurement error. Model studies demonstrate a measurement error of less than 5% for nasal cross-sectional areas of 0.02 to 1.2 cm2. Studies involving eighteen adult subjects and twenty-six children 8 to 11 years of age revealed mean smallest cross-sectional nasal areas of 0.62 cm2 +/- 0.17 and 0.43 cm2 +/- 0.076, respectively. The results indicate that the technique should enable clinicians to (1) estimate size of the airway during breathing, (2) distinguish between normal and impaired nasal respiratory function, and (3) determine quantitatively the effects of surgical and/or orthodontic treatment for improving nasal respiration. Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Airway Obstruction; Airway Resistance; Child; Equipment Design; Humans; Manometry; Models, Biological; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Nose Diseases; Pulmonary Ventilation; Transducers, Pressure | 1984 |
Morphologic response to changes in neuromuscular patterns experimentally induced by altered modes of respiration.
The present experiment was designed to test whether specific recordable changes in the neuromuscular system could be associated with specific alterations in soft- and hard-tissue morphology in the craniofacial region. The effect of experimentally induced neuromuscular changes on the craniofacial skeleton and dentition of eight rhesus monkeys was studied. The neuromuscular changes were triggered by complete nasal airway obstruction and the need for an oral airway. Alterations were also triggered 2 years later by removal of the obstruction and the return to nasal breathing. Changes in neuromuscular recruitment patterns resulted in changed function and posture of the mandible, tongue, and upper lip. There was considerable variation among the animals. Statistically significant morphologic effects of the induced changes were documented in several of the measured variables after the 2-year experimental period. The anterior face height increased more in the experimental animals than in the control animals; the occlusal and mandibular plane angles measured to the sella-nasion line increased; and anterior crossbites and malposition of teeth occurred. During the postexperimental period some of these changes were reversed. Alterations in soft-tissue morphology were also observed during both experimental periods. There was considerable variation in morphologic response among the animals. It was concluded that the marked individual variations in skeletal morphology and dentition resulting from the procedures were due to the variation in nature and degree of neuromuscular and soft-tissue adaptations in response to the altered function. The recorded neuromuscular recruitment patterns could not be directly related to specific changes in morphology. Topics: Animals; Cephalometry; Electromyography; Facial Bones; Facial Muscles; Female; Lip; Macaca mulatta; Male; Masticatory Muscles; Mouth Breathing; Muscle Tonus; Neuromuscular Junction; Nose; Tongue | 1984 |
The effect of the perforated vestibular screen on nasal respiration.
Topics: Child; Equipment Design; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Orthodontic Appliances; Pulmonary Ventilation | 1983 |
Airway interference syndrome. Clinical identification and evaluation of nose breathing capabilities.
Topics: Airway Obstruction; Humans; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Syndrome | 1983 |
[The effect of a vestibular screen on impaired basal breathing].
Topics: Airway Obstruction; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Manometry; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation | 1983 |
[New findings in the etiology of the mouth breathing syndrome and new therapeutic approaches: respiratory physiokinetic therapy].
Topics: Adolescent; Airway Resistance; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Oropharynx; Physical Therapy Modalities; Respiration; Syndrome | 1983 |
Effect of breathing route on ventilation and ventilatory drive.
Nasal obstruction is associated with abnormal breathing during sleep. To investigate this we measured ventilation and isocapnic hypoxic and rebreathing hypercapnic ventilatory responses in 9 awake normal men, with and without artificial nasal occlusion. Resting breathing frequency was lower (P less than 0.05) with mouth (12.5 +/- 1.0 [SEM]) than with nose (15.1 +/- 1.3 b/min) breathing, due to prolongation (P less than 0.05) of expiratory time with mouth breathing (mouth 3.25 +/- 0.35, nasal breathing 2.41 +/- 0.37 sec). Resting tidal volume was similar for both routes, thus minute ventilation was lower (P less than 0.01) mouth breathing (8.43 +/- 0.44) compared with nose breathing (9.37 +/- 0.47 L/min). Ventilatory responses were greater with mouth than nose breathing both for hypercapnia (mouth 2.29 +/- 0.21, nose 1.58 +/- 0.18 L/min/mm Hg CO2; P less than 0.01) and for hypoxia (mouth 1.08 +/-0.16, nose 0.91 +/- 0.21 L/min/% SaO2; P = 0.10). In 6 subjects measurements were repeated before and after upper airway lignocaine anaesthesia, which abolished the differences in respiratory timing and drive between the breathing routes. It is suggested that there may be upper airway flow receptors which influence respiratory timing. Topics: Adult; Humans; Hypercapnia; Hypoxia; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration | 1983 |
A technique for the simultaneous measurement of nasal and oral respiration.
A technique is developed which for the first time enables the direct and simultaneous measurement of inspired and expired air, both orally and nasally. The apparatus for such measurement consists of a Plexiglas chamber in which the subject's head is enclosed. Attached is a series of valves, flowmeters, differential air pressure transducers, and a physiography for the recording of respiratory activity. The apparatus used in data collection is described. The reliability of the instrument is established. The analysis of the physiographic record is explained and illustrated by data from six trials. The use of this technique to describe respiratory mode is discussed, together with indications for its future use in orthodontics and other research areas. Topics: Humans; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Respiratory Function Tests; Rheology; Transducers, Pressure | 1982 |
[Changes in nasal respiration during palatal expansion].
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Humans; Malocclusion; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Palatal Expansion Technique; Respiration; Respiratory Function Tests | 1982 |
[Role of oro-nasal function in growth of dento-facial construction].
Topics: Animals; Dental Occlusion; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Masticatory Muscles; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Rats; Tongue Habits | 1982 |
[Measure of the resistance of nasal airway using plethysmographic methods].
Topics: Airway Resistance; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Plethysmography | 1982 |
[Relation between respiration and craniofacial morphogenesis. Therapeutic conclusions concerning orthodontics].
Topics: Abdomen; Airway Obstruction; Airway Resistance; Facial Bones; Humans; Lung; Maxillofacial Development; Morphogenesis; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Posture; Respiration; Thorax | 1982 |
[Does intermaxillary disjunction increase nose breathing?].
Topics: Airway Resistance; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Methods; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Palate; Radiography; Respiration | 1982 |
The relation between nasorespiratory function and dentofacial morphology: a review.
It is commonly assumed that nasorespiratory function can exert a dramatic effect upon the development of the dentofacial complex. Specifically, it has been stated that chronic nasal obstruction leads to mouth breathing, which causes altered tongue and mandibular positions. If this occurs during a period of active growth, the outcome is development of the "adenoid facies" (dentofacial morphology). Such patients characteristically manifest a vertically long lower third facial height, narrow alar bases, lip incompetence, a long and narrow maxillary arch, and a greater than normal mandibular plane angle. These dentofacial traits have repeatedly been attributed to restricted nasorespiratory function. It is generally believed that environmental factors can exert subtle or dramatic effects upon dentofacial morphology, depending upon their magnitude, duration, and time of occurrence. The purpose of this article is to present a critical review of the literature concerning the effect of one such environmental factor, nasal airway function, upon dentofacial morphogenesis. This review will critically examine the most frequently cited papers reporting a relationship between nasorespiratory function and dentofacial morphology. In summary, this critical review fails to support a consistent relationship between obstructed nasorespiratory function and the adenoid facies or long-face syndrome. Additional objective evaluations of this relation are encouraged. Topics: Adenoids; Adolescent; Adult; Cephalometry; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Face; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Tongue | 1982 |
Quantitative evaluation of nasal airflow in relation to facial morphology.
This study examines the relationship between facial morphology and nasal respiration. Nasal resistance to expiratory airflow, average volume flow rate, and temporal characteristics of the respiratory cycle were measured for twenty-eight adults. Subjects were categorized as having (1) normal facial proportions with competent lips (n = 10), (2) normal facial proportions with incompetent lips (n = 9), and (3) long vertical face height (n = 9). Results indicate that the three groups do not differ significantly in terms of nasal airflow. Lip incompetence is not synonymous with mouth breathing. Although long-faced subjects as a group had a higher mean value of nasal resistance, the range of variation was so great as to preclude the diagnosis of nasal obstruction from an assessment of facial morphology. Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Airway Resistance; Face; Humans; Lip; Maxilla; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation | 1981 |
The physiology of the nasopharyngeal airway.
Topics: Adenoids; Humans; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Mucosa; Nasopharynx; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration | 1981 |
Activating effect of nasal and oral hyperventilation on epileptic electrographic phenomena: reflex mechanisms of nasal origin.
In experiments on animals, airflow through the nasal cavity elicits rhythmic synchronized activity that can trigger and/or elicit epileptic electrographic activities in the limbic structures of the brain. This could be demonstrated in studies of lower vertebrates (frogs and turtles). In the turtle the elicited paroxysmal activity often had the shape of regular high-voltage activity in the theta-frequency range (average frequency, 4.1 Hz). It was further proven in clinical experiments that nasal deep breathing with a closed mouth effectively activates epileptic electrographic phenomena of a temporal (limbic) origin. The activating effect was more pronounced on the side ipsilateral to the ventilated nasal meatus. It could also be evoked by air insufflation into the nasal cavity. This effect was suppressed by anesthesia of the mucous membrane in the upper nasal meatus. Possible mechanisms of this, probably reflex, phenomenon are discussed. Topics: Animals; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Humans; Hyperventilation; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Rana temporaria; Reflex; Respiration; Turtles | 1981 |
[Changes in nasal breathing caused by maxillary expansion].
Topics: Adolescent; Airway Obstruction; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Palatal Expansion Technique; Respiration | 1981 |
Models of human lung airways and their application to inhaled particle deposition.
Topics: Aerosols; Diffusion; Humans; Lung; Models, Biological; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Particle Size; Respiration | 1980 |
A physiologic study on respiratory handicap of the laryngectomized.
Lack of the upper airway function after laryngectomy creates unfavorable effects on the lower respiratory tract. The purpose of this study is to re-evaluate this relationship objectively. Respiratory function tests were performed on 13 laryngectomized patients. Pulmonary volumetry and ventilometry revealed increased RV and FRC, and decreased FEV1.0%, indicating evidence of obstructive changes in the lung, MEFV-recordings showed greater downward convexity than those of the normal at the lower volume level. The value of MEF50/body-height was definitely smaller than normal average in the same age group. Pulmonary resistance was in wide variety but definitely lower than normal because of lack of the upper airway resistance. If this component is added to the value, the total will be in normal range or even higher. Dynamic compliance remained mostly in the normal range when measured using a mask at the tracheostoma. The value was lower than normal when measured through a cuff-canula. The difference in static and dynamic compliances was greater than that in normal cases, which may indicate evidence of uneven distribution of air in the lung. Regular check-up and suitable respiratory care are recommended on the laryngectomized. Topics: Airway Obstruction; Humans; Laryngectomy; Lung; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration; Respiratory Function Tests; Respiratory Insufficiency; Trachea | 1980 |
Snoring: the sufferer who doesn't suffer.
Topics: Child; Dust; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Occupational Diseases; Otitis Media; Snoring | 1979 |
Oronasal breathing during exercise.
The shift from nasal to oronasal breathing (ONBS) has been observed on 73 subjects with two independent methods. A first group of 63 subjects exercising on a bicycle ergometer at increasing work load (98--196 W) has been observed. On 35 subjects the highest value of ventilation attained with nasal breathing was 40.2 +/- 9.41 . min-1 S.D. Ten subjects breathed through the mouth at all loads, while 5 never opened the mouth. On 13 subjects it was not possible to make reliable measurements. On a second group of 10 subjects utilizing a different techniques which did not need a face mask, the ventilation at which one changes the pattern of breathing was found to be 44.2 +/- 13.51 . min-1 S.D. On the same subjects nasal resistance did not show any correlation with ONBS. It is concluded that ONBS is not solely determined by nasal resistance, though an indirect effect due to hypoventilation and hence to changes in alveolar air composition cannot be ruled out. It is likely that ONBS is also influenced by psychological factors. Topics: Adult; Airway Resistance; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Physical Exertion; Respiration; Respiratory Function Tests | 1978 |
The beneficial effect of nasal breathing on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.
In the first step of a study of the relation of nasal and oral breathing during moderate treadmill exercise to the onset of bronchoconstriction in young patients with perennial bronchial asthma, it was observed that most subjects spontaneously breathed with their mouths open when instructed to breathe "naturally." Subsequently, when they were required to breathe only through the nose during the exercise, an almost complete inhibition of the postexercise bronchoconstrictive airway response was demonstrated. When instructed to breathe only through the mouth during exercise, an increased bronchoconstrictive airway response occurred, as measured by spirometry, flow-volume relationships, and body plethysmography. These findings suggest that the nasopharynx and the oropharynx play important roles in the phenomenon of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Topics: Adolescent; Asthma; Bronchial Spasm; Child; Female; Humans; Lung; Lung Volume Measurements; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Physical Exertion | 1978 |
Aerophagia induced by the nasal obstruction on experimental animals.
The excessive accumulation of gas in the gastrointestinal tracts was invariably induced on experimental animals (mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters and rabbits) by simply obstructing nasal passages. The analysis of the gas showed the almost identical composition to the ambient air or flutus which was largely due to swallowed air. Also the numerous small foams were found on and underneath the epithelial lining of small intestine. The pathological evaluation was done both macroscopically and microscopically. Dying animals after nasal obstruction showed hemorrhagic and necrotic changes in the jejunum and ileum. This observation may cast some light to the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis in human neonatal. Topics: Aerophagy; Air; Animals; Cricetinae; Digestive System; Disease Models, Animal; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous; Female; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Male; Mice; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Rabbits; Rats; Respiratory Insufficiency | 1977 |
Recognizing the allergic person.
Recognition of the allergic individual is facilitated by an awareness of certain characteristic actions and various facial lesions which may be clues to other allergic problems. A gaping expression, clearing of the throat and rubbing or mashing of the eyes and nose may indicate significant rhinitis. Dark circles and bags under the eyes, long, silky eyelashes and injected conjunctivas are other signs. Bruxism and malocclusion may also be related to an allergic diathesis. Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Behavior; Bruxism; Child; Conjunctivitis; Eczema; Eye Manifestations; Eyelid Diseases; Female; Glossitis, Benign Migratory; Habits; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Oral Manifestations; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal | 1977 |
A nasal functional test: the opeining of mouth during physical effort.
Apart from rare exceptions (cf Voydeville's Thesis, Nancy 1951), nasal airflow resistance has so far been estimated irrespective of variations in air intake needs. The object of the test presented here is to offer a quick, simple and objective method for determining the level of muscular effort at which a given subject spontaneously switches from nasal to buccal respiration. A thin flexible tube (1,5 mm across) is stuck at one end on to the subject's lower lip and the other into a carbon dioxyde analyser. The subject is then made to pedal at a speed at least 30 rev./min. on an ergometric bicycle, while a braking force increasing by 20 W ever two minutes is applied. The emission of carbon dioxyde starts being detected, and graphically recorded, only when the subject starts breathing through his mouth. Results obtained so far show that this threshold can vary as widely as from 80 to 180 W among healthy individuals. Further aplications of this test to both healthy subjects and patients with impaired nasal function would contribute towards throwing light on the still obsure notion of "nasal comfort". Topics: Adult; Airway Resistance; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Physical Exertion; Respiratory Function Tests | 1977 |
[Significance of rhino-rheo-manometry in dentofacial orthopedics].
Topics: Humans; Manometry; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Orthodontics; Respiratory Insufficiency; Rheology | 1976 |
Effects of adenoidectomy on mode of breathing, size of adenoids and nasal airflow.
Topics: Adenoidectomy; Adenoids; Child; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Mouth Breathing; Nasopharynx; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation; Radiography; Respiration; Statistics as Topic; Sweden | 1973 |
[Obstructed nose].
Topics: Adenoids; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Polyps; Nose; Nose Neoplasms; Respiration; Rhinitis | 1972 |
Effects of nasal obstruction upon the mechanics of the lung in the dog.
Topics: Airway Obstruction; Airway Resistance; Animals; Body Weight; Cicatrix; Dogs; Intubation, Intratracheal; Lung Compliance; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Plethysmography, Whole Body; Pressure; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Respiratory Function Tests; Spirometry | 1972 |
The nose as form and function.
Topics: Air; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Manometry; Mathematics; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Nose Diseases; Otolaryngology; Respiration; Respiratory Function Tests; Respiratory Tract Infections | 1969 |
Maxillary growth and face development.
Topics: Dental Arch; Habits; Humans; Malocclusion; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth Breathing; Nose | 1969 |
The nasal airway in children.
Topics: Mouth Breathing; Nose; Pediatrics | 1969 |
[Statistico-critical review of possible relations between circulation rate and nasal or oral respiration].
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Flow Velocity; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration | 1969 |
[Relation between circulation rate and deep nasal and mouth respiration].
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Flow Velocity; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration | 1969 |
[Old age and severe septum deviation].
Topics: Aged; Fractures, Cartilage; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Septum; Nose | 1968 |
[Nose and mouth breathing].
Topics: Humans; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration | 1955 |