phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Measles

Measles vaccines have been in use since the 1960s with excellent safety and effectiveness profiles. Limited data are available on detection of measles vaccine virus (MeVV) RNA in human subjects following vaccination. Available evidence suggests MeVV RNA can be identified up to 14 days after vaccination, with detection beyond this rare. In routine diagnostic testing, we used two real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-rPCR) assays targeting M and F genes to identify measles virus (MeV) and MeVV RNA. Confirmatory testing was performed with an N gene RT-rPCR, followed by sequence confirmation of RT-rPCR positives by semi-nested conventional RT-PCR assays targeting portions of the N, H, and L genes. We report detection and confirmation of MeVV RNA from the respiratory tract of 11 children between 100 and 800 days after most recent receipt of measles-containing vaccine. These novel findings emphasize the importance of genotyping all MeV detections and highlight the need for further work to assess whether persistent MeVV RNA represents viable virus and if transmission to close contacts can occur.

Topics: Australia; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus; Nose; Pharynx; Phosphoproteins; Phylogeny; Respiratory System; RNA, Viral; Time Factors; Viral Proteins

Clinical and immunologic studies were performed in association with revaccination with live measles vaccine in 75 adolescents 11 to 14 years after immunization with killed measles vaccine. Ten subjects had local pain with swelling or erythema or both at the injection site; in three, the local reactions were severe and disturbing systemic complaints were also noted. These marked reactions were more common in subjects in whom the interval between the last dose of killed vaccine and the dose of live vaccine of the primary immunization series was less than or equal to 2 months, in subjects with prevaccination serum HAI antibody titers of less than or equal to 5, and in subjects with high measles antigen specific lymphocyte stimulation ratios. Serum complement levels could not be correlated with clinical reactions. Measles specific lymphocyte stimulation ratios were significantly higher in recipients of killed vaccine than in three compara,ive groups, in subjects with a killed-live interval in the initial vaccine series of less than or equal to 2 months as compared with greater than or equal to 3 months, and in subjects with prevaccination HAI antibody titers of less than or equal to 5 as compared with titers greater than or equal to 10. Although both low serum antibody and high measles specific lymphocyte reactivity were associated with marked local reactions, and probably indicative of susceptibility to atypical measles, our findings suggest that exaggerated lymphocyte reactivity is of greater importance in the adverse clinical response.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antibodies, Viral; Child; Complement C3; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Humans; Lymphocyte Activation; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Nose; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated

Topics: Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Diphtheria; Humans; Infant; Intubation, Intratracheal; Laryngitis; Measles; Nose; South Africa; Tracheotomy; Virus Diseases

Topics: Antibodies; Antibody Formation; Child; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Humans; Injections, Subcutaneous; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Methods; Nose; Rubella; Rubella Vaccine; Rubella virus; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Child; Cleft Palate; Congenital Abnormalities; Female; Goiter; Hearing Disorders; Hearing Tests; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Iris; Kernicterus; Lacrimal Apparatus; Mandibulofacial Dysostosis; Measles; Meningoencephalitis; Mumps; Nose; Nose Deformities, Acquired; Osteogenesis Imperfecta; Otitis Media; Pierre Robin Syndrome; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Rubella; School Health Services; Toxicology; Waardenburg Syndrome

Topics: Humans; Larynx; Measles; Nose; Respiratory System; Trachea