phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Lacrimal-Apparatus-Diseases

Arrhinia is defined as the partial or complete absence of the nasal structures. It is a defect of embryonal origin and can be seen in association with other craniofacial anomalies, central nervous system anomalies, absence of paranasal sinuses, and other palatal and ocular abnormalities. Very few patients with arrhinia have been reported so far in the history of modern medicine.. This study reports an adult patient with congenital partial arrhinia and reviews the literature along with the embryological basis of such a rare disease.. Arrhinia is a medical condition with scarce documentation in the literature. This article presents the clinical as well as radiological features of this rare entity.

Topics: Congenital Abnormalities; Craniofacial Abnormalities; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Male; Maxillary Sinus; Multidetector Computed Tomography; Nasolacrimal Duct; Nose; Young Adult

Several surgical techniques of the lacrimal system are presented and analyzed regarding indications and results. Endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy is performed in cases of postsaccal stenosis. Pre- and intrasaccal stenosis are operated on with conjunctivorhinostomy or with placement of Heermann-Jones tubes. After interruption of the canaliculi, splinting and primary suturing are best suited. During tumor surgery, the nasolacrimal duct can be temporarily or permanently relocated in the soft tissues of the cheek. Performing these techniques, a good lacrimal drainage is usually achieved. The results are based upon subjective and objective findings.

Topics: Conjunctiva; Dacryocystorhinostomy; Drainage; Female; Humans; Intubation; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Male; Nose; Retrospective Studies

To report the long-term outcomes of the conjunctivo-rhinostomy surgery with labial mucosal graft performed for the patients of proximal lacrimal drainage system disorders.. Retrospective, single surgeon (KB), non-comparative study including patients having complete obstruction of the superior and inferior proximal lacrimal drainage system. All patients underwent conjunctivo-rhinostomy with labial mucosal graft insertion. Preoperatively, tear film break-up time and a fluorescein dye disappearance test was performed for each patient. A phaco aspiration tubing segment was used for supporting the mucosal graft for first 4 weeks followed by its removal. Minimum follow-up was 12 months. fluorescein dye disappearance test and nasal endoscopy were performed at each follow-up visit. Total resolution of epiphora and negative fluorescein dye disappearance test was defined as complete success.. Eighteen patients (12 males, 6 females) with a mean age of 39.94 years (range 7-76 years) all had a unilateral presentation. The indication for surgery was trauma (n = 11), failed dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) with canalicular obstruction (n = 4), chronic ocular inflammation with complete punctal occlusion (n = 2), and post-radiotherapy (n = 1). At a mean follow-up of 5.38 years, complete success was observed in 12 (66.67%), partial success in 4 (22.22%) while in 2 (11.11%) patients, the procedure failed.. Labial mucosal graft in conjunctivo-rhinostomy is a successful adjunct which provides satisfactory long-term outcomes. Our surgical technique of directly suturing the mucosal graft to surrounding muscle provides better functionality to the system with eyelid blinking.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Conjunctiva; Dacryocystorhinostomy; Endoscopy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Nasal Mucosa; Nasolacrimal Duct; Nose; Retrospective Studies; Time Factors; Young Adult

External dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is considered to be the gold standard treatment of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction. A better understanding of the endoscopic anatomy of the lacrimal sac has increased the success rate of endonasal DCR. Laser DCR has become popular in recent years and has a success rate comparable with those of other endonasal techniques. The aim of this study was to compare the surgical results of endonasal DCR (EDCR) and endonasal laser DCR (ELDCR).. Fifty-four patients treated with ELDCR and 42 patients treated with EDCR for nasolacrimal duct obstruction from 2009 to 2012 with at least 1.5 years of follow-up were retrospectively enrolled in this comparative study. Lack of patient complaints and irrigation testing were used as subjective and objective assessment tools, respectively.. Both groups were similar in terms of age and sex. ELDCR had a success rate of 85.2%, and EDCR had a success rate of 92.9%. The difference between the 2 procedures was not statistically significant. ELDCR had a significantly shorter operative time than did EDCR (16.9 vs 24.4 minutes, respectively; p < 0.001).. Endonasal procedures have the advantage of no scar formation and do not disturb the pumping mechanism of the lacrimal sac. Their success rates are comparable with those of external DCR. Surgery is quicker, and with use of a laser, even less time is spent in the operating room. In selected cases, ELDCR can be a good alternative method with a high success rate.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Dacryocystorhinostomy; Endoscopy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Lacrimal Duct Obstruction; Lasers; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome

To evaluate the effect of endoscopic surgery for maxillary sinus inverted papilloma.. From 2000 to 2011, 50 patients with maxillary sinus inverted papilloma were treated with intranasal endoscopic surgery or combined approach. Among them, 39 cases were primary and 11 cases were recurrent, which included 17 patients with Krouse stage IIand 33 cases with Krouse stage III. Different surgical approaches were selected according to the range and positions of the lesions. One case with severe atypical hyperplasia received postoperative radiotherapy.. All cases were followed up for 3-14 years, 7 cases recurred. All occurrence within 2 years after operation. Malignant change and death was found in 1 case. After operation, epiphora occurred in 2 cases, maxillary sinus labiogingival groove fistula occurred in 2 cases, facial numbness occurred in 4 cases and incision hemorrhage occurred in 1 case. All the complications were cured after appropriate treatment.. Naso-endoscopic surgery or combined approach is a safe, effective and microinvasive treatment for patients with maxillary sinus inverted papilloma. Accurate selection of suitable approach according to the range and positions of the lesions and correct management of the base of the tumor are critical to the success of the operation.

Topics: Endoscopy; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Maxillary Sinus; Maxillary Sinus Neoplasms; Nasal Surgical Procedures; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Nose; Nose Neoplasms; Papilloma, Inverted; Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms; Postoperative Period; Retrospective Studies

To evaluate the effectiveness of transcanalicular multi diode laser in revision dacryocystorhinostomy and to determine the outcomes.. Fifty-three consecutive patients (19 males, 44 females) who were referred for recurrent dacryostenosis with epiphora after a failed primary dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) operation were included in the study. Patients were assigned to two separate groups on the basis of primary DCR operation: either endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy (END-DCR) or transcanalicular multi diode laser dacryocystorhinostomy (TC-MDL DCR). TC-MDL DCR technique was used for revision surgeries in both groups. The mean age of the patients was 46.5 ± 13.1 (Range, 15 -71) and the average follow-up duration was 12 months.. The success rate was 62% (18/29) in the primarily TC-MDL DCR operated group, and 85.2% (29/34) in the primarily END-DCR operated group respectively. The occlusion of internal ostium with granulation tissue was the leading etiology of unsuccessful surgical outcome in both group 1 and group 2 (42.8% and 28.5% respectively).. TC-MDL DCR is a minimally invasive surgical method with relatively high success and low complication rates in patients with failed primary DCR requiring revision.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Dacryocystorhinostomy; Female; Granulation Tissue; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Laser Therapy; Lasers, Semiconductor; Male; Middle Aged; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; Nasolacrimal Duct; Nose; Reoperation; Treatment Failure; Young Adult

To observe the clinical efficacy of spherical headed silicone implantation in the treatment of chronic dacryocystitis under nasal endoscopy.. Twenty six patients (31 eyes) with chronic dacryocystitis were subjected to spherical headed silicone implantation under topical anesthesia (lacrimal passage and nasal mucosal surface). Lacrimal passage irrigation was performed daily throughout the first postoperative week , and once each month thereafter.. All spherical headed silicone tube placements were successfully performed. The operative time ranged from 6 to 11 minutes. Symptoms of epiphora were immediately ameliorated post-operatively, and irrigation demonstrated patency of the lacrimal system in all patients. All patients were followed from 7 to 24 months, during which symptoms of tearing were improved. The lacrimal ducts of 27 eyes (87.7%) were normal. The lacrimal ducts of 4 others (12.3%) were still blocked. Lacrimal passage irrigation was open and secretion disappeared in 28 eyes (90.3%). Tearing was observed in 3 eyes (9.68%).. Spherical headed silicone tube implantation under nasal endoscopy is successful in relieving symptoms of tearing.

Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Chronic Disease; Dacryocystitis; Dacryocystorhinostomy; Endoscopy; Female; Humans; Intubation; Lacrimal Apparatus; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Lacrimal Duct Obstruction; Male; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Operative Time; Postoperative Period; Prostheses and Implants; Silicones; Tears

Number 3 cleft or oral-nasal-ocular cleft is a well-known entity that was described by Morian over a century ago. This malformation is a paranasal-medial orbitomaxillary cleft running across the lacrimal segment of the lower eyelid and over the lacrimal groove. The Tessier number 3 naso-ocular cleft represents one of the most difficult and challenging malformations to correct for the reconstructive surgeon. We have conducted a retrospective analysis of our series consisting of 21 cases.. The objective was to review the functional outcome and aesthetic results of the different techniques applied for each case.. From 1997 to 2007, 21 patients with a Tessier number 3 cleft were treated in our craniofacial units. The clinical findings, tomographic studies, and surgical procedures were reviewed and analyzed. We have discussed our protocol of the treatment.. We have treated facial malformation in 2 craniofacial centers. Fourteen patients were evaluated in the first year of their life, with an average age at presentation of 3 years. Twelve patients were female, and 9 were male; 6 patients had amniotic bands in limbs, 5 patients had an association with Tessier number 11 cleft, 3 patients with number 9 cleft, and 1 with number 7 cleft. Related to cleft lip, 10 patients had bilateral cleft lip, and 8 patients had unilateral cleft lip. Three patients did not have any involvement of the upper lip. The alar base was deviated upward in 19 patients, 11 cases had severe anatomic alteration with the lateral border of the ala above the medial canthus, and 8 cases had a mild dislocation. Nine cases of lacrimal duct obstruction and 8 cases of lacrimal duct extrophy were identified. Twelve patients had a lower eyelid coloboma of varying grades, and there were 2 cases of microblepharia. Aiming the soft tissue reconstruction, eyelid, nose, and upper lip were evaluated regarding their position, absence of tissue, and position of medial canthus and ala. Twelve of our patients underwent correction in the same moment, their medial canthus rotated upward and the ala downward, using the contralateral side as the reference. The lip was treated using a Millard-like technique. Neo-conjunctivorhinostomy was performed in the same moment in 2 patients or later in 1 case. Four patients had plagiocephaly due to the cranial involvement, and they were submitted to cranioplasty. Three had neurosurgical approach and advancement of the frontal bandeau. One adult patient received an acrylic plate to reshape the frontal area.. Tessier number 3 cleft is one of the most difficult and challenging malformations to correct for the reconstructive surgeon. Besides the difficulties of its treatment, patients with Tessier number 3 cleft may achieve good results when the team has good skills.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Cleft Lip; Coloboma; Dacryocystorhinostomy; Esthetics; Eyelids; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Male; Maxilla; Maxillofacial Abnormalities; Nose; Orbit; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome

To investigate the effect of grade 3 nasal conjunctivochalasis (NCCh) on the tear film inflammation, ocular surface findings, and tear function findings.. Prospective, observational case series.. Eleven eyes with Yokoi grade 3 NCCh in which the chalatic conjunctiva occluded the punctum and 18 eyes without NCCh but with central or temporal conjunctivochalasis, or both, and 16 eyes of healthy controls were recruited prospectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for inflammatory tear cytokines, tear film break-up time (BUT), Schirmer I test measurements, and fluorescein and rose bengal vital stainings and impression cytologic and brush cytologic analysis for real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of MUC5AC messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression were performed.. Eyes with grade 3 NCCh had significantly delayed tear clearance. All inflammatory cytokines showed higher values in eyes with grade 3 NCCh compared with the eyes without nasal chalasis with a comparably significant elevation in interleukin-1b and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels. The mean rose bengal score in eyes with grade 3 NCCh was significantly higher compared with eyes without nasal chalasis and eyes of controls. The mean goblet cell density was significantly lower in eyes with grade 3 NCCh with downregulation of the relative MUC5AC mRNA expression.. Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of conjunctivochalasis and is more pronounced in eyes with nasal chalasis. Pooling of inflammatory cytokines in tears of patients with NCCh associated with delayed tear clearance induces distinct adverse effects that affect the ocular surface health.

Topics: Aged; Cell Count; Conjunctival Diseases; Cytokines; Down-Regulation; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Fluorescein; Goblet Cells; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Mucin 5AC; Mucins; Nose; Prospective Studies; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Rose Bengal; Staining and Labeling; Tears

Osseointegrated maxillofacial epitheses are an interesting therapeutic response for rehabilitation after loss of facial tissue when reconstructive plastic surgery cannot be proposed. We analyzed the criteria used for deciding on this type of treatment for the loss of local areas of auricular tissue, the nasal pyramid and the orbitopalpebral region, presenting individual clinical examples.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Amputation, Traumatic; Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Ear Neoplasms; Ear, External; Eye Neoplasms; Eye, Artificial; Eyelid Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Nose Diseases; Orbital Implants; Osseointegration; Patient Care Planning; Prostheses and Implants; Prosthesis Design; Prosthesis Implantation

Endonasal laser-assisted dacryocystorhinostomy has been a subject of much interest since its introduction in 1990, offering the potential advantages of decreased postoperative morbidity and the lack of a cutaneous scar. In this study, the authors report the results of 46 endonasal laser-assisted dacryocystorhinostomy procedures performed on 42 patients between February 1991 and July 1992.. The medical records of all patients undergoing endonasal laser-assisted dacryocystorhinostomy procedures were reviewed retrospectively in detail. Patients undergoing laser-assisted external dacryocystorhinostomies or conjunctivo-dacryocystorhinostomies and those with follow-up periods less than 4 months were not included in the study.. A total of 46 endonasal laser-assisted dacryocystorhinostomy procedures were performed. Of these, 32 were successful and 14 failed after a single attempt, yielding a success rate of 70% (32/46). Of the 14 patients with failed procedures, 6 underwent a second endonasal laser-assisted dacryocystorhinostomy. Of these, five were successful. The success rate calculated on the basis of one or two attempts was 80% (37/46).. The science and technology of endonasal laser-assisted dacryocystorhinostomy is undergoing a continuous process of evolution as a number of modifications are introduced, including better patient selection, more complete tissue removal at the osteotomy site, and the adjunctive use of mitomycin C. As this process continues, it is likely that the success rates in this modality will improve, making it an increasingly attractive alternative to external dacryocystorhinostomy.

Topics: Dacryocystorhinostomy; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Laser Therapy; Nose; Reoperation; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome

Diverticula of the nasolacrimal collecting system are rare. Their cause may be congenital, inflammatory, or traumatic. A diverticulum of the nasolacrimal duct that presented 26 years after nasal trauma is described. The location of this diverticulum is extremely uncommon, and a case occurring after closed nasal trauma has not yet been presented. Evaluative studies and pertinent anatomy are reviewed. In any patient with recurrent dacryocystitis after nasal fracture, the diagnosis of a lacrimal system diverticulum should be considered. A detailed history and physical examination combined with dacryocystography can be confirmatory. Treatment should consist of surgical exploration with a nasolacrimal system bypass procedure.

Topics: Adult; Dacryocystitis; Diverticulum; Female; Fractures, Closed; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Nose

Nasolacrimal intubation has been advocated to obviate the need for dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) for childhood epiphora which fails to resolve despite apparently successful probings. Twenty-eight intubations were attempted on children falling into this category. Of these, 25 were anatomically successful intubations (3 having had to be abandoned because of difficulties in retrieving the silicone tubes from the nose). Twenty patients (80%) had complete resolution of symptoms, 2 (8%) had improvement of symptoms such that no further intervention was necessary and 3 (12%) proceeded to DCR. A greater likelihood of a good outcome was seen if the tubes were left in situ for 6 months or more. We suggest that primary nasolacrimal intubation (that is nasolacrimal intubation without DCR) should be the next step in the management of childhood epiphora which fails to resolve after two probings. This approach may avoid a DCR in over 80% of children.

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Intubation; Lacrimal Apparatus; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Nose; Treatment Outcome

For the clinical evaluation of vidian neurectomy, questionnaires were sent to 250 cases operated on from 1971 to 1982, with answers obtained from 171. For sneezing, 56.8% of cases were evaluated markedly effective, 36.7% effective, 4.3% unchanged, and 2.2% aggravated. For rhinorrhea, markedly effective was 54.7%; effective, 39.4%; unchanged, 3.7%; aggravated, 2.2%. For nasal obstruction, markedly effective was 67.5%; effective, 27.4%; unchanged, 5.1%; and aggravated, 0%. On the other hand, 20% of cases complained of relapse of nasal allergic symptoms. Concerning the side effects, 28.7% of cases complained of cheek, upper lip, or palate numbness. Decrease of lacrimation was noted in 9.4% of cases. Several kinds of disturbances in the eye movement were observed in 4% of cases. Among them, 16 cases showed complete recovery within 24 h. In 3 cases, abducens paralysis continued for several months. Postoperative arterial bleeding occurred in one case. My recent strategy for the treatment of allergic rhinitis is conservative treatment at first, secondary nasal surgery such as septoplasty or turbinotomy, and at last vidian neurectomy if the patient agrees to be operated on after understanding the side effects.

Topics: Abducens Nerve; Cranial Nerve Diseases; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Eye Movements; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Paralysis; Postoperative Complications; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial; Sneezing; Surveys and Questionnaires

A detailed review of forty-six patients with severe naso-orbital-ethmoid injury confirms that naso-lacrimal system injury is less common than originally suspected. Post-operative epiphora is more frequently due to eyelid malposition than naso-lacrimal obstruction. Eight patients (17.4%) required eventual dacryocystorhinostomy. Three out of five patients (60%), treated with closed reduction and external splint fixation, needed dacryocystorhinostomy. This treatment predisposes to external compression of the naso-lacrimal system by malpositioned bone fragments and segments. Open reduction and internal fixation of all fractures provides optimal repair and minimizes the incidence of post-operative epiphora. During fracture repair, the naso-lacrimal sac should be identified, but not probed or intubated unless obviously lacerated. The upper lacrimal pathway is protected by the medial canthal ligament. Obstruction usually occurs in the bony naso-lacrimal canal. Telecanthus invariably accompanies severe naso-orbital-ethmoid injuries and subsequent naso-lacrimal obstruction. Dacryocystography is useful in the investigation of naso-lacrimal function. When dacryocystorhinostomy is necessary, it should be performed at least 3 months after the primary repair.

Topics: Dacryocystitis; Ethmoid Bone; Female; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Male; Methods; Nasal Bone; Nose; Orbital Fractures; Skull Fractures; Time Factors

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) has been reported to cause punctal-canalicular fibrosis with resultant severe epiphora. It is reported that the epiphora will often resolve when treatment ceases or is decreased. However, this report describes a case of punctal-canalicular fibrosis so severe that bilateral conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomies were necessary. This has not been previously reported to the best of the authors' knowledge. It is recommended that ophthalmic consultation be obtained for patients in whom long-term 5-FU therapy is anticipated or who develop tearing while on therapy.

Topics: Aged; Conjunctiva; Dacryocystorhinostomy; Female; Fluorouracil; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Lacrimal Duct Obstruction; Nose; Prostheses and Implants

A very rare abnormality is reported of congenital absence of the right half of the nose in combination with microphthalmia, coloboma, epiphora and median cleft of the alveolus.

Topics: Abnormalities, Multiple; Alveolar Process; Coloboma; Humans; Infant; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Male; Microphthalmos; Nose

Topics: Child, Preschool; Fistula; Humans; Infant; Intubation; Lacrimal Apparatus; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Mucocele; Nose; Tears

Vidian neurectomy is a useful procedure in relieving the symptoms of vasomotor rhinitis. However, the nerve is difficult to approach because of its deep location in the pterygopalatine fossa. A direct transnasal approach to the pterygopalatine fossa, passing through the sphenopalatine foramen in the lateral wall of the nose, is described and its merits are discussed. We have operated upon 247 cases by this approach over the past four years without any significant complications.

Topics: Adult; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic; Female; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Male; Methods; Nasal Polyps; Nose; Parasympathetic Nervous System; Postoperative Complications; Rhinitis, Vasomotor

A newborn infant with bilateral mucoceles of the lacrimal sacs also had submucosal masses along the floor of the nose beneath the inferior turbinates communicating with the mucoceles. Drainage of the mucoceles was performed by needle aspiration and wide marsupialization of the nasal masses into the nose under direct visualization. To our knowledge, this is the first time that intranasal extension of mucoceles has been reported, and the first time that lacrimal sac mucoceles have been successfully treated via direct nasal drainage. We advocate careful nasal evaluation in cases of congenital lacrimal sac mucoceles to determine whether intranasal extension is common and whether intranasal drainage can be curative.

Topics: Drainage; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Mucocele; Nose; Ultrasonography

Endoscopy of the nose is a recently-adopted supplementary procedure for examining the tear drainage system. This examination is performed under local anesthesia with the patient on the operating table. We use a Hopkins endoscope with 30 degrees and 70 degrees deflections, diameter 2.7 mm and 4 mm. Endoscopy prior to dacryocystorhinostomy enables the examiner to judge whether the nasal cavity is large enough for an osteotomy. The orifice of the nasolacrimal duct is visible directly through the endoscope, so that the dye test can be rendered fairly objective. Endoscopy also enables the course of healing of the nasal ostium after surgery to be studied. We observed complications, such as granular tissue and synechiae developing between the posterior flap of the nasal mucosa, the middle turbinate and the nasal septum. Granulation tissue may be removed under endoscopic control. If an intubation of the lacrimal system is attempted, it may be easier to find the end of the steel probe exiting into the nose under endoscopic observation. If the inferior turbinate is impacted with the nasal floor, it may be impossible to find the probe under the inferior turbinate without endoscopic control. Finally, during lacrimal duct probing in infants, one can check whether the probe is correctly sited. Perforations created by probing can be recognized and avoided.

Topics: Dacryocystorhinostomy; Endoscopes; Endoscopy; Humans; Infant; Intubation; Lacrimal Apparatus; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Lacrimal Duct Obstruction; Nose; Postoperative Complications

Conjunctivorhinostomy, a surgical technique for the control of epiphora, was developed for use in the dog and cat. The method was performed 32 times in 21 animals, with varying degrees of success. It was concluded that the technique has potential as an effective procedure.

Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Conjunctiva; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Intubation; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Methods; Nasal Cavity; Nose; Orbit; Postoperative Care; Postoperative Complications; Tears

Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Nasal Cavity; Nose; Time Factors

Topics: Dry Eye Syndromes; Humans; Keratoconjunctivitis; Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca; Lacrimal Apparatus; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Nose; Turbinates

Topics: Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Lacrimal Duct Obstruction; Nose; Nose Deformities, Acquired; Puberty; Sexual Maturation

Topics: Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Nocardia; Nocardia asteroides; Nocardia Infections; Nose

Topics: Blepharospasm; Eye Diseases; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Nose; Optic Atrophy; Reflexotherapy; Therapeutics; Trachoma