phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Monkey-Diseases

While nasal cancer is relatively rare among the general population, workers in the nickel refining, leather manufacturing, and furniture building industries exhibit increased incidences of nasal cancer. To investigate the causes of nasal cancer and to design ameliorative strategies, an appropriate animal model for the human upper respiratory regions is required. The present report describes, compares, and assesses the anatomy and physiology of the nasal passages and upper airways of humans, rats, and monkeys for the purpose of determining a relevant animal model in which to investigate potential causes of nasal cancer. Based on the mode of breathing, overall geometry of the nasal passages, relative nasal surface areas, proportions of nasal surfaces lined by various epithelia, mucociliary clearance patterns, and inspiratory airflow routes, the rat, which is very different from humans, is a poor model. In contrast, the monkey exhibits many similarities to humans. Although the monkey does differ from humans in that it exhibits a more rapid respiratory rate, smaller minute and tidal volumes, larger medial turbinate, and a vestibular wing that creates an anterior vortex during inspiration, it offers a more appropriate model for studying the toxic effects of inhaled substances on the nasal passages and extrapolating the findings to humans.

Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Haplorhini; Humans; Monkey Diseases; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Nose Neoplasms; Pulmonary Ventilation; Rats; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Neoplasms

The susceptibility of four species of East African nonhuman primates to experimental infection with Leishmania major was investigated. Four Syke's monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis), two vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), two baboons (Papio cynocephalus), and two brown bushbabies (Galago garnettii) were each inoculated intradermally on the left eyelid, left ear, and nose with 0.1 ml of medium containing 1 x 10(7) promastigotes of a characterized L. major strain. All the nonhuman primates except the bushbabies developed erythema and conspicuous nodules on the eyelids and ears by 3 weeks PI. The nodules increased rapidly in size and ulceration was evident on the eyelids and ears by 49 days PI in the vervets, Syke's, and baboons. The aspirates were positive in culture or smears at 35, 49, 63, and 77 days PI. No parasites were observed in cultures or smears at 92, 105, 128, 147, and 161 days PI. The lesions in these animals began resolving by 84 days PI and were completely healed by 112 days PI. The exception was one baboon in which lesion healing did not start until around 147 days and was completely healed by 182 days PI. Cultures from the liver failed to demonstrate visceralization of the parasite in any of the animals throughout the 68 weeks of the experiment. Challenge with the same strain of L. major 6 months PI, corresponding to about 3 months after self cure, failed to produce infection in any of these experimental hosts. All the nonhuman primates except the bushbaby when challenged with the same strain of L. major at 12 months PI developed lesions and were positive for parasites at 14 and 28 days PI. Positive cultures were obtained from the eyelid and ear of one vervet up to 42 days PI. However, the lesion sizes in all these animals were smaller than in the initial infection and did not ulcerate. The nodules disappeared within 6 to 8 weeks as compared to 16 weeks in the initial infection. The histopathological appearance of the lesions varied from diffuse infiltration of plasma cells and lymphocytes which increased progressively to granulomata with epitheloid cells. This study shows that the vervets, Syke's, and the baboons are equally susceptible to L. major infection, while bushbabies are refractory. The vervets, Syke's, and baboons demonstrate a self-healing phenomenon within about 3 months which is comparable to that observed in humans infected with L. major. These three species of nonhuman primates are therefore considered as suitable models fo

Topics: Animals; Cercopithecus; Chlorocebus aethiops; Disease Models, Animal; Ear, External; Eyelids; Galago; Leishmania tropica; Leishmaniasis; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Monkey Diseases; Nose; Papio

Candidiasis involving nasal, pharyngeal, and intestinal mucosal surfaces and a pharyngeal lymph node was demonstrated microscopically in a young adult female capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) experimentally infected with Schistosoma haematobium (Iran strain). Persistent nasal exudation and weight loss characterized the clinical disease preceding the animal's death.

Topics: Animals; Autopsy; Candidiasis; Female; Haplorhini; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Intestines; Lymph Nodes; Monkey Diseases; Nose; Penicillins; Pharynx; Remission, Spontaneous; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosomiasis

Topics: Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Aspergillus fumigatus; Candida; Candida albicans; Chrysosporium; Cricetinae; Cryptococcus; Digestive System; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Histoplasmosis; Humans; Mice; Monkey Diseases; Mycoses; Nose; Papio; Rabbits; Rats; Rodent Diseases; Tinea

Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Haplorhini; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Monkey Diseases; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Paramyxoviridae; Pharynx; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Time Factors; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bites and Stings; Corynebacterium; Corynebacterium Infections; Female; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Lung; Macaca; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Monkey Diseases; Nose; Virulence

Rhesus monkeys and ferrets were exposed to intranasal inoculation of several strains of egg-adapted avian, equine and human influenza viruses and to strains of mouse-adapted equine influenza viruses. Local replication of virus and seroconversion were observed in the majority of these animals. However, clinical infection was observed only in ferrets.

Topics: Animals; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Birds; Carnivora; Cross Reactions; Haplorhini; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Horses; Humans; Immune Sera; Influenza, Human; Monkey Diseases; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae; Respiratory Tract Infections; Turkeys; Virus Replication

Topics: Agglutination Tests; Animals; Antibodies; Bordetella; Haplorhini; Kidney; Lung; Mice; Monkey Diseases; Nose; Pharynx; Pneumonia; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Antigens; Complement Fixation Tests; Female; Haplorhini; Hominidae; Monkey Diseases; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Nose; Pharynx; Rectum; Serotyping; Texas; Vagina

Nasal mites (Rhinophagus sp.) were found within the mucosal and submucosal nasal tissues and bone marrow of the upper skull in two of five adult baboons (Papio sp.).

Topics: Animals; Haplorhini; Mite Infestations; Monkey Diseases; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Skull