phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Kidney-Neoplasms

Beta-myrcene, an acyclic unsubstituted monoterpene, and the essential oils which contain it are used as intermediates in the production of terpene alcohols (geraniol, nerol, and linalool), which, in turn, serve as intermediates in the production of aroma and flavor chemicals. Thus beta-myrcene is used widely in cosmetics, soaps, and detergents and as a flavoring additive in food and beverages. Beta-myrcene is also the major constituent of hop and bay oils, which are used in the manufacture of alcoholic beverages. Beta-myrcene was nominated for study by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences based on its high production volume, high level of human exposure, and structural relationship to d-limonene, which induced neoplasms in the kidneys of male rats in association with hyaline droplet nephropathy (NTP, 1990). Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were administered beta-myrcene (greater than 90% pure) by gavage for 3 months or 2 years. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes. 3-MONTH STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were administered 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 g beta-myrcene/kg body weight in corn oil by gavage, 5 days per week for 14 weeks. Additional groups of 10 male and 10 female special study rats were administered the same doses for 23 days. All core study rats in the 4 g/kg groups died during the first week of the study except one male that died on day 11. One to three rats in the 1 and 2 g/kg groups and one 0.5 g/kg male died by week 10 of the study. One 2 g/kg female died during the last week of the study. Except for lesion incidence data in groups administered 2 g/kg or less, data from rats that died early were excluded from the analysis and summary tables. Mean body weights were significantly decreased in male rats in the 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg groups. Special study rats in the 4 g/kg groups died by the end of the first week. Dose-related clinical findings in animals that died early included thinness, lethargy, abnormal breathing, and ruffled fur. Right kidney and liver weights of dosed males and females were generally significantly greater than those of the vehicle controls. In special study rats evaluated on day 23, the incidences and severities of chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN) and renal tubule degeneration were increased in 2 g/kg males. At the end of the 3-month study, the incidences of renal tubule necrosis were. beta-myrcene did not show evidence of genotoxicity in assays conducted by the NTP. No mutagenicity was observed in any of several strains of Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli in two independent Ames assays conducted with and without exogenous metabolic activation. In addition, no significant increase in frequency of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes, biomarkers of chromosomal damage, was observed in male or female mice administered beta-myrcene for 3 months by gavage.. Under the conditions of these 2-year gavage studies, there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of beta-myrcene in male F344/N rats based on increased incidences of renal tubule neoplasms. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of beta-myrcene in female F344/N rats based on increased incidences of renal tubule adenoma. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of beta-myrcene in male B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of hepatocellular adenoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatoblastoma. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of beta-myrcene in female B6C3F1 mice based on marginally increased incidences of hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma. Administration of beta-myrcene induced nonneoplastic lesions in the kidney of male and female rats, nose of male rats, and liver of male and female mice. Synonyms: 2-Methyl-6-methylene-2,7-octadiene; 7-methyl-3-methylene-1,6-octadiene; myrcene.

Topics: Acyclic Monoterpenes; Adenoma; Animals; Carcinogenicity Tests; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Female; Hepatoblastoma; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Neoplasms; Liver Neoplasms; Longevity; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Monoterpenes; Mutagenicity Tests; Neoplasms, Experimental; Nose; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Toxicity Tests, Chronic

Ultrasound is commonly performed to diagnose pathological processes of the neck and the salivary glands. In contrast, pathological changes of the sinuses and the bony structures of the face are only rarely examined sonographically. This paper deals with the diagnostic scope of ultrasound in the case of orbital and nasal fractures as well as for cases of sinus pathology excluding acute sinusitis. 51 patients with different diseases of this area were examined using US and X-ray or CT scan. Fractures of the nose could all be diagnosed correctly by ultrasound, which is of clinical importance if children or pregnant patients are examined. Blow-out fractures of the orbit were not detected. In contrast, pathological changes of the orbit itself could be distinguished sufficiently well from those infiltrating the orbit and originating from the sinuses. Real-time examination allows the detection of infiltration of orbital muscles and the bulb of the eye better than any other imaging method.

Topics: Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Nose; Nose Diseases; Nose Neoplasms; Paranasal Sinus Diseases; Paranasal Sinuses; Reproducibility of Results; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Ultrasonography

Topics: Aged; Biopsy; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Nose; Nose Neoplasms