phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Inflammation

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a heterogenous group of inflammatory conditions impacting the nose and paranasal sinuses. Our understanding of the underlying pathobiology of CRSwNP has substantially improved due to ongoing translational research efforts. Advances in treatment options, including targeted respiratory biologic therapy for CRSwNP, allow for more personalized approaches for CRSwNP patient care. Patients with CRSwNP are typically classified to one or more endotype based on the presence of type 1, type 2, and type 3 inflammation. This review will discuss recent advances in our understanding of CRSwNP and how this may impact current and future treatment approaches for patients with CRSwNP.

Topics: Chronic Disease; Humans; Inflammation; Nasal Polyps; Nose; Phenotype; Sinusitis

Diagnosis in rhinology is currently based on the concept of inflammation (chronic rhinosinusitis [CRS]) or the clinical concept of chronic nasal dysfunction (CND). The complementarity between these two approaches can be discussed by a critical review of the literature structured by the analysis of the fundamental and diagnostic bases and the therapeutic implications linked to each. The concept of CRS is based on the anatomical continuity of the nasal and sinus respiratory mucosa and molecular biology data, seeking to analyze the mechanisms of chronic inflammation and to identify proteins and biomarkers involved in the different supposed endotypes of chronic inflammation of this mucosa. The concept of CND seeks to analyze medical, instrumental or surgical diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, taking account of both inflammatory and non-inflammatory causes impacting the anatomy or physiology of each of the three noses (olfactory, respiratory and sinus) that make up the mid-face sinonasal organ of evolution-development (Evo-Devo) theory. Thus, the concept of CRS offers an endotypic approach, based on biological characterization of mucosal inflammation, while the concept of CND offers a compartmentalized phenotypic and pathophysiological approach to sinonasal diseases. The joint contribution of these two concepts in characterizing nasal functional pathology could in future improve the medical service provided to patients.

Topics: Chronic Disease; Humans; Inflammation; Nasal Polyps; Nose; Rhinitis; Sinusitis

Along with playing vital roles in pathogen exclusion and immune system priming, the upper airways (UAs) and their microbiota are essential for myriad physiological functions such as conditioning and transferring inhaled air. Dysbiosis, a microbial imbalance, is linked with various diseases and significantly impedes the quality of one's life. Daily inhaled exposures and/or underlying conditions contribute to adverse changes to the UA microbiota. Such variations in the microbial community exacerbate UA and pulmonary disorders via modulating inflammatory and immune pathways. Hence, exploring the UA microbiota's role in maintaining homeostasis is imperative. The microbial composition and subsequent relationship with airborne exposures, inflammation, and disease are crucial for strategizing innovating UA diagnostics and therapeutics. The development of a healthy UA microbiota early in life contributes to normal respiratory development and function in the succeeding years. Although different UA cavities present a unique microbial profile, geriatrics have similar microbes across their UAs. This lost community segregation may contribute to inflammation and disease, as it stimulates disadvantageous microbial-microbial and microbial-host interactions. Varying inflammatory profiles are associated with specific microbial compositions, while the same is true for many disease conditions and environmental exposures. A shift in the microbial composition is also detected upon the administration of numerous therapeutics, highlighting other beneficial and adverse side effects. This review examines the role of the UA microbiota in achieving homeostasis, and the impact on the UAs of environmental airborne pollutants, inflammation, and disease.

Topics: Dysbiosis; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Inflammation; Microbiota; Nose

Release of histamine from mast cells and basophils in inflammatory diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses has been demonstrated in allergic and non-allergic processes.. A selective literature search was conducted in PubMed and Medline, and publications in German-language journals were additionally analyzed.. The histamine receptors H. H

Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Inflammation; Nose; Paranasal Sinuses; Receptors, Histamine; Receptors, Histamine H4

To date, topical therapies guarantee a better delivery of high concentrations of pharmacologic agents to the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT). The use of topical drugs, which are able to reduce mucosal inflammation and to improve healing tissues, can represent a relevant therapeutic advance. Topical sodium hyaluronate (SH) has recently been recognized as adjuvant treatment in the chronic inflammatory disease of the UADT.. The aim of our work was to review the published literature regarding all the potential therapeutic effects of SH in the chronic inflammatory disease of UADT.. Relevant published studies were searched in Pubmed, Google Scholar, Ovid using keywords ("sodium hyaluronate" and "upper airways") or Medical Subject Headings.. At the end of our selection process, sixteen publications have been included. Six of them in the post-operative period of nasal-sinus surgery, 2 of them in pediatric patients affected by recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, 4 of them in reducing symptoms and preventing exacerbations of chronic upper airways in adult population, 4 of them in patients with chronic inflammatory disease of UADT, including gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD).. Topical administration of SH plays a pivotkey role in the postoperative phase of patients undergoing FESS and nasal surgery, and positive results are generally observed in all the patients suffering from UADT chronic inflammatory disease.

Topics: Adult; Child; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Hyaluronic Acid; Inflammation; Mucous Membrane; Nose; Paranasal Sinuses; Respiratory System; Wound Healing

Although nasal allergy has been prominent in allergy research, ocular allergy is increasingly recognized as a distinct symptom complex that imposes its own disease burden and reduction in patients' quality of life. In the past year, knowledge of the relationships between allergic conjunctivitis and allergic rhinitis has increased. Allergic conjunctivitis is highly prevalent and has a close epidemiologic relationship with allergic rhinitis. Both conditions also exhibit similar pathophysiologic mechanisms. Pathways of communication are thought to increase the likelihood of an inflammatory reaction at both sites following allergen exposure of nasal or ocular tissue. Clinical trials of intranasal therapies have demonstrated efficacy in allergic conjunctivitis and rhinitis. Newer intranasal steroids decrease ocular symptoms, potentially achieving efficacy by suppressing the naso-ocular reflex, downregulation of inflammatory cell expression, or restoration of nasolacrimal duct patency. Proposed pathophysiologic interactions between allergic rhinitis and ocular allergy underscore the need for therapies with efficacy in both symptom sets.

Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Allergens; Clinical Trials as Topic; Comorbidity; Conjunctivitis, Allergic; Eye; Humans; Inflammation; Nasolacrimal Duct; Nose; Rhinitis; Steroids; Treatment Outcome

It has been a long lasting question that although a similar peripheral allergen-specific immune response has been observed, why some patients show only atopic dermatitis, rhinitis and asthma alone or their combinations. The answer resides in the propensity of resident tissue cells and local antigen-presenting cells and T cells for developing an allergic inflammatory immune response. Antigen-presenting cells introduce processed allergens to T helper lymphocytes, where a decision of developing different types of T cell immunity is given under the influence of several cytokines, chemokines, costimulatory signals and regulatory T cells.. We focused in this review article on effector T cell subsets, which have been recently described such as Th9, Th17 cells and Th22 cells, which are characterized by their IL-9 and IL-10, IL-17 (or IL-17A) and IL-22 expression, respectively together with other proinflammatory cytokines, which coordinate local tissue inflammation. Both naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and inducible populations of allergen-specific, IL-10-secreting Treg type 1 cells inhibit allergen-specific effector cells and have been shown to play a central role in the maintenance of peripheral homeostasis and the establishment of controlled immune responses in allergic inflammatory tissues.. Better understanding and characterization of newly described effector cell subsets and their interaction between antigen presenting cells and resident tissue cells will enlighten our knowledge on the mechanisms of allergic diseases.

Topics: Allergens; CD4 Antigens; Cytokines; Dermatitis, Atopic; Disease Progression; Homeostasis; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit; Lung; Nose; T-Lymphocyte Subsets; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; Th1-Th2 Balance

Topics: Bronchi; Humans; Inflammation; Nose; Respiratory Hypersensitivity

Afferent nerves, derived from the trigeminal ganglion, and postganglionic autonomic nerves, derived from sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia expressing many different neurotransmitters, innervate the nose. Reflexes that serve to optimize the air-conditioning function of the nose by altering sinus blood flow, or serve to protect the nasal mucosal surface by mucus secretion, vasodilatation, and sneezing, can be initiated by a variety of stimuli, including allergen, cold air, and chemical irritation. Activation of nasal afferent nerves can also have profound effects on respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, and airway caliber (the diving response). Dysregulation of the nerves in the nose plays an integral role in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. Axon reflexes can precipitate inflammatory responses in the nose, resulting in plasma extravasation and inflammatory cell recruitment, while allergic inflammation can produce neuronal hyper-responsiveness. Targeting the neuronal dysregulation in the nose may be beneficial in treating upper airway disease.

Topics: Animals; Humans; Inflammation; Nasal Mucosa; Neurons, Afferent; Neurons, Efferent; Neurotransmitter Agents; Nose; Reflex; Respiratory System; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal; Vasomotor System

Perennial rhinitis and asthma are clinical syndromes representing a range of overlapping pathologies; accurate classification should therefore precede any comparison. Although the sinonasal cavities, trachea and bronchi have a common respiratory mucosa, there are also anatomical differences. For example, the nose has a capacitance vessel network and the lower airways possess smooth muscle, both of which are responsive to neurohumoral influences. The prevalence of rhinitis and asthma has increased over the last three decades. Rhinitis occurs in around 75% of allergic asthmatics while 20% of perennial allergic rhinitics develop asthma. Eosinophils, and their associated proteins and cytokines, may play a central role in both perennial rhinitis and asthma with and without atopy. The characteristic pathology of asthma can be summarized as a chronic, desquamating, eosinophilic bronchitis. Non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia is recognized, but without consistent evidence of epithelial damage. Eosinophils are also present in rhinosinusitis with polyposis, particularly in patients with aspirin sensitivity, in whom asthma also often occurs. Increased mast cell activation and mediator release is evident in both perennial rhinitis and asthma following allergen challenge. The importance of mast cells in non-atopic asthma and polyposis is also recognized. Adhesion molecules may also be upregulated, with an increased number and activation of TH2 lymphocytes. However, allergen-resultant T-cell activation may be less marked in the nose than in the lung. Autonomic imbalance also plays a role in both conditions via changes in neural tone to effector tissues, release of neuropeptides, and interplay with cellular recruitment. Pharmacological manipulation of rhinitis and asthma also illustrates the pathological similarities and differences.

Topics: Asthma; Autonomic Nervous System; Bronchi; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Eosinophils; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Inflammation; Lung; Nose; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial; Sinusitis; Trachea

A greater understanding of the basic mechanisms of allergic inflammation is pertinent to the development of new treatments. Previous studies have focused on the role of mediators of hypersensitivity and effector cells, including mast cells and eosinophils. Recent evidence suggests that IgE-dependent activation and tissue eosinophilia are under the local regulation of distinct cytokines. Originally described as products from T lymphocytes, these peptide messengers are produced by alternative cells, including mast cells, eosinophils and the respiratory epithelium. In vitro studies in murine models and using cloned human T lymphocytes indicate the preferential production of "Th2-type" cytokines, including interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-5. This review considers the evidence from in vivo studies in humans that "Th2-type" cytokines have a primary role in orchestrating both IgE-dependent events and local tissue eosinophilia. Novel therapeutic approaches might include a broad strategy directed against T lymphocytes, including the use of immunosuppressive agents or anti CD4 antibodies or more precise targeting of IL-4 and/or IL-5.

Topics: Animals; Bronchi; Cytokines; Eosinophils; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Inflammation; Nose; Skin; T-Lymphocytes

Both for the nose and the lower airways there is an extensive subepithelial capillary network. That for the nose is fenestrated, and this is true for the tracheobronchial tree of rats, guinea pigs, and hamsters, and for that of human asthmatics. However, healthy humans, dogs, and sheep have capillaries without fenestrations except for those close to neuroepithelial bodies and submucosal glands. Deeper in the mucosa there is a capacitance system of vessels, conspicuous in the nose but present also in the lower airways of rabbits and sheep and, to a lesser extent, in those of dogs and humans. Both for the nose and the lower airways, parasympathetic nerves are vasodilator, sympathetic nerves are vasoconstrictor, and sensory nerves are able to release dilator neuropeptides. Most inflammatory and immunologic mediators are vasodilator. A conspicuous difference between the nasal and lower airway vasculatures is the presence of arteriovenous anastomoses only in the former. Countercurrent mechanisms also exist in the nose to increase its efficiency in air conditioning, but they have not been established for the trachea. The pulmonary vasculature could be part of such a system for the bronchi. Distension of the airway vasculature thickens the mucosa, probably both by vascular distension and by edema formation. The latter can lead to exudation into the airway lumen. These processes have not been well quantitated, and the balance sheet of capillary and capacitance vessel volumes, interstitial liquid volume, and exudate volume needs to be worked out in physiologic and pathologic conditions.

Topics: Air; Animals; Blood Flow Velocity; Bronchi; Cold Temperature; Dogs; Edema; Humans; Humidity; Inflammation; Microcirculation; Mucous Membrane; Nose; Pharmacokinetics; Sheep; Trachea; Vasoconstriction; Vasodilation

Topics: Cysts; Ethmoid Bone; Ethmoid Sinus; Frontal Sinus; Granulation Tissue; Humans; Inflammation; Maxillary Sinus; Methods; Nasal Polyps; Nose; Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms; Paranasal Sinuses; Postoperative Complications; Radiography; Sinusitis; Wound Healing

Topics: Animals; Anura; Denervation; Dogs; Electrophysiology; Epithelium; Inflammation; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Regeneration; Neurons; Neurosurgery; Nose; Olfactory Nerve; Rabbits; Rats; Sulfates; Zinc

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Although impairment of mucociliary clearance contributes to severe morbidity and mortality in people with CF, a clear understanding of the pathophysiology is lacking. This is, in part, due to the absence of clinical imaging techniques capable of capturing CFTR-dependent functional metrics at the cellular level. Here, we report the clinical translation of a 1-μm resolution micro-optical coherence tomography (μOCT) technology to quantitatively characterize the functional microanatomy of human upper airways. Using a minimally invasive intranasal imaging approach, we performed a clinical study on age- and sex-matched CF and control groups. We observed delayed mucociliary transport rate at the cellular level, depletion of periciliary liquid layer, and prevalent loss of ciliation in subjects with CF. Distinctive morphological differences in mucus and various forms of epithelial injury were also revealed by μOCT imaging and had prominent effects on the mucociliary transport apparatus. Elevated mucus reflectance intensity in CF, a proxy for viscosity in situ, had a dominant effect. These results demonstrate the utility of μOCT to determine epithelial function and monitor disease status of CF airways on a per-patient basis, with applicability for other diseases of mucus clearance.

Topics: Case-Control Studies; Cilia; Cystic Fibrosis; Granulocytes; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Inflammation; Mucociliary Clearance; Mucus; Nose; Tomography, Optical Coherence

The role of nasal and fecal microbiota in viral respiratory infections has not been established. We collected nasal swabs and washes, and fecal samples in a clinical study assessing the effect of probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 on experimental rhinovirus infection. The nasal and fecal microbiota were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The resulting data were compared with nasal inflammatory marker concentrations, viral load, and clinical symptoms. By using unsupervised clustering, the nasal microbiota divided into six clusters. The clusters predominant of Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium/Alloiococcus, Moraxella, and Pseudomonadaceae/Mixed had characteristic inflammatory marker and viral load profiles in nasal washes. The nasal microbiota clusters of subjects before the infection associated with the severity of clinical cold symptoms during rhinovirus infection. Rhinovirus infection and probiotic intervention did not significantly alter the composition of nasal or fecal microbiota. Our results suggest that nasal microbiota may influence the virus load, host innate immune response, and clinical symptoms during rhinovirus infection, however, further studies are needed.

Topics: Bacteria; Biodiversity; Biomarkers; Cluster Analysis; Feces; Humans; Inflammation; Microbiota; Nose; Picornaviridae Infections; Rhinovirus; Viral Load; Young Adult

Allergen-specific immunotherapy is the only causative treatment of IgE-mediated allergic disorders. The most common administration route is subcutaneous, which may necessitate more than 50 allergen injections during 3 to 5 years. Recent evidence suggests that direct intralymphatic injections could yield faster beneficial results with considerably lower allergen doses and markedly reduced numbers of injections.. To evaluate the effects of intralymphatic allergen-specific immunotherapy in pollen-allergic patients.. In an open pilot investigation followed by a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, patients with allergic rhinitis were treated with 3 intralymphatic inguinal injections of ALK Alutard (containing 1000 SQ-U birch pollen or grass pollen) or placebo (ALK diluent). Clinical pre- and posttreatment parameters were assessed, the inflammatory cell content in nasal lavage fluids estimated, and the activation pattern of peripheral T cells described.. All patients tolerated the intralymphatic immunotherapy (ILIT) treatment well, and the injections did not elicit any severe adverse event. Patients receiving active treatment displayed an initial increase in allergen-specific IgE level and peripheral T-cell activation. A clinical improvement in nasal allergic symptoms upon challenge was recorded along with a decreased inflammatory response in the nose. In addition, these patients reported an improvement in their seasonal allergic disease. No such changes were seen in the placebo group.. Although this study is based on a limited number of patients, ILIT with grass-pollen or birch-pollen extracts appears to reduce nasal allergic symptoms without causing any safety problems. Hence, ILIT might constitute a less time-consuming and more cost-effective alternative to conventional subcutaneous allergen-specific immunotherapy.

Topics: Adult; Allergens; Betula; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Desensitization, Immunologic; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Injections, Intralymphatic; Leukocyte Count; Lymphocyte Activation; Male; Middle Aged; Nasal Lavage Fluid; Nose; Pilot Projects; Pollen; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) can cause undesirable nasal symptoms, such as congestion to obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) patients, whose symptoms can be attenuated by the addition of heated humidification. However, neither the nature of nasal symptoms nor the effect of heated humidification on nasal pathophysiology and pathology are convincingly known. 20 patients with OSA on nasal CPAP who exhibited symptomatic nasal obstruction were randomised to receive either 3 weeks of CPAP treatment with heated humidification or 3 weeks of CPAP treatment with sham-heated humidification, followed by 3 weeks of the opposite treatment, respectively. Nasal symptom score, nasal resistance, nasal lavage interleukin-6, interleukin-12 and tumour necrosis factor-α and nasal mucosa histopathology were assessed at baseline and after each treatment arm. Heated humidification in comparison with sham-heated humidification was associated with decrease in nasal symptomatology, resistance and lavage cytokines, and attenuation of inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis of the nasal mucosa. In conclusion, nasal obstruction of OSA patients on CPAP treatment is inflammatory in origin and the addition of heated humidification decreases nasal resistance and mucosal inflammation.

Topics: Aged; Biopsy; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Female; Humans; Humidity; Inflammation; Interleukin-12; Interleukin-6; Male; Middle Aged; Mucous Membrane; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

The extended endonasal approach has been utilized in the resection of anterior skull base lesions in the pediatric population. There are unique challenges to these patients in the post-operative setting, including patient compliance with medical therapy and post-operative debridements, and a smaller nasal airway that may increase propensity toward scarring. Our objective for this study is to evaluate the incidence of post-operative radiographic inflammation in this patient population using the Lund-Mackay (LM) score.. A single-center, retrospective review of pediatric patients undergoing endoscopic approach to the skull base between 2009 and 2021 was performed. Demographic and clinicopathologic data and pre- and post-operative imaging were analyzed. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple pairwise comparisons statistical tests were used to compare mean LM scores between groups.. Seventy-two patients (52 males, 20 females) were identified with a median follow-up of 27 months. All patients underwent an extended endonasal approach for resection of skull base lesions. The mean LM scores were compared between pre-operative MRI, first post-operative MRI > 30 days after surgery, and most recent post-operative MRI. One-way ANOVA was performed with significant differences noted between the groups (p < 0.001). Tukey multiple pairwise comparisons test was then performed and noted significant differences between the pre-operative and first post-operative LM (p < 0.0001) and the first post-operative and most recent LM (p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference noted between the pre-operative LM score and most recent LM score (p = 0.14).. Despite concerns regarding possible subsequent development of chronic rhinosinusitis following endoscopic skull base surgery in pediatric patients, the current study suggests that transient radiographic evidence of sinus inflammation can be seen up to six months postoperatively, which appears to resolve by approximately two years after surgery.. 4 Laryngoscope, 133:2014-2017, 2023.

Topics: Child; Endoscopy; Female; Humans; Incidence; Inflammation; Male; Nose; Retrospective Studies; Sinusitis; Skull Base

Frequent asthma exacerbators, defined as those experiencing more than 1 hospitalization in a year for an asthma exacerbation, represent an important subgroup of individuals with asthma. However, this group remains poorly defined and understudied in children.. Our aim was to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying asthma pathogenesis and exacerbation frequency.. We performed RNA sequencing of upper airway cells from both frequent and nonfrequent exacerbators enrolled in the Ohio Pediatric Asthma Repository.. Through molecular network analysis, we found that nonfrequent exacerbators display an increase in modules enriched for immune system processes, including type 2 inflammation and response to infection. In contrast, frequent exacerbators showed expression of modules enriched for nervous system processes, such as synaptic formation and axonal outgrowth.. These data suggest that the upper airway of frequent exacerbators undergoes peripheral nervous system remodeling, representing a novel mechanism underlying pediatric asthma exacerbation.

Topics: Asthma; Child; Disease Progression; Humans; Inflammation; Nose; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Transcriptome

New SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) and waning immunity illustrate that quick and easy-to-use agents are needed to prevent infection. To protect from viral transmission and subsequent inflammatory reactions, we applied GlyperA™, a novel antimicrobial formulation that can be used as mouth gargling solution or as nasal spray, to highly differentiated human airway epithelia prior infection with Omicron VOCs BA.1 and BA.2. This formulation fully protected polarized human epithelium cultured in air-liquid interphase (ALI) from SARS-CoV-2-mediated tissue destruction and infection upon single application up to two days post infection. Moreover, inflammatory reactions induced by the Omicron VOCs were significantly lowered in tissue equivalents either pre-treated with the GlyperA™ solution, or even when added simultaneously. Thus, the GlyperA™ formulation significantly shielded epithelial integrity, successfully blocked infection with Omicron and release of viral particles, and decreased intracellular complement C3 activation within human airway epithelial cell cultures. Crucially, our in vitro data imply that GlyperA™ may be a simple tool to prevent from SARS-CoV-2 infection independent on the circulating variant via both, mouth and nose.

Topics: COVID-19; Epithelium; Humans; Inflammation; Nose; SARS-CoV-2

Allergic rhinitis is the most common allergic disease, with a prevalence up to 40% in the general population. Allergic rhinitis requires daily treatment to block inflammatory mediators and suppress the inflammatory response. However, these medications may have harmful side effects. Photobiomodulation as a treatment modality to reduce inflammation has been beneficial in many chronic disorders, yet therapy has not been US Food and Drug Administration approved for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. The LumiMed Nasal Device was designed to address the limitations associated with the treatment of allergic rhinitis with photobiomodulation. This in-office study hopes to show efficacy, usability, and comfortability of the LumiMed Nasal Device.. Twenty patients with allergic rhinitis were treated during high allergy season with LumiMed Nasal Device. The average age of patients was 35 years (10-75); 11 were female and 9 were male. The population's ethnicities were white (n = 11), Black (n = 6), Oriental (n = 2), and Iranian (n = 1). Patients were treated with twice-daily dosing, 10 seconds in each nostril, for 10 consecutive days. After 10 days, patients were evaluated for symptom relief, device comfort and device ease of use. The Total Nasal Symptom Score was used to assess severity of main symptoms of allergic rhinitis. The sum of Total Nasal Symptom Scores for each symptom category was calculated (total possible scores per patient were 0-9). Rhinorrhea/nasal secretions, nasal congestion, and nasal itching/sneezing were evaluated on a scale of 0-3 (0 no symptoms, 1 mild symptoms, 2 moderate symptoms, 3 severe symptoms). Device comfort was evaluated on a scale of 0-3 (0 no discomfort, 1 mild discomfort, 2 moderate discomfort, 3 severe discomfort). Device ease of use was evaluated on a scale of 0-3 (0 very easy, 1 somewhat difficult, 2 difficult, 3 very difficult).. The results from these case studies indicated that of the 20 patients in this case study, 100% of patients experienced improvement in overall Total Nasal Symptom Score after using LumiMed Nasal Device. Of those patients, 40% brought their Total Nasal Symptom Score down to 0. Furthermore, 95% felt the LumiMed Nasal Device was comfortable to use, while 85% of patients felt the LumiMed Nasal Device was easy to use.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Iran; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Rhinitis, Allergic; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal; United States; Young Adult

Topics: Chronic Disease; Humans; Inflammation; Nasal Polyps; Nitric Oxide; Nose; Rhinitis; Sinusitis

Topics: Humans; Inflammation; Nasal Polyps; Nitric Oxide; Nose; Sinusitis

Abnormal remodeling of the nasal mucosal epithelium and persistent chronic inflammation are important pathological features of chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs). In order to explore the molecular regulation mechanism of CRSwNPs, we performed iTRAQ protein profile analysis on 18 clinical samples collected (9 patients with nasal polyps and 9 healthy patients) and found that S100A11, a Ca2+-binding protein, was significantly higher in CRSwNPs. Subsequently, we demonstrated that S100A11 was mainly located in nasal mucosal epithelial cells and is up-regulated in human nasal epithelial stem/progenitor cells (hNESPCs) from CRSwNPs patients and CRSwNPs epithelial cell model established with S. aureus. To determine the functional role of S100A11 and the signal pathways in epithelial cells, we constructed S100A11 overexpression vector, small interfering RNA, recombinant protein-S100A11 (rh-S100A11) and RAGE inhibitor (sRAGE). Results showed that upregulation of S100A11 inhibited epithelial cell viability and promoted apoptosis and inflammation, in addition, S100A11 can regulate the signal homeostasis of AMPK-STAT3 via RAGE mediation in epithelial cells. Our findings suggest that S100A11 is involved in CRSwNPs epithelial tissue remodeling and inflammatory response regulation and may be a useful target for CRSwNPs therapy.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Antigens, Neoplasm; Apoptosis; Cell Line; Cell Proliferation; Child; Chronic Disease; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Inflammation; Middle Aged; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Models, Biological; Nasal Polyps; Nose; S100 Proteins; Signal Transduction; Sinusitis; Staphylococcus aureus; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Up-Regulation; Young Adult

Small animal models are of crucial importance for assessing COVID-19 countermeasures. Common laboratory mice would be well-suited for this purpose but are not susceptible to infection with wild-type SARS-CoV-2. However, the development of mouse-adapted virus strains has revealed key mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that increase infectivity, and interestingly, many of these mutations are also present in naturally occurring SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. This suggests that these variants might have the ability to infect common laboratory mice. Herein we show that the SARS-CoV-2 beta variant attains infectibility to BALB/c mice and causes pulmonary changes within 2-3 days post infection, consistent with results seen in other murine models of COVID-19, at a reasonable virus dose (2 × 10

Topics: Animals; Brain; COVID-19; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Inflammation; Lung; Male; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Nose; Pulmonary Alveoli; SARS-CoV-2

Neutrophils are generally considered as short-lived, homogenous, and terminally differentiated phagocytes that play crucial roles in conquering infection, although they occasionally cause severe collateral tissue damage or chronic inflammation. Recent reports have indicated that neutrophils also play a protective role in inflammation resolution and tissue repair. However, how terminally differentiated neutrophils have diverse functions remains unclear. Here, we show that neutrophils undergo conversion into Ly6G

Topics: Animals; Antigens, Ly; Biomarkers; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Count; Cell Proliferation; Cell Shape; Eosinophils; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Inflammation; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuroepithelial Cells; Neurogenesis; Neurons; Neutrophils; Nose; Olfactory Bulb; Sialic Acid Binding Immunoglobulin-like Lectins

Recently, a novel PCV species (PCV3) has been detected in cases associated with sow mortality, lesions consistent with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, reproductive failure and multisystemic inflammation. The pathogenesis and clinical significance of PCV3 is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the immunopathogenesis of PCV3 in CD/CD pigs. Four treatment groups, PCV3 (

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Circoviridae Infections; Circovirus; Immunoglobulin G; Inflammation; Nose; Swine; Swine Diseases; Viremia; Virus Replication; Virus Shedding

Feline lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis (FLPCR) is a rare disease with an unclear pathogenesis characterized by lymphoplasmacytic (LPC) inflammation and progressive tissue destruction. Aims were to evaluate specific FLPCR clinical and pathological features to gain insights into disease pathogenesis. Signalment, clinical signs, serology and 47 pin. h biopsies were retrospectively collected from 33 FLPCR and 3 normal cats. Microscopical lesions and immunohistochemistry results utilizing anti-CD3, anti-CD20, anti-FOXP3, anti-feline-IgA, IgG, IgE and anti-FeLV (p27 and gp70), FIV, FCV and, FHV were scored and most were analyzed statistically. The majority of cats were domestic short haired (26/31) with median age of 11 years and a 0.35 F/M ratio. Serology evidenced 3/22 FIV and 1/22 FeLV positive cats. Immunohistochemistry evidenced 1/33 FeLV-p27 positive cats. Common clinical signs were sneezing (19/24 [79 %]), mucous discharge (13/24 [54 %]) and stertor (10/24 [42 %]). In normal tissues, IgAs were expressed in mucin, apical and lateral cell membrane of columnar cells and in periglandular plasma cells. IgGs were expressed in 20-30 % of columnar cells. Number of clinical signs was statistically significantly higher in female cats (p < 0.0001) and was significantly correlated with chronicity (p = 0.004), and IgG scores (p = 0.01). LPC severity scores correlated positively with infiltration of neutrophils (p = 0.015), gland destruction (p = 0.019) and angiogenesis (p = 0.016) and negatively with fibrosis (p < 0.0001). LPC severity scores were also significantly associated to female sex (p = 0.01) and to IgA (p = 0.03), with higher IgA scores associated to lower LPC scores. FLPCR associated to disruption of mucosal defense mechanisms generating cycles of tissue inflammation, tissue damage and repair with progressive loss of function independent from viral infections.

Topics: Animals; Biopsy; Cat Diseases; Cats; Female; Gene Expression; Immunity, Mucosal; Immunoglobulin A; Immunohistochemistry; Inflammation; Male; Mucous Membrane; Nose; Retrospective Studies; Rhinitis; Severity of Illness Index

Research conducted on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogenesis and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) generally focuses on the systemic host response, especially that generated by severely ill patients, with few studies investigating the impact of acute SARS-CoV-2 at the site of infection. We show that the nasal microbiome of SARS-CoV-2-positive patients (CoV

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Coinfection; COVID-19; Cross-Sectional Studies; DNA, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Inflammation; Male; Microbiota; Middle Aged; Nose; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; RNA-Seq; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; RNA, Viral; Transcriptome; Viral Load; Young Adult

A therapeutic strategy that can combat the multifaceted nature of neuroinflammation pathology was investigated. Thus, we fabricated PEG-PdLLA polymersomes and evaluated the efficacy in co-delivery of simvastatin (Sim, as a repurposed anti-inflammatory agent) with brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF, as an exogeneous trophic factor supplementation). Using LPS model of neuroinflammation, intranasal administration of combination drug-loaded polymersomes (containing both Sim and BDNF; Sim-BDNF-Ps) markedly down-regulated brain levels of cytokines compared to free drug and single-drug-loaded polymersomes. Further, Sim-BDNF-Ps effectively replenished brain level of BDNF that was depleted following neuroinflammation, resulting in a 2-fold BDNF increase versus untreated LPS control group. We found out that the efficiency of the combination drug-loaded polymersomes to suppress microglia activation in brain regions followed the order: frontal cortex > striatum > hippocampus. Our findings indicated that Sim-BDNF-Ps could effectively inhibit microglial-mediated inflammation as well as potentially resolve the neurotoxic microenvironment that is often associated with neuroinflammation.

Topics: Animals; Brain Diseases; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Cell Line; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Microglia; Nose; Simvastatin

Smoking cessation is the most effective measure for reducing the risk of smoking-related diseases. However, switching to less harmful products (modified-risk tobacco products [MRTP]) can be an alternative to help reduce the risk for adult smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke. In an 18-month chronic carcinogenicity/toxicity study in A/J mice (OECD Test Guideline 453), we assessed the aerosol of Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS 2.2), a candidate MRTP based on the heat-not-burn principle, compared with 3R4F cigarette smoke (CS). To capture toxicity- and disease-relevant mechanisms, we complemented standard toxicology endpoints with in-depth systems toxicology analyses. In this part of our publication series, we report on integrative assessment of the apical and molecular exposure effects on the respiratory tract (nose, larynx, and lungs). Across the respiratory tract, we found changes in inflammatory response following 3R4F CS exposure (eg, antimicrobial peptide response in the nose), with both shared and distinct oxidative and xenobiotic responses. Compared with 3R4F CS, THS 2.2 aerosol exerted far fewer effects on respiratory tract histology, including adaptive tissue changes in nasal and laryngeal epithelium and inflammation and emphysematous changes in the lungs. Integrative analysis of molecular changes confirmed the substantially lower impact of THS 2.2 aerosol than 3R4F CS on toxicologically and disease-relevant molecular processes such as inflammation, oxidative stress responses, and xenobiotic metabolism. In summary, this work exemplifies how apical and molecular endpoints can be combined effectively for toxicology assessment and further supports findings on the reduced respiratory health risks of THS 2.2 aerosol.

Topics: Aerosols; Animals; Endpoint Determination; Inflammation; Inhalation Exposure; Larynx; Lung; Mice; Nose; Respiratory Mucosa; Smoke; Tobacco Products; Toxicity Tests, Chronic

Intranasal administration of drugs is gaining popularity in medicine, and several animal models have been used to test the safety and efficacy of this delivery route. Nevertheless, the nasal anatomy of animals is different from humans, which can lead to pathological changes that stem from the delivery device and not the drug itself. Here, we report on nasal inflammation and ulceration in rabbits, secondary to the repeated trauma caused by the intranasal device. Similar changes were noted in the animals treated with the vehicle and with the tested drug, and therefore, these changes were not attributed to the drug itself. In some animals, superficial ulcer and stromal inflammation were noted in the eyes, secondary to nasal duct obstruction from the nasal inflammation. These observations emphasize the importance of proper interpretation of histopathological changes, attributed to trauma-induced pathological changes related to the handling of the animal and not to the tested product, which is the drug itself and the device that is optimized for clinical (human) use.

Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Humans; Inflammation; Nose; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Rabbits; Ulcer

Live biotherapeutic products (LBP) are emerging as alternative treatment strategies for chronic rhinosinusitis. The selection of interesting candidate LBPs often involves model systems that do not include the polymicrobial background (i.e. the host microbiota) in which they will be introduced. Here, we performed a screening in a simplified model system of upper respiratory epithelium to assess the effect of nasal microbiota composition on the ability to attach and grow of a potential LBP, Lacticaseibacillus casei AMBR2, in this polymicrobial background. After selecting the most permissive and least permissive donor, L. casei AMBR2 colonisation in their respective polymicrobial backgrounds was assessed in more physiologically relevant model systems. We examined cytotoxicity, epithelial barrier function, and cytokine secretion, as well as bacterial cell density and phenotypic diversity in differentiated airway epithelium based models, with or without macrophage-like cells. L. casei AMBR2 could colonize in the presence of both selected donor microbiota and increased epithelial barrier resistance in presence of donor-derived nasal bacteria, as well as anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion in the presence of macrophage-like cells. This study highlights the potential of L. casei AMBR2 as LBP and the necessity to employ physiologically relevant model systems to investigate host-microbe interaction in LBP research.

Topics: Cells, Cultured; Cytokines; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Immunity; Inflammation; Lacticaseibacillus casei; Macrophages; Microbiota; Nose; Respiratory Mucosa

The aim: Grounding on the electronic microscopy of PT make conclusions about the tonsil activity in adults depending on the accompanied pathology of nose and PS.. Materials and methods: Ultramicroscopic examination of 111 patients with PT hypertrophy aged 18-55 was done. Depending on the nose and PS pathology (inflammatory, non-inflammatory) patients' PS biopsic materials were distributed into 2 groups: 58 cases on inflammatory and 53 on non-inflammatory background. The control group consisted of 24 patients aged 18 without nose and PS pathology. The images of ultrathin PT sections were received with the help of transmission electronic microscope PEM - 125 with digital camera (SELMI, Sumy).. Results: Great variations in PT cell condition, depending on the pathology were distinguished. Features of the adenoiditis in inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases of nose and PS were proved.. Conclusions: 1. PT ultra-microscopy in control group shows great activity of lymphocytes and high energy exchange of cells, with prevailing B-lymphocyte population. 2. The complex of PT ultra structural changes while nose and PS inflammatory diseases shows the activation of immune reaction in competent cells with T-lymphocyte increase in patients older than 25, which witnesses chronic inflammation. 3. In group with nose and PT non-inflammatory diseases, activity of PT B-lymphocytes is unchanged accompanied by the T-lymphocytes growth, which is also characteristic for chronic inflammation.

Topics: Adenoids; Adolescent; Adult; Humans; Inflammation; Middle Aged; Nasal Cavity; Nose; Paranasal Sinuses; Young Adult

Accurate detection of human respiratory viral infections is highly topical. We investigated how strongly inflammatory biomarkers (FeNO, eosinophils, neutrophils, and cytokines in nasal lavage fluid) and lung function parameters change upon rhinovirus 16 infection, in order to explore their potential use for infection detection. To this end, within a longitudinal cohort study, healthy and mildly asthmatic volunteers were experimentally inoculated with rhinovirus 16, and time series of these parameters/biomarkers were systematically recorded and compared between the pre- and post-infection phases of the study, which lasted two months and one month, respectively. We found that the parameters'/biomarkers' ability to discriminate between the infected and the uninfected state varied over the observation time period. Consistently over time, the concentration of cytokines, in nasal lavage fluid, showed moderate to very good discrimination performance, thereby qualifying for disease progression monitoring, whereas lung function and FeNO, while quickly and non-invasively measurable using cheap portable devices (e.g., at airports), performed poorly.

Topics: Adult; Asthma; Biomarkers; Cytokines; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Nose; Picornaviridae Infections; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Function Tests; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Young Adult

Respiratory disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) who are prone to recurrent sinopulmonary infections, bronchiectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, and pulmonary failure. Upper airway infections are common in patients and S. pneumoniae is associated with these infections. We demonstrate here that the upper airway microbiome in patients with A-T is different from that to healthy controls, with S. pneumoniae detected largely in patients only. Patient-specific airway epithelial cells and differentiated air-liquid interface cultures derived from these were hypersensitive to infection which was at least in part due to oxidative damage since it was partially reversed by catalase. We also observed increased levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α (inflammasome-independent) and a decreased level of the inflammasome-dependent cytokine IL-β in patient cells. Further investigation revealed that the ASC-Caspase 1 signalling pathway was defective in A-T airway epithelial cells. These data suggest that the heightened susceptibility of these cells to S. pneumoniae infection is due to both increased oxidative damage and a defect in inflammasome activation, and has implications for lung disease in these patients.

Topics: Adolescent; Ataxia Telangiectasia; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; Case-Control Studies; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Child; Child, Preschool; Epithelial Cells; Female; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Inflammasomes; Inflammation; Lung; Male; Nose; Oxidative Stress; Pneumococcal Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is characterized by eosinophilic inflammation. However, the function and regulation of eosinophils in AR are largely unknown. This study aimed to explore the expression and role of interleukin-36 (IL-36) cytokines in AR.. Sixty AR patients and 20 control subjects were recruited in this study. The mRNA and protein expression of serum IL-36 family cytokines and IL-36R in AR were detected by quantitative RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA, respectively. IL-36R expression and regulation by eosinophils and the role of IL-36γ in the survival, adhesion, migration and activation of eosinophils were performed in purified eosinophils. Human nasal epithelial cell line was cultured and treated with different stimulators and IL-36γ was measured.. The mRNA and protein expression of serum IL-36 cytokines and IL-36R were significantly higher in AR compared with control, especially in asthmatic patients. Among the IL-36 cytokines, the expression of IL-36γ was the highest. The expression of IL-36R by eosinophils were significantly increased compared with normal controls and was up-regulated by recombinant IL-17, IL-25, IL-33 and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus group 1. The IL-36γ promote the survival, adhesion, migration and activation of eosinophils. Human nasal epithelial cells can secrete IL-36γ after treated with recombinant IL-17, IL-25, IL-33.. High expression of IL-36γ exaggerates eosinophilic inflammation in AR by promoting the survival, adhesion, and activation of eosinophils.

Topics: Adult; Case-Control Studies; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Eosinophils; Epithelial Cells; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-1; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Rhinitis, Allergic; RNA, Messenger; Young Adult

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a proposed risk factor for meningitis and other intracranial complications following the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach (TSA). Some have recommended staging TSA following surgery for CRS; however, delaying TSA has important ramifications. The objective of this study is to determine whether asymptomatic sinonasal inflammation (RSNI) on preoperative computed tomography scans, without clinical CRS, is associated with postoperative complications following TSA.. All consecutive TSA cases performed at a single tertiary care institution from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2017, were reviewed for patient demographics, prior surgery, presence of RSNI on preoperative computed tomography scan based on Lund-Mackay (LM) score, intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, and postoperative complications (postoperative CSF leak, bleeding, infection). The association between preoperative RSNI and postoperative complications was analyzed via multivariate logistic regression.. One hundred seventy-one cases of TSA were included with mean patient age of 52.6 years, 42.7% males, 18.1% revision cases, and mean LM score of 1.9 ± 2.7. Complications were identified in 9.9% of patients at the following rates: 5.3% postoperative CSF leak, 2.9% bleeding, and 1.8% infection (all sinusitis, no episodes of meningitis). Neither total LM score nor LM score > 5 (representative of clinically significant radiographic CRS) were predictors of any postoperative complication (both P > 0.05). Age, sex, revision status, intraoperative CSF leak, and total LM score were not independent predictors of any postoperative complication on multivariate analysis (all P > 0.05).. In asymptomatic patients, radiographic evidence of sinonasal inflammation is not associated with increased risk of complications following TSA.. 4 Laryngoscope, 129:1545-1548, 2019.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Asymptomatic Diseases; Chronic Disease; Endoscopy; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Nose; Paranasal Sinuses; Pituitary Diseases; Pituitary Gland; Postoperative Complications; Preoperative Period; Retrospective Studies; Rhinitis; Sinusitis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Treatment Outcome

Nasal chondrocytes (NCs) have gained increased recognition for cartilage tissue regeneration. To assess NCs as a source for cell therapy treatment of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, tissue-forming properties of NCs under physiological conditions mimicking the degenerated IVD were compared to those of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and articular chondrocytes (ACs), two cell sources presently used in clinical trials. Cells were cultured in a combination of low glucose, hypoxia, acidity and inflammation for 28 d. Depending on the conditions, cells were either cultured in the absence of instructive growth factors or underwent chondrogenic instructional priming by addition of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) for the first 7 d. Histology, immunohistochemistry, biochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses demonstrated limited cell maintenance and accumulation of cartilaginous extracellular matrix for MSCs in IVD conditions. ACs maintained a steady accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) throughout all non-acidic conditions, with and without priming, but could not synthesise type II collagen (Col2). NCs accumulated both GAGs and Col2 in all non-acidic conditions, independent of priming, whereas MSCs strongly diminished their GAG and Col2 accumulation in an inflamed environment. Supplementation with inflammatory cytokines or an acidic environment affected NCs to a lower extent than ACs or MSCs. The data, overall indicating that in an inflamed IVD environment NCs were superior to ACs and MSCs, encourage further assessment of NCs for treatment of degenerative disc disease.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biomarkers; Cartilage, Articular; Chondrocytes; Chondrogenesis; DNA; Extracellular Matrix; Female; Glucose; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; Inflammation; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration; Male; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Middle Aged; Nose; Nucleus Pulposus; Oxygen; Receptors, Cytokine; Transforming Growth Factor beta1; Young Adult

The airway is the major entry route of pathogens due to continuous gas exchange with the environment. In particular, the nasal epithelial layer is the common site of airborne mucotropic virus infections. The inflammatory response to such infections must be tightly controlled due to its non-specific nature. Unrestrained inflammation breaks down the physiological mucosal defense system and leads to secondary bacterial or fungal infections. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent inflammatory disease that compromises quality of life. In spite of its importance in the initiation of inflammation, the role of interferon signaling in nasal airway epithelial cells is largely unknown. We analyzed the expression of interferon signaling genes using clinical lavage specimens and nasal airway epithelial cells collected from CRS patients and controls. Basal expression of IFNAs, IKBKE, STAT1, and some CXC chemokines was elevated in samples from CRS patients. In subsequent in vitro studies, we found IKKε to be the key molecule and augmented CXCL10 secretion. Based on our findings and review of the literature, we hypothesized that high levels of IKKε might induce intractable inflammation via CXCL10. We tested the hypothesis in an animal model and found not only that IKKε induced severe eosinophilic inflammation with CXCL10 over-production, but also that inhibition of IKKε resolved the inflammation.

Topics: Animals; Chemokine CXCL10; Chronic Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Epithelial Cells; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; I-kappa B Kinase; Inflammation; Interferon-alpha; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Nude; Nose; Rhinitis; Sinusitis

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a type of respiratory disease closely associated with chronic inflammation. Esculetin is a natural coumarin derivative and has been reported to possess anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the roles of esculetin in AR have not been studied. In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of esculetin on AR using an in vitro model. The human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpC) were stimulated by histamine for 24 hours with or without the pretreatment of esculetin. The mRNA levels and production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and IL-8, as well as mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) were measured using qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. The results showed that esculetin suppressed histamine-induced expression and secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and MUC5AC in HNEpCs. Furthermore, we examined the effect of esculetin on NF-κB pathway by detecting the expression levels of NF-κB p65, p-p65 and IκBα using western blot analysis. Esculetin treatment suppressed the histamine-induced p-p65 expression and p-IκBα degradation. Inhibiting NF-κB pathway suppressed histamine-induced production of IL-6, IL-8, and MUC5AC in HNEpCs. These findings suggested that esculetin suppressed histamine-induced production of inflammatory cytokines and mucin in HNEpCs, which were partly mediated by the inhibition of NF-κB pathway.

Topics: Cell Line; Cytokines; Epithelial Cells; Gene Expression Regulation; Histamine; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Mucin 5AC; NF-kappa B; Nose; Umbelliferones

The current study introduces a new idea of utilising several bio/chemoinformatics tools in comparing two bio-similar natural molecules viz. curcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) in order to select a potential nose-to-brain remedy for Alzheimer disease. The comparison comprised several bio/chemo informatics tools. It encompassed all levels starting from loading the drug in a certain carrier; PLGA nanoparticles, to the biopharmaceutical level investigating the interaction with mucin and inhibition of P-gp blood-brain barrier efflux pumps. Finally, the therapeutic level was investigated by studying the interaction with pharmacological targets such as amyloid peptide plaques and cyclooxygenase2 enzyme responsible for the inflammatory reactions of the studied disease. The comparison revealed the superiority of curcumin over BDMC. Five new analogues were also hypothesised where diethoxybisdemethoxycurcumin was  recommended as a superior molecule. This work introduced the virtual utilisation of bio/chemo informatics tools as a reliable and economic alternative to the exhausting and resources-consuming wet-lab experimentation.

Topics: Alzheimer Disease; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; Brain; Computational Biology; Curcumin; Diarylheptanoids; Drug Carriers; Humans; Inflammation; Mucins; Nose

The skin is the first organ to be infected by the parasite in canine visceral leishmaniasis. The enzyme matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) acts towards degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and modulation of the inflammatory response against many kinds of injuries. The aims of this study were to evaluate the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 through immunohistochemistry and zymography on the skin (muzzle, ears, and abdomen) of dogs that were naturally infected by Leishmania spp. and to compare these results with immunodetection of the parasite and with alterations to the dermal ECM. Picrosirius red staining was used to differentiate collagen types I and III in three regions of the skin. The parasite load, intensity of inflammation, and production of MMP-2 (latent) and MMP-9 (active and latent) were higher in the ear and muzzle regions. MMP-9 (active) predominated in the infected group of dogs and its production was significantly different to that of the control group. Macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells predominated in the dermal inflammation and formed granulomas in association with degradation of mature collagen (type I) and with discrete deposition of young collagen (type III). This dermal change was more pronounced in dogs with high parasite load in the skin. Therefore, it was concluded that the greater parasite load and intensity of inflammation in the skin led consequently to increased degradation of mature collagen, caused by increased production of MMPs, particularly active MMP-9, in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. This host response profile possibly favors systemic dissemination of the parasite.

Topics: Abdomen; Animals; Collagen Type I; Collagen Type III; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Ear; Extracellular Matrix; Inflammation; Leishmania infantum; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Lymphocytes; Macrophages; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Mouth; Nose; Parasite Load; Plasma Cells; Skin

Background Dysfunctional innervation might contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), but the state of the axonal outgrowth signaling in CRSwNP is unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore the axonal outgrowth pathway-related protein expression in CRSwNP. Methods Institutional review board approved study in which tissue proteomes were compared between control and CRSwNP patients (n = 10/group) using an aptamer-based proteomic array and confirmed by whole transcriptomic analysis. Results Compared with controls, proteins associated with axonal guidance signaling pathway such as beta-nerve growth factor, semaphorin 3A, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1, Bcl-2, protein kinase C delta type, and Fyn were significantly decreased in patients with CRSwNP (fold change [FC] = -1.17, P = .002; FC = -1.09, P < .001; FC = -1.33, P < .001; FC = -1.31, P < .001; FC = -1.31, P = .004; and FC = -1.20, P = 0.012, respectively). In contrast, reticulon-4 receptor, an inhibitory factor, was significantly increased in patients with CRSwNP (FC = 1.25, P < .001). Furthermore, neuronal growth-associated proteins such as ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor subunit alpha, neuronal growth regulator 1, neuronal cell adhesion molecule, neural cell adhesion molecule L1, platelet-derived growth factor subunit A, and netrin-4 were all significantly decreased in patients with CRSwNP (FC = -1.25, P < .001; FC = -1.27, P = .002; FC = -1.65, P = .013; FC = -4.20, P < .001; FC = -1.28, P < .001; and FC = -2.31, P < .001, respectively). In contrast, tissue eosinophil count ( P < .001) and allergic inflammation factors such as IgE, periostin, and galectin-10 were all significantly increased in patients with CRSwNP (FC = 12.28, P < .001; FC = 3.95, P < .001; and FC = 2.44, P < .001, respectively). Furthermore, the log FC of the studied proteins expression significantly and positively correlated with log FC of their mRNA expression ( P < .001, r = .88). Conclusions Axonal guidance signaling and neural growth factors pathways proteins are significantly suppressed in eosinophilic CRSwNP.

Topics: Adult; Axon Guidance; Chronic Disease; Eosinophils; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Inflammation; Male; Middle Aged; Nasal Polyps; Nerve Growth Factors; Nogo Receptor 1; Nose; Proteome; Rhinitis; Signal Transduction; Sinusitis; Young Adult

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp (CRSwNP) patients are often characterized by asthma comorbidity and a type-2 inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa. The mucosal microbiota has been suggested to be implicated in the persistence of inflammation, but associations have not been well defined. To compare the bacterial communities of healthy subjects with CRSwNP patients, we collected nasal swabs from 17 healthy subjects, 21 CRSwNP patients without asthma (CRSwNP-A), and 20 CRSwNP patients with co-morbid asthma (CRSwNP+A). We analysed the microbiota using high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA. Bacterial communities were different between the three groups. Haemophilus influenzae was significantly enriched in CRSwNP patients, Propionibacterium acnes in the healthy group; Staphylococcus aureus was abundant in the CRSwNP-A group, even though present in 57% of patients. Escherichia coli was found in high amounts in CRSwNP+A patients. Nasal tissues of CRSwNP+A patients expressed significantly higher concentrations of IgE, SE-IgE, and IL-5 compared to those of CRSwNP-A patients. Co-cultivation demonstrated that P. acnes growth was inhibited by H. influenzae, E. coli and S. aureus. The nasal microbiota of healthy subjects are different from those of CRSwNP-A and CRSwNP+A patients. However, the most abundant species in healthy status could not inhibit those in CRSwNP disease.

Topics: Adult; Asthma; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Case-Control Studies; Chronic Disease; Dysbiosis; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Middle Aged; Nasal Polyps; Nose; Rhinitis; Sinusitis

Recent studies leveraging next-generation sequencing and functional approaches to understand the human microbiota have demonstrated the presence of diverse, niche-specific microbial communities at nearly every mucosal surface. These microbes contribute to the development and function of physiologic and immunological features that are key to host health status. Not surprisingly, several chronic inflammatory diseases have been attributed to dysbiosis of microbiota composition or function, including chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). CRS is a heterogeneous disease characterized by inflammation of the sinonasal cavity and mucosal microbiota dysbiosis. Inflammatory phenotypes and bacterial community compositions vary considerably across individuals with CRS, complicating current studies that seek to address causality of a dysbiotic microbiome as a driver or initiator of persistent sinonasal inflammation. Murine models have provided some experimental evidence that alterations in local microbial communities and microbially-produced metabolites influence health status. In this perspective, we will discuss the clinical implications of distinct microbial compositions and community-level functions in CRS and how mucosal microbiota relate to the diverse inflammatory endotypes that are frequently observed. We will also describe specific microbial interactions that can deterministically shape the pattern of co-colonizers and the resulting metabolic products that drive or exacerbate host inflammation. These findings are discussed in the context of CRS-associated inflammation and in other chronic inflammatory diseases that share features observed in CRS. An improved understanding of CRS patient stratification offers the opportunity to personalize therapeutic regimens and to design novel treatments aimed at manipulation of the disease-associated microbiota to restore sinus health.

Topics: Animals; Chronic Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Dysbiosis; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Inflammation; Microbial Interactions; Microbiota; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Rhinitis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sinusitis

Perturbations to the composition and function of bronchial bacterial communities appear to contribute to the pathophysiology of asthma. Unraveling the nature and mechanisms of these complex associations will require large longitudinal studies, for which bronchoscopy is poorly suited. Studies of samples obtained by sputum induction and nasopharyngeal brushing or lavage have also reported asthma-associated microbiota characteristics. It remains unknown, however, whether the microbiota detected in these less-invasive sample types reflect the composition of bronchial microbiota in asthma.. Bacterial microbiota in paired protected bronchial brushings (BB; n = 45), induced sputum (IS; n = 45), oral wash (OW; n = 45), and nasal brushings (NB; n = 27) from adults with mild atopic asthma (AA), atopy without asthma (ANA), and healthy controls (HC) were profiled using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Though microbiota composition varied with sample type (p < 0.001), compositional similarity was greatest for BB-IS, particularly in AAs and ANAs. The abundance of genera detected in BB correlated with those detected in IS and OW (r median [IQR] 0.869 [0.748-0.942] and 0.822 [0.687-0.909] respectively), but not with those in NB (r = 0.004 [- 0.003-0.011]). The number of taxa shared between IS-BB and NB-BB was greater in AAs than in HCs (p < 0.05) and included taxa previously associated with asthma. Of the genera abundant in NB, only Moraxella correlated positively with abundance in BB; specific members of this genus were shared between the two compartments only in AAs. Relative abundance of Moraxella in NB of AAs correlated negatively with that of Corynebacterium but positively with markers of eosinophilic inflammation in the blood and BAL fluid. The genus, Corynebacterium, trended to dominate all NB samples of HCs but only half of AAs (p = 0.07), in whom abundance of this genus was negatively associated with markers of eosinophilic inflammation.. Induced sputum is superior to nasal brush or oral wash for assessing bronchial microbiota composition in asthmatic adults. Although compositionally similar to the bronchial microbiota, the microbiota in induced sputum are distinct, reflecting enrichment of oral bacteria. Specific bacterial genera are shared between the nasal and the bronchial mucosa which are associated with markers of systemic and bronchial inflammation.

Topics: Adult; Asthma; Bronchi; Corynebacterium; Eosinophils; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Microbiota; Middle Aged; Moraxella; Mouth Mucosa; Nose; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sputum

Many of the currently used models of bacterial meningitis have limitations due to direct inoculation of pathogens into the cerebrospinal fluid or brain and a relatively insensitive assessment of long-term sequelae. The present study evaluates the utility of a Streptococcus (S.) suis intranasal infection model for the investigation of experimental therapies in meningitis.. We examined the brains of 10 piglets with S. suis meningitis as well as 14 control piglets by histology, immunohistochemistry and in-situ tailing for morphological alterations in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and microglial activation in the neocortex.. In piglets with meningitis, the density of apoptotic neurons was significantly higher than in control piglets. Moreover, scoring of microglial morphology revealed a significant activation of these cells during meningitis. The slight increase in the density of dividing cells, young neurons and microglia observed in piglets suffering from meningitis was not statistically significant, probably because of the short time frame between onset of clinical signs and organ sampling.. The morphological changes found during S. suis meningitis are in accordance with abnormalities in other animal models and human autopsy cases. Therefore, the pig should be considered as a model for evaluating effects of experimental therapeutic approaches on neurological function in bacterial meningitis.

Topics: Animals; Brain; Dentate Gyrus; Disease Models, Animal; Inflammation; Meningitis, Bacterial; Microglia; Neurons; Nose; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus suis; Swine

Both Th2 cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) contribute to allergic diseases. However, their exact role and relationship in nasal allergic disorders are unclear. In this study, we investigated the cooperation of Th2 cells and ILC2s in a mouse model of nasal allergic disorder. To differentially activate Th2 cells and/or ILC2s in nasal mucosa, mice were intra-nasally administered ovalbumin (OVA) antigen, papain, an ILC2-activator, or both for 2 weeks. Epithelial thickness and number of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa were evaluated at 24 h after the final challenge. Intra-nasal administration of OVA and papain preferentially activated Th2 cells and ILC2s, respectively, in the nose. Both OVA and papain increased the nasal epithelial thickness and number of eosinophils, and their coadministration significantly enhanced the symptoms. Although T-/B-cell-deficient mice showed severely decreased nasal symptoms induced by OVA or OVA-plus-papain, the mice still showed slight papain-induced nasal symptoms. In ILC2-deficient mice, OVA-plus-papain-induced nasal symptoms were suppressed to the same level as OVA-alone. Similarly, IL-33- and ST2-deficient mice showed decreased OVA-plus-papain-induced nasal symptoms. IL-5 induced eosinophilia only, but IL-13 contributed to both nasal epithelial thickening and eosinophilia induced by OVA-plus-papain. Dexamethasone ameliorated OVA-alone-induced nasal epithelial thickening. However, OVA-plus-papain-induced nasal epithelial thickening was only partially controlled by dexamethasone. These results demonstrate that IL-33/ST2-pathway-mediated ILC2 activation exacerbated Th2-cell-induced nasal inflammation by producing IL-13. Although Th2-cell-alone-induced nasal inflammation was controlled by corticosteroid treatment, the activation of ILC2s conferred treatment resistance. Therefore, ILC2s and their activators could be therapeutic targets for treatment-refractory nasal allergic disorders.

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Animals; Cell Communication; Cytokines; Drug Resistance; Hypersensitivity; Immunity, Innate; Inflammation; Lymphocytes; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Nose; Th2 Cells

Topics: Case-Control Studies; Child; Humans; Inflammation; Nitric Oxide; Nose; Polysomnography; Respiratory System; Sleep Apnea Syndromes

Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) has been linked to aggravation of respiratory symptoms, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. Although the health effects of PM on the lower pulmonary airway have been extensively studied, little is known regarding the impact of chronic PM exposure on the upper sinonasal airway. We sought to test the impact of chronic airborne PM exposure on the upper respiratory system in vivo. Mice were subjected, by inhalation, to concentrated fine (2.5 μm) PM 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, for 16 weeks. Mean airborne fine PM concentration was 60.92 μm/m

Topics: Animals; Eosinophils; Epithelial Cells; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hypersensitivity; Inflammation; Interleukin-13; Interleukin-1beta; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nose; Paranasal Sinuses; Particle Size; Particulate Matter

Airborne fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter equal to or smaller than 2.5 μm is abbreviated as PM2.5, which is one of the main components in air pollution. Exposure to PM2.5 is associated with increased risk of many human diseases, including chronic and allergic rhinitis, but the underlying molecular mechanism for its toxicity has not been fully elucidated. We have hypothesized that PM2.5 may cause oxidative stress and enhance inflammatory responses in nasal epithelial cells. Accordingly, we used human RPMI 2650 cells, derived from squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal septum, as a model of nasal epithelial cells, and exposed them to PM2.5 that was collected at Fudan University (31.3°N, 121.5°E) in Shanghai, China. PM2.5 exposure decreased the viability of RPMI 2650 cells, suggesting that PM2.5 may impair the barrier function of nasal epithelial cells. Moreover, PM2.5 increased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the nuclear translocation of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). Importantly, PM2.5 also decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Pretreatment with N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (an anti-oxidant) reduced the degree of the PM2.5-induced oxidative stress in RPMI 2650 cells. In addition, PM2.5 increased the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-13 and eotaxin (C-C motif chemokine ligand 11), each of which initiates and/or augments local inflammation. These results suggest that PM2.5 may induce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in human nasal epithelial cells, thereby leading to nasal inflammatory diseases. The present study provides insights into cellular injury induced by PM2.5.

Topics: Antioxidants; Cell Shape; Cell Survival; Cytokines; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Inflammation; Ions; Metals; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Nose; Oxidative Stress; Particle Size; Particulate Matter; Protein Transport; RNA, Messenger

The authors present four cases of Wegener's granulomatosis patients with multiorganic manifestation forms, but with a prevalent involvement in upper-airway. Granulomatosis diseases of the nose include bacterial infections (rhinoscleroma, tuberculosis, syphilis, lupus, and leprosy), fungal infections (rhinosporidiosis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis, candidosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis) and diseases with unspecified etiology (Wegener's granulomatosis, mediofacial malignant granuloma, and sarcoidosis). We consider an interesting experience regarding Wegener's granulomatosis due to its rarity, being an autoimmune systemic disease, with continuous evolution and multiorganic involvement. The beginning of the disease is like upper airway affection, a kind of "persistent cold", being difficult to differentiate it from a common cold in the head, with a prolonged evolution. It is important to mention that we establish the diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis starting with Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) clinical exam, followed by other tests and investigations realized in our Clinic and completed with specialty tests (nephrology, internal medicine and dermatology), meaning that we need a close cooperation with these medical specialties. All the patients presented multiorganic involvement. Notably significant for our four cases is the prolonged evolution in a stable condition in one patient.

Topics: Adult; Endoscopy; Female; Glomerulonephritis; Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis; Humans; Inflammation; Larynx; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Skin

Staphylococcus aureus is the number one cause of hospital-acquired infections. Understanding host pathogen interactions is paramount to the development of more effective treatment and prevention strategies. Therefore, whole exome sequence and chip-based genotype data were used to conduct rare variant and genome-wide association analyses in a Mexican-American cohort from Starr County, Texas to identify genes and variants associated with S. aureus nasal carriage. Unlike most studies of S. aureus that are based on hospitalized populations, this study used a representative community sample. Two nasal swabs were collected from participants (n = 858) 11-17 days apart between October 2009 and December 2013, screened for the presence of S. aureus, and then classified as either persistent, intermittent, or non-carriers. The chip-based and exome sequence-based single variant association analyses identified 1 genome-wide significant region (KAT2B) for intermittent and 11 regions suggestively associated with persistent or intermittent S. aureus carriage. We also report top findings from gene-based burden analyses of rare functional variation. Notably, we observed marked differences between signals associated with persistent and intermittent carriage. In single variant analyses of persistent carriage, 7 of 9 genes in suggestively associated regions and all 5 top gene-based findings are associated with cell growth or tight junction integrity or are structural constituents of the cytoskeleton, suggesting that variation in genes associated with persistent carriage impact cellular integrity and morphology.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Carrier State; Cohort Studies; Exome; Exons; Female; Genetic Variation; Genome-Wide Association Study; Genotype; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Mexican Americans; Middle Aged; Nose; p300-CBP Transcription Factors; Phenotype; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Regression Analysis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Texas

Resorbable magnesium-based implants hold great promise for various biomedical applications, such as osteosynthesis and coronary stenting. They also offer a new therapeutic option for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis, but little data is yet available regarding the use of magnesium in the nasal cavity. To model this field of application, primary porcine nasal epithelial cells were used to test the biocompatibility of degrading pure magnesium and investigate whether the degradation products may also affect cellular metabolism. Magnesium specimens did not induce apoptosis and we found no major influence on enzyme activities or protein synthesis, but cell viability was reduced and elevated interleukin 8 secretion indicated proinflammatory reactions. Necrotic damage was most likely due to osmotic stress, and our results suggest that magnesium ion build-up is also involved in the interleukin 8 release. Furthermore, the latter seems to be mediated, at least in part, by the p38 signaling pathway. These effects probably depended on the accumulation of very high concentrations of magnesium ions in the in vitro set-up, which might not be achieved in vivo, although we cannot exclude that further, as yet unknown, factors played a role in the inflammatory response during the degradation process. In conclusion, the biocompatibility of pure magnesium with cells in the immediate vicinity appears less ideal than is often supposed, and this needs to be considered in the evaluation of magnesium materials containing additional alloying elements.

Topics: Animals; Biodegradation, Environmental; Cell Differentiation; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Epithelial Cells; Inflammation; Interleukin-8; Magnesium; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Necrosis; Nose; Sus scrofa

The fruits of Xanthium strumarium L. (Asteraceae) have been used extensively in China for treatment of various diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR), tympanitis, urticaria and arthritis or ozena. This study was designed to systemically investigate the effects of the caffeoylxanthiazonoside (CXT) isolated from fruits of X. strumarium on AR in rodent animals. Animals were orally administered with CXT. Anti-allergic activity of CXT was evaluated by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test (PCA); acetic acid-induced writhing tests were used to evaluate the analgesic effects of CXT; acetic acid-induced vascular permeability tests were performed to evaluate anti-inflammatory effect of CXT. Then, the model AR in rats was established to evaluate the effects of CXT on AR with the following tests: the sneezing and nasal scratching frequencies, IgE level in serum, and histopathological examinations. Our results demonstrated that CXT had favorable anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Additionally, we found that CXT was helpful to ameliorate the nasal symptoms and to down-regulate IgE levels in AR rats. Thus, we suggested that CXT can be treated as a candidate for treating AR.

Topics: Acetic Acid; Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Allergic Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Caffeic Acids; Disease Models, Animal; Down-Regulation; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Fruit; Immunoglobulin E; Inflammation; Mice, Inbred ICR; Nose; Pain; Phytotherapy; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rhinitis, Allergic; Sneezing; Xanthium

Solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) of the nasal cavity are specialized epithelial chemosensors that respond to irritants through the canonical taste transduction cascade involving Gα-gustducin and transient receptor potential melastatin 5. When stimulated, SCCs trigger peptidergic nociceptive (or pain) nerve fibers, causing an alteration of the respiratory rate indicative of trigeminal activation. Direct chemical excitation of trigeminal pain fibers by capsaicin evokes neurogenic inflammation in the surrounding epithelium. In the current study, we test whether activation of nasal SCCs can trigger similar local inflammatory responses, specifically mast cell degranulation and plasma leakage. The prototypical bitter compound, denatonium, a well-established activator of SCCs, caused significant inflammatory responses in WT mice but not mice with a genetic deletion of elements of the canonical taste transduction cascade, showing that activation of taste signaling components is sufficient to trigger local inflammation. Chemical ablation of peptidergic trigeminal fibers prevented the SCC-induced nasal inflammation, indicating that SCCs evoke inflammation only by neural activity and not by release of local inflammatory mediators. Additionally, blocking nicotinic, but not muscarinic, acetylcholine receptors prevents SCC-mediated neurogenic inflammation for both denatonium and the bacterial signaling molecule 3-oxo-C12-homoserine lactone, showing the necessity for cholinergic transmission. Finally, we show that the neurokinin 1 receptor for substance P is required for SCC-mediated inflammation, suggesting that release of substance P from nerve fibers triggers the inflammatory events. Taken together, these results show that SCCs use cholinergic neurotransmission to trigger peptidergic trigeminal nociceptors, which link SCCs to the neurogenic inflammatory pathway.

Topics: Animals; Cell Degranulation; Chemoreceptor Cells; Cholinergic Neurons; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Inflammation; Mast Cells; Mice; Models, Biological; Nasal Mucosa; Nociceptors; Nose; Receptors, Neurokinin-1; Receptors, Nicotinic; Signal Transduction; Synaptic Transmission; Transducin; Trigeminal Nerve; TRPM Cation Channels

In March 2009, a new strain of influenza A/H1N1 virus was identified in Mexico, responsible for a pandemic. Worldwide, more than 13,500 patients died, most often from acute respiratory distress syndrome. Because sudden death cases were rare, involving mostly young apparently healthy persons, influenza A/H1N1 (2009)-related deaths may be misdiagnosed, which can raise medico-legal issues.. we report on an unexpected out-of-hospital death involving a young male with no past medical history and no vaccination. Fever was his only symptom. Laboratory tests: histology showed patchy necrotic foci with mononuclear inflammation in the lungs. The heart was histologically normal, but virological analyses using molecular biology on frozen myocardial samples showed high virus load. In conclusion, this case report shows that influenza A/H1N1 (2009) virus can be a cause of sudden cardiac death in the young and demonstrates the importance of quantitative virological analyses for the diagnosis of myocarditis.

Topics: Death, Sudden; DNA, Viral; Heart; Humans; Inflammation; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza, Human; Lung; Male; Myocardium; Necrosis; Nose; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Viral Load; Young Adult

T cells modulate the antiviral and inflammatory responses of airway epithelial cells to human rhinoviruses (HRV).. Differentiated primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNEC) grown on collagen-coated filters were exposed apically to HRV14 for 6 h, washed thoroughly and co-cultured with anti-CD3/CD28 activated T cells added in the basolateral compartment for 40 h.. HRV14 did not induce IFNγ, NOS2, CXCL8 and IL-6 in HNEC, but enhanced expression of the T cell attractant CXCL10. On the other hand, HNEC co-cultured with activated T cells produced CXCL10 at a level several orders of magnitude higher than that induced by HRV14. Albeit to a much lower degree, activated T cells also induced CXCL8, IL-6 and NOS2. Anti-IFNγ antibodies and TNF soluble receptor completely blocked CXCL10 upregulation. Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between epithelial CXCL10 mRNA expression and the amounts of IFNγ and TNF secreted by T cells. Likewise, increasing numbers of T cells to a constant number of HNEC in co-cultures resulted in increasing epithelial CXCL10 production, attaining a plateau at high IFNγ and TNF levels. Hence, HNEC activation by T cells is induced mainly by IFNγ and/or TNF. Activated T cells also markedly inhibited viral replication in HNEC, partially through activation of the nitric oxide pathway.. Cross-talk between T cells and HNEC results in activation of the latter and increases their contribution to airway inflammation and virus clearance.

Topics: Cell Differentiation; Chemokine CXCL10; Clone Cells; Epithelial Cells; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Inflammation; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocyte Count; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Nose; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; Rhinovirus; Solubility; T-Lymphocytes; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Virus Replication

Chronic rhinosinusitis is a multifactorial disease with pathophysiological mechanisms, which remain unclear, and with a high prevalence worldwide. They generate social problems due to the high number of days of leave and relatively elevated medical expenses. The histopathological and immunohistochemical study that we conducted revealed many lesional aspects of the epithelium of the sinus mucosa, which ranged from hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia, to erosion and discontinuities. In the chorion of the sinus mucosa there was an inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages, and also a highly developed vascular network. Among immune cells, T-cells appeared to be more numerous than B-lymphocytes and macrophages. We believe that microscopic changes are due mainly to microscopic organisms that make up the biofilm of the sinus cavity, whose virulence has been more or less influenced by exogenous or endogenous factors.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Chronic Disease; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Inflammation; Maxillary Sinus; Middle Aged; Mucous Membrane; Nose; Sinusitis; Suppuration; T-Lymphocytes

This protocol describes microsphere-based protease assays for use in flow cytometry and high-throughput screening. This platform measures a loss of fluorescence from the surface of a microsphere due to the cleavage of an attached fluorescent protease substrate by a suitable protease enzyme. The assay format can be adapted to any site or protein-specific protease of interest and results can be measured in both real time and as endpoint fluorescence assays on a flow cytometer. Endpoint assays are easily adapted to microplate format for flow cytometry high-throughput analysis and inhibitor screening.

Topics: Animals; Biotinylation; Flow Cytometry; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; Green Fluorescent Proteins; High-Throughput Screening Assays; Humans; Inflammation; Kinetics; Microspheres; Peptide Hydrolases; Peptides; Reproducibility of Results; Temperature

It is noteworthy that there is a clear clinical, epidemiological and pathophysiological association between upper and lower airway inflammation in rhinitis and asthma.. The aim of this study was to compare the eosinophil counts in induced sputum and nasal lavage fluids in asthma, checking their association and the accuracy of nasal eosinophilia as a predictor of sputum eosinophilia by a cross-sectional study.. The clinical evaluation, asthma control questionnaire (ACQ), pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry, nasal and sputum sample was performed. The nasal eosinophilia was analysed by a receiver operating curve and logistic regression model.. In 140 adults, the post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) did not differ between patients with or without sputum eosinophilia (0.18). After adjusted for upper airway symptoms, age, ACQ score and post-bronchodilator FEV(1), sputum eosinophilia was associated with 52 times increase in odds of nasal eosinophilia, whereas each 1% increase in bronchodilator response was associated with 7% increase in odds of nasal eosinophilia.. This study brings further evidence that upper airway diseases are an important component of the asthma syndrome. Furthermore, monitoring of nasal eosinophilia by quantitative cytology may be useful as a surrogate of sputum cytology in as a component of composite measurement for determining airway inflammation.

Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adult; Asthma; Cross-Sectional Studies; Eosinophilia; Eosinophils; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Nasal Lavage Fluid; Nose; Sputum

Topics: Asthma; Eosinophilia; Eosinophils; Humans; Inflammation; Leukocyte Count; Lung; Nasal Lavage Fluid; Nose; Sputum

Topics: Child; Ear, Middle; Humans; Inflammation; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mastoid; Nose; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive

It is not known whether the progressive airway changes in cystic fibrosis (CF) are all secondary to infection and inflammation. The CF mouse nose shares electrophysiologic and cellular properties with human CF airway epithelium. In the present work, we tested the hypothesis that structural abnormalities in the nasal mucosa of CF mice develop independent of infection and inflammation. We performed nasal lavage and subsequent serial coronal section through the nasal tissue of adult CF (mutations Cftr(TgHm1G551D) and Cftr(tm1Unc)-TgN((FABPCFTR))) and wild-type mice raised under normal housing conditions. Nasal tissue was also obtained from Day 17 embryos and newborn pups. Detailed histologic examination of the respiratory and olfactory epithelium within the nasal cavity was performed. Bacterial culture, cell count, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) concentration were assessed in nasal lavage fluid. Significantly thickened respiratory epithelium and increased mucous cell density was found in adult CF mice of both mutations compared with wild-type animals. In contrast, the olfactory epithelium was thinner, with a decreased cell density. Areas of lymphoid aggregates were found in CF mice but not in non-CF mice. There were no differences in bacterial growth, cell count, or MIP-2 concentrations. No genotype differences were observed in the embryonic or newborn periods. There are significant histologic changes in the nasal mucosa of adult CF mice, not associated with increased lumenal inflammation or bacterial content, and which are not present perinatally. These may be novel therapeutic targets.

Topics: Animals; Cystic Fibrosis; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator; Disease Models, Animal; Genotype; Homozygote; Humans; Infections; Inflammation; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Mice, Transgenic; Nose; Olfactory Mucosa; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Respiratory Mucosa

Nasal polyposis is characterized by marked oedema, sparse extracellular matrix (ECM) and proliferating blood vessels. Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by inflammatory cells accumulation, considerable ECM deposition and vascular abnormalities. Although lung fibrosis is not only and necessarily an inflammatory disorder, we hypothesized that the difference between nasal polyposis and pulmonary fibrosis may, in part, be due to the heterogeneity between nasal and lung fibroblasts. Fibroblasts participate in the inflammatory response by releasing ECM proteins and cytokines. TGF-beta is thought to participate in chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Myofibroblasts are the activated form of fibroblasts. A phenotypic hallmark of myofibroblasts is the expression of smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMA).. We examined whether there is any heterogeneity between nasal and lung fibroblasts upon stimulation with TGF-beta(1) with regard to the synthesis of SMA, pro-collagen type I and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as translocation of Smad proteins.. Fibroblasts lines were established from human biopsy tissue. The expression of SMA, pro-collagen type I, VEGF mRNA was evaluated by reverse transciptase RT-PCR. The amount of pro-collagen type I and VEGF was measured by ELISA. By immunocytochemistry, we analysed the expression of SMA and Smad2, 3, 4 in cultured fibroblasts.. TGF-beta(1) induced SMA and pro-collagen type I synthesis in lung, but not in nasal fibroblasts. By contrast, TGF-beta(1) induced VEGF synthesis in both lung and nasal fibroblasts. After stimulation with TGF-beta(1), Smad2, 3, 4 were translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in lung fibroblasts, whereas only Smad3 was translocated in nasal fibroblasts.. These results establish the heterogeneous responsiveness of fibroblast populations in the airways to TGF-beta(1) and that such a heterogeneity may contribute, at least in part, to the different pathological outcomes of inflammation in the upper and lower airways.

Topics: Actins; Adult; Aged; Cells, Cultured; Collagen Type I; Female; Fibroblasts; Humans; Inflammation; Lung; Male; Middle Aged; Muscle, Smooth; Nose; Smad Proteins; Transforming Growth Factor beta1; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

The nose is an attractive source of airway epithelial cells, particularly in populations in which bronchoscopy may not be possible. However, substituting nasal cells for bronchial epithelial cells in the study of airway inflammation depends upon comparability of responses, and evidence for this is lacking. Our objective was to determine whether nasal epithelial cell inflammatory mediator release and receptor expression reflect those of bronchial epithelial cells. Paired cultures of undifferentiated nasal and bronchial epithelial cells were obtained from brushings from 35 subjects, including 5 children. Cells were subject to morphologic and immunocytochemical assessment. Mediator release from resting and cytokine-stimulated cell monolayers was determined, as was cell surface receptor expression. Nasal and bronchial cells had identical epithelial morphology and uniform expression of cytokeratin 19. There were no differences in constitutive expression of CD44, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, alphavbeta3, and alphavbeta5. Despite significantly higher constitutive release of IL-8, IL-6, RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 from nasal compared with bronchial cells, the increments in release of all studied mediators in response to stimulation with IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were similar, and there were significant positive correlations between nasal and bronchial cell secretion of IL-6, RANTES, vascular endothelial growth factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MMP-9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. Despite differences in absolute mediator levels, the responses of nasal and bronchial epithelial cells to cytokine stimulation were similar, expression of relevant surface receptors was comparable, and there were significant correlations between nasal and bronchial cell mediator release. Therefore, nasal epithelial cultures constitute an accessible surrogate for studying lower airway inflammation.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bronchi; Cell Shape; Cells, Cultured; Child; Child, Preschool; Cytokines; Epithelial Cells; Female; Humans; Infant; Inflammation; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Middle Aged; Nasal Mucosa; Nose

Evaluation of nasal epithelial samples is a part of clinical allergy practice. The aim of this study is to reveal the sensitivity of the nasal eosinophilia using Rhino-probe and Wright-Giemsa staining by means of all available nasal eosinophilia scoring systems. In 30 patients (12 males, 18 females; mean age = 31.6 years) with clinical diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, both sides of the nose were sampled. The content of the cupped tip of the probe has been prepared and stained for nasal cytological examination under oil immersion by light microscopy. Nasal eosinophilia has been assessed by scoring systems. The sensitivity of nasal eosinophilia has been revealed. The nasal eosinophilia scores have been compared between nasal sides (right or left nose) and also between the examiners' observations for the same sample. Sensitivity values of nasal eosinophilia according to previously described criteria in the literature have been found to be between 13.33 and 80%. As the agreements for the nasal eosinophilia diagnosis between the sides of the nasal cavity and between the blinded examiners, the criteria of nasal eosinophilia such as the ratio of eosinophils to neutrophils or to all inflammatory cells rendered different diagnoses between the examiners (P < 0.01). The results of nasal cavity sides and Meltzer-scoring yielded no differences (P > 0.05). The substantial intraindividual variations when comparing the results obtained from the nasal sides and low sensitivity reveal that the nasal cytology needs more objective and standardized methods for a better differential diagnosis of chronic rhinitis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cell Biology; Child; Eosinophilia; Eosinophils; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Inflammation; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Rhinitis; Sensitivity and Specificity

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an inflammatory reaction not confined to a single local compartment, but rather involving the whole airway system. Allergens known to induce AR are not always the sole trigger of the inflammatory reaction as infections and organic dust might also cause exacerbations of rhinitis and associated conditions.. To examine the effects of intranasal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure, as a surrogate for upper airway bacterial infections, in patients with symptomatic AR.. Fourteen patients with a history of moderate to severe pollen-induced AR were challenged intranasally with LPS. After 3-6 weeks, the same patients were challenged again, first with allergen and 24 h later with LPS. Nasal symptom scores, nasal lavage leucocyte counts and nasal airway resistance were assessed at 6-24 h after each provocation along with measurements of nitric oxide (NO) levels in the nose and lung.. Six hours after the LPS challenge, an increased level of leucocytes could be obtained in the lavage fluid, but no symptoms were experienced and no increase in nasal resistance could be recorded. The NO production in the upper and lower airways was similar before and 6 h after the provocation. In contrast, in patients exposed to pollen before the LPS challenge, both the nasal and the pulmonary NO levels were enhanced. This was accompanied by an increase in leucocytes.. The present study demonstrates a priming effect of allergen on the nasal response to LPS as well as the presence of a systemic link between airway mucosal sites in the upper and lower airways. This suggests that exogenously derived signals, like upper airway infections, can interfere with the initiation, maintenance and progression of asthma.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Allergens; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal

Satratoxin G (SG) is a macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Stachybotrys chartarum, the "black mold" suggested to contribute etiologically to illnesses associated with water-damaged buildings. Using an intranasal instillation model in mice, we found that acute SG exposure specifically induced apoptosis of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory epithelium. Dose-response analysis revealed that the no-effect and lowest-effect levels at 24 hr postinstillation (PI) were 5 and 25 microg/kg body weight (bw) SG, respectively, with severity increasing with dose. Apoptosis of OSNs was identified using immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 expression, electron microscopy for ultrastructural cellular morphology, and real-time polymerase chain reaction for elevated expression of the proapoptotic genes Fas, FasL, p75NGFR, p53, Bax, caspase-3, and CAD. Time-course studies with a single instillation of SG (500 microg/kg bw) indicated that maximum atrophy of the olfactory epithelium occurred at 3 days PI. Exposure to lower doses (100 microg/kg bw) for 5 consecutive days resulted in similar atrophy and apoptosis, suggesting that in the short term, these effects are cumulative. SG also induced an acute, neutrophilic rhinitis as early as 24 hr PI. Elevated mRNA expression for the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6) , and IL-1 and the chemokine macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) were detected at 24 hr PI in both the ethmoid turbinates of the nasal airways and the adjacent olfactory bulb of the brain. Marked atrophy of the olfactory nerve and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb was also detectable by 7 days PI along with mild neutrophilic encephalitis. These findings suggest that neurotoxicity and inflammation within the nose and brain are potential adverse health effects of exposure to satratoxins and Stachybotrys in the indoor air of water-damaged buildings.

Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Color; Female; Inflammation; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Molecular Structure; Neurons, Afferent; Neutrophils; Nose; Olfactory Bulb; Stachybotrys; Trichothecenes; Up-Regulation

Female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to mainstream smoke from standard reference cigarettes and a nontobacco cellulose cigarette for 35 days. Whole smoke and smoke fractions were investigated. Lung inflammation was evaluated by differentiation of bronchoalveolar lavage cells and lymphocytes in thoracic lymph nodes. Histopathological changes in the nose and larynx were assessed. Results showed that the particulate phase of cigarette mainstream smoke is mostly responsible for inflammation in the lung (neutrophil increase up to 240-fold) and hyperplastic and metaplastic epithelial changes in the larynx, whereas irritative volatile constituents in the gas phase are mostly responsible for changes in the nose.

Topics: Animals; Bronchoalveolar Lavage; Cell Differentiation; Epithelial Cells; Female; Inflammation; Larynx; Lymph Nodes; Lymphocytes; Neutrophils; Nicotiana; Nose; Pneumonia; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Smoke; Smoke Inhalation Injury

The ventilation method used in the management of laboratory rats is important in maintaining their health. Rats kept under general diluting ventilation (GDV) are exposed to high levels of pollutants present in the environment (dust, airborne bacteria, etc.) or those pollutants produced by animal metabolism and excretion inside the boxes (e.g. ammonia and carbon dioxide). These pollutants may contribute to respiratory pathologies. An alternative experimental ventilation system for laboratory animal housing using intracage ventilation technology (individually ventilated cage system, IVC) was developed. In this system, ammonia levels decreased and rats exhibited better reproductive performance and a lower incidence of pneumonia than rats maintained under GDV. Using two different levels of air speed (0.03-0.26 m/s: IVC(1); 0.27-0.80 m/s: IVC(2)), the effects of IVC were compared with GDV (control) in Wistar rats in terms of respiratory mucus properties, on the nasal epithelium (as measured by quantitative morphometry) and on the lungs (as determined by the cellular composition obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage). Mucus of the respiratory system was evaluated using the following techniques: rheology (viscoelasticity) by microrheometer, in vitro mucociliary transportability (frog palate) and contact angle (an indicator of adhesivity). Also, membrane transepithelial potential difference was measured as a biomarker of airway integrity. After bedding was changed, ammonia concentrations inside the cages on day 3 were significantly higher for GDV than for IVC(1) and IVC(2). The potential-difference values for IVC(1), IVC(2) and GDV in the epiglottis and in the trachea also showed differences. Although some significant differences were observed across the three groups in counts of some cell types, the intragroup results were highly variable among individuals and inconsistent between sexes. No significant differences in the other parameters were found across groups. These results establish that rats maintained under GDV in relatively unregulated conditions are exposed to factors that can lead to deleterious effects on the ciliated epithelium of the airways, and that these effects can be prevented by the use of IVC.

Topics: Air Pressure; Ammonia; Animal Husbandry; Animal Welfare; Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Brazil; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Epithelium; Housing, Animal; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Nose; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Rodent Diseases; Ventilation

The pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis and its link with asthma are well known. Nevertheless, a complete cross-sectional evaluation of the usually available clinical, functional and immunological parameters has never been made. We assessed nasal symptoms and flow, cytology, cytokines, pulmonary function and methacholine positivity in a large number of patients with pure pollinosis.. Young men presenting at a military hospital for routine follow-up were recruited for the study. They had to suffer from rhinitis alone (without asthma) for at least 2 years and had to have a positive skin prick test to pollens only. During the pollen season, they underwent symptom evaluation, measurement of nasal flow, nasal scraping and lavage (cell count and assay for IL-4, IL-5, IL-8 and IFNgamma), pulmonary function tests and methacholine challenge.. Fifty subjects (23.7+/-4.9 years old) were enrolled. All patients had high clinical scores (9.5+/-1.6) and inflammatory cells (eosinophils: 10.5+/-4 and neutrophils 21.3+/-6) and low nasal flow (482+/-111 ml/s). We found that the number of eosinophils in nasal scrapings highly correlated with all the above-mentioned parameters, including nasal flow, cytokines and spirometric values. A significant positive correlation was found between all inflammatory cells and all cytokines. IL-8, IL-4 and neutrophils displayed only a partial correlation with pulmonary parameters (FEV1, FVC and FEF25-75%), at variance wit IL-5 and eosinophils. Methacholine test positivity significantly correlated with the number of eosinophils in the nasal smear.. Eosinophils in the nasal smear display the best correlation with all the clinical and immunological parameters in allergic rhinitis and also correlate well with methacholine response.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchoconstrictor Agents; Cell Count; Cytokines; Eosinophils; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Methacholine Chloride; Nasal Lavage Fluid; Neutrophils; Nose; Pollen; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal; Rhinomanometry; Skin Tests; Spirometry

Allergic rhinitis is characterized by a T(H)2-dependent inflammation. Nasal obstruction is a typical symptom of allergic rhinitis.. To evaluate the possible relationships among nasal symptoms, allergic inflammation, including inflammatory cells and cytokine pattern, and nasal airflow in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis.. Children with seasonal allergic rhinitis and moderate-severe nasal obstruction were evaluated during the pollen season. Total symptom score, rhinomanometry, nasal lavage, and nasal scraping were evaluated in all patients. Inflammatory cells were counted by conventional staining; interleukin 5 (IL-5) and IL-8 levels were measured by immunoassay on fluids recovered from nasal lavage.. Twenty children (11 boys and 9 girls; mean +/- SD age, 12.9 +/- 1.7 years) participated in this study. Eosinophil levels were significantly associated with total symptom score (r = 90.6%, P < .001), IL-5 (r = 94.9%, P < .001), and nasal flow (r = -93.6%, P < .001). No association was elicited with IL-8 (r = 9.4%, P = .69). In a multivariate analysis that included eosinophils, neutrophils, and IL-5, eosinophil levels were shown to be the only independent predictor of nasal flow.. This study demonstrates the close connection between T(H)2 cytokines and eosinophil infiltration. In addition, there is clear evidence concerning the relationship among nasal symptoms, eosinophil infiltration, and nasal airflow. These findings constitute evidence of the relationship between nasal airflow impairment and eosinophilic inflammation in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis.

Topics: Child; Eosinophils; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Inflammation; Interleukin-5; Interleukin-8; Male; Nasal Lavage Fluid; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal; Skin Tests; Th2 Cells

The study aimed to detect the changes in adult rabbit nasal septal tissues after application of nasal pack or trans-septal suture as performed during septoplasty.. Randomized double-blind animal study.. Thirty-three adult albino Vienna rabbits were assigned into the following groups: control, suture, and nasal pack. The mucoperichondrium at one side of the nasal septum was elevated and then put into place again over the cartilage and fixed with either a nasal pack or an absorbable trans-septal suture. The nasal packs were removed 48 hours after insertion. Rabbits were killed 6 weeks after the procedure. The nasal septa were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined by means of light microscopy for mucosal changes (inflammation or damage) and for thicknesses of the mucosa, the perichondrium, and the cartilage.. Both intranasal packs and sutures caused significant mucosal inflammation and damage when compared with the control group (chi test, P <.05). The mucosal thickness did not change, but the perichondrial thickness for both the nasal pack group and the suture group increased (Mann-Whitney U test, P <.05). Also, the septal cartilage thickness was not significantly different between the suture and the nasal pack groups, but the suture group had a thinner septal cartilage than the control group (Mann-Whitney U test, P <.05).. The septal suture is an efficient and useful method for clinching the septal flaps over the septal cartilage. In addition, it has nearly the same effects as nasal packs on the histological appearance of the nasal septum and does not cause discomfort for the patient. The septal suture can be a preferred alternative to intranasal packing.

Topics: Animals; Double-Blind Method; Female; Inflammation; Male; Nasal Mucosa; Nasal Septum; Nose; Rabbits; Random Allocation; Sutures

Dipropylene glycol is found in antifreeze, air fresheners, cosmetic products, solvents, and plastics. We studied the effects of dipropylene glycol on male and female rats and mice to identify potential or cancer-related hazards to humans.. We gave groups of 50 male and female mice drinking water containing dipropylene glycol at concentrations of 10,000, 20,000, or 40,000 parts per million (corresponding to 1%, 2%, or 4%) for two years. Male and female rats received concentrations of 2,500, 10,000, or 40,000 parts per million. Other groups received untreated water and were the control group. Tissues from more than 40 sites were examined for every animal.. The groups of animals receiving 40,000 ppm dipropylene glycol weighed less than the control animals. All the make rats receiving 40,000 ppm dipropylene glycol died before the end of the study, mainly because of kidney disease. All the other animal group survived as well as the controls. No increase in tumor rates were seen in any of the groups of rats or mice.. We conclude that dipropylene glycol did not cause cancer in male or female rats or mice. Exposure to dipropylene glycol did increase the rate and severity of kidney nephropathy and inflammation of the liver and salivary gland in male rats and some atrophy of the epithelial tissue of the nose in male and female rats.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Atrophy; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Kidney Diseases; Liver; Male; Mice; Neoplasms; Nose; Propylene Glycols; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Risk Assessment; Salivary Glands; Sex Factors; Water Supply

Laser rhinoscopy was used to treat a nasal obstruction in a captive California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). The rehabilitated, adult, female sea lion developed mucopurulent, intermittent, bilateral nasal discharge and functional nasal obstruction 20 mo after acquisition by the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, California. A 3-mm-thick soft tissue structure spanning the region between the soft and hard palates, a deviated nasal septum, and several nasopharyngeal polyps were identified. Biopsies and cultures of the obstructive web showed ulcerative granulation tissue with suppurative inflammation, bacterial infection, and a partial section of an arthropod larva (not speciated). Laser rhinoscopy was performed to relieve the caudal nasopharyngeal obstruction and ablate the polyps. The sea lion appeared to breathe through the nares with lessened nasal discharge for a period of 6 wk after laser therapy, but within 8 wk the mucopurulent nasal discharge returned, the obstruction had reformed, and the sea lion was euthanized. Postmortem examination confirmed antemortem diagnoses of caudal nasopharyngeal obstruction secondary to inflammatory tissue; however, no additional sections of arthropod parasites were located microscopically.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Zoo; Endoscopy; Fatal Outcome; Female; Inflammation; Lasers; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Sea Lions

Allergic rhinitis and asthma are frequently associated and are characterized by TH2-dependent inflammation. Nasal and bronchial obstruction largely depend on allergic inflammation.. To evaluate the relationships among nasal eosinophil counts, interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) levels, nasal airflow, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis and asthma.. Eight men and 7 women (mean +/- SD age, 24.8 +/- 4.7 years) with perennial allergic rhinitis and asthma were evaluated. All 15 patients had a moderate-to-severe grade of nasal obstruction. Total symptom score, rhinomanometry, nasal lavage, nasal scraping, and spirometry were evaluated in all patients. Eosinophils were counted using conventional staining; IL-4 and IFN-gamma levels were measured by immunoassay in fluids recovered from nasal lavage.. Significant positive relationships were demonstrated between eosinophil infiltration and IL-4 levels, nasal airflow and IFN-gamma levels, FEV1 and IFN-gamma levels, and nasal airflow and FEV1 (P < .001 for all). Significant negative relationships were demonstrated between eosinophil infiltration and IFN-gamma levels, IL-4 and IFN-gamma levels, eosinophil infiltration and nasal airflow, IL-4 values and nasal airflow, nasal eosinophil counts and FEV1, and IL-4 values and FEV1 (P < .001 for all).. There is a close association between TH2 cytokines and eosinophil infiltration in the nose. There is also clear evidence concerning the relationships among eosinophil infiltration, IL-4 and IFN-gamma levels, and nasal airflow. Nasal eosinophil, IL-4, and IFN-gamma levels correlate with FEV1. Finally, nasal airflow is related to FEV1. These findings constitute the first evidence of a relationship between TH2-related nasal inflammation and nasal and bronchial airflow in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis and asthma.

Topics: Adult; Asthma; Cytokines; Eosinophilia; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial

It remains to be established which factors contribute to the occurrence of asthma in allergic individuals. We hypothesized that differences in the late allergic inflammatory reaction to allergen between asthmatic and non-asthmatic house dust mite-allergic individuals might contribute to the difference in the clinical presentation of allergy.. To compare allergen-induced changes in parameters for cellular inflammation during the phase of the late allergic reaction in the skin and nose, in house dust mite-allergic individuals with or without asthma.. Nasal and dermal allergen challenges with house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) extract were performed in 52 house dust mite-allergic individuals, of whom 26 had mild to moderate persistent asthma and 26 had perennial rhinitis without current or past asthmatic symptoms. Serial nasal lavage samples were analyzed for the presence of inflammatory cells (eosinophils and neutrophils) and soluble markers associated with cellular inflammation [interleukin-5 (IL-5), interleukin-8 (IL-8), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and myeloperoxidase (MPO)]. Macroscopic late phase skin reactions were studied after intracutaneous skin tests with house dust mite extract.. Fixed dose nasal allergen provocation elicited a similar degree of immediate allergic reaction as judged by plasma protein exudation and histamine concentrations in asthma and non-asthmatic rhinitis. Subsequently, no differences between groups were found during the phase of the late allergic reaction (4-24 h) in inflammatory cell influx, plasma protein leakage, ECP or MPO. Likewise, there were no differences in levels of chemotactic cytokines IL-5 and IL-8. In agreement with the results of nasal challenge, the late skin reaction after dermal challenge with a fixed allergen dose and after an allergen dose 10,000 times above the skin threshold for an early skin reaction did not differ between the groups.. House dust mite-allergic patients with or without asthma have very similar late allergic inflammatory reactions in the skin and in the nose after allergen challenge. Hence, it is unlikely that the occurrence of pulmonary symptoms in asthma is explained by a general tendency of asthmatics to have an enhanced late allergic cellular inflammatory response. Nasal and dermal allergen provocations are adequate models to study allergen-induced inflammation but probably lack the pivotal link which is essential for the development of asthma.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Allergens; Animals; Asthma; Biomarkers; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Nasal Lavage Fluid; Nose; Pyroglyphidae; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial; Skin

Of the several factors believed to exacerbate asthmatic symptoms, air pollution and viral infections are considered to be particularly important. Although evidence indicates that each of these respiratory insults individually can increase asthma severity in susceptible individuals, we know little about the extent to which exposure to environmental oxidant pollutants can influence the course of respiratory viral infection and its associated inflammation. To investigate the interaction of these two stimuli within their common epithelial cell targets in the upper and lower respiratory tracks, we infected primary human nasal epithelial cells and cells of the BEAS-2B line grown at the air-liquid interface with human rhinovirus type 16 (RV16) and exposed them to NO2 (2.0 ppm) or O3 (0.2 ppm) for 3 hr. Independently, RV16, NO2, and O3 rapidly increased release of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 through oxidant-dependent mechanisms. The combined effect of RV16 and oxidant ranged from 42% to 250% greater than additive for NO2 and from 41% to 67% for O3. We abrogated these effects by treating the cells with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) underwent additive enhancement in response to combined stimulation. These data indicate that oxidant pollutants can amplify the generation of proinflammatory cytokines by RV16-infected cells and suggest that virus-induced inflammation in upper and lower airways may be exacerbated by concurrent exposure to ambient levels of oxidants commonly encountered the indoor and outdoor environments.

Topics: Cell Culture Techniques; Cytokines; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Inflammation; Nitrogen Dioxide; Nose; Oxidants, Photochemical; Ozone; Picornaviridae Infections; Rhinovirus

Upper respiratory airway diseases may induce a worsening of asthma. Sinusitis represents one of the most common chronic diseases. The association of asthma and sinusitis varies greatly in different studies, depending on diagnostic procedures.. The aims were: (i) to demonstrate that nasal endoscopy may be easily feasible in asthma at paediatric age; (ii) to evaluate the incidence of rhinosinusitis and adenoiditis in children with asthma by nasal endoscopy; (iii) to correlate inflammatory parameters such as cytology and microbiological cultures with nasal endoscopy findings.. One hundred and forty-five asthmatic children were evaluated, 48 males and 97 females, with an average age of 7.27 years. Evaluated parameters were the incidence of rhinosinusal infections in asthmatic children, and the role of: (i) nasal endoscopy, (ii) nasal cytology, and (iii) nasal microbiology in their diagnoses.. Nasal endoscopy was successfully performed on 128 patients. Twenty-six children had endoscopic rhinosinusitis alone, 10 had adenoiditis alone, and 35 showed endoscopic rhinosinusitis associated with adenoiditis. There were significant correlations between endoscopic rhinosinusitis and adenoiditis (P < 0.001), between clinical and endoscopic rhinosinusitis (P < 0.001), between endoscopic rhinosinusitis and adenoiditis and microbiology (P < 0.05 and P < 0.0001, respectively), and between microbiology and cytology (P < 0.05).. This study shows that rhinosinusal infections are common in asthmatic children. Moreover, nasal endoscopy might represent a fruitful tool in the management of asthmatic children.

Topics: Adenoids; Adolescent; Asthma; Child; Child Welfare; Child, Preschool; Endoscopy; Female; Humans; Incidence; Inflammation; Male; Nose; Odds Ratio; Rhinitis; Sinusitis; Statistics as Topic

Topics: Adult; Beauty Culture; Cricoid Cartilage; Ear; Ear Cartilage; Female; Glottis; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammation; Methotrexate; Needles; Nose; Polychondritis, Relapsing; Prednisone; Treatment Outcome; Wounds, Penetrating

Management of complex and relentless large arteriovenous malformations with long term control and acceptable aesthetic results can be accomplished. This outcome requires selective intra-arterial embolization, judicious surgical resection, composite reconstruction with free tissue transfer, other ancillary procedures, or both, and careful serial follow-up examinations to rule out recurrent or persistent disease.

Topics: Adult; Arteriovenous Malformations; Cysts; Forehead; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Necrosis; Nose; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Radiography; Scalp; Treatment Outcome; Vascular Surgical Procedures

Very little information is available on the acute histopathological bronchial alterations caused by reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS). We had the opportunity to carry out sequential bronchial biopsies in a subject with RADS due to chlorine (60 h, 15 days, 2 and 5 months after the acute exposure), and also to assess spirometry and bronchial responsiveness to methacholine. A 36 year old worker in a water-filtration plant (nonsmoker) abruptly inhaled high concentrations of chlorine on September 12, 1994. He experienced immediate nasal and throat burning, retrosternal burning and wheezing, and these symptoms persisted during and after the workshift. Two days later, he complained of retrosternal burning, dyspnoea and wheezing. Inspiratory wheezing was documented. His forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was 66% of predicted and the provocative concentration of methacholine causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20) was slightly abnormal (2.5 mg.mL-1). On the following day, the patient underwent bronchial biopsies, which showed almost complete replacement of the epithelium by a fibrinohaemorhagic exsudate. The subject was prescribed inhaled steroids. Fifteen days after the accident, the PC20 was improved to 6 mg.mL-1. Bronchial biopsies showed considerable epithelial desquamation with an inflammatory exudate and swelling of the subepithelial space. Five weeks after the accident, the PC20 was normal (57 mg.mL-1). Inhaled steroids were stopped. Two months after the accident, the PC20 deteriorated to 4 mg.mL-1. Biopsies then showed regeneration of the epithelium by basal cells and there was still a pronounced inflammatory infiltrate. Inhaled steroids were restarted. Three and five months later, the PC20 was normal (24 mg.mL-1). Bronchial biopsies showed a greatly improved epithelium and reduction of the inflammatory infiltrate. This case report shows that reactive airways dysfunction syndrome can cause acute, marked, though partially reversible, histological abnormalities. Inhaled steroids may modulate changes in bronchial responsiveness in this condition.

Topics: Adult; Aerosols; Anti-Infective Agents; Biopsy; Bronchi; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Chest Pain; Chlorine; Dyspnea; Epithelium; Follow-Up Studies; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Nose; Occupational Diseases; Pharynx; Regeneration; Respiratory Sounds; Spirometry; Syndrome; Water Purification

In intranasal vaccination it is important that the adjuvant does not have any toxic effect on the sensitive nasal mucosa. In this study a histological and clinical evaluation of the effects of two different adjuvants in a vaccine containing detoxified diphtheria (DT) and tetanus toxoid (TT) in guinea pigs was done. The guinea pigs were divided in four groups and treated daily for 14 days with different formulations. Group I with saline, Groups 2 and 3 with the vaccines in a non-ionic surfactant formulation containing glycerides and Group 4 with tetraethyleneglycol formulation containing glycofurol. The guinea pigs in Groups 1, 2 and 4 were sacrificed on day 15 and Group 3, 1 week later and the tissues processed for histological examination. The animals remained healthy during the treatment and minor clinical signs, such as nose-blowing, decreased with time. The histological appearance, including the development of lymphoid tissue, was comparable in all groups. A specific toxic effect on the nasal mucosa by the different vaccine and adjuvant formulations was not observed.

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Body Weight; Female; Guinea Pigs; Inflammation; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Lymphoid Tissue; Nasal Cavity; Nasal Mucosa; Nasal Septum; Nose; Sneezing; Time Factors; Turbinates; Vaccination

Relapsing poly(peri)chondritis (RP) is a connective tissue disorder characterized by recurrent inflammatory episodes of cartilaginous structures and the involvement of special sense organs. The diagnostic criteria of McAdam 1976 include at least three of the following criteria: a) bilateral auricular chondritis, b) nonerosive sero-negative inflammatory polyarthritis, c) nasal chondritis, d) ocular inflammation, e) respiratory tract chondritis, f) audiovestibular chondritis. A cartilage biopsy according to these criteria is not mandatory. Nevertheless, unclear cases still remain as there is a broad spectrum of differential diagnosis. In these individuals it is important to obtain a biopsy from the affected cartilage. Although up to 89% develop auricular inflammation, only few electron microscope studies are performed on cartilage specimens. The purpose of this study is to report on a patient with a history of recurrent swelling of both ears, where the diagnosis could only be established by ear biopsy which was studied by light and electron microscopy. Differential diagnosis is discussed and a review of the literature is given.

Topics: Biopsy; Cartilage Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Ear Cartilage; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Polychondritis, Relapsing

Reperforation rates of large, surgically closed nasoseptal perforations remain unacceptably high (30% to 70%). With the advent of newer surgical techniques, including external decortication rhinoplasty and midface degloving, excellent exposure of the intranasal anatomy is afforded. The limiting factor of these approaches is the deficiency of local intranasal mucosal lining, which is used to close large septal perforations. The paucity of nasal mucosal lining results in excessive tension on the perforation closure suture line that leads to distal flap ischemia, anastomosis breakdown and, ultimately, reperforation of the septum. Alternatively, using intraoral mucosal flaps of sufficient length and width to close large perforations results in significant and unacceptable donor-site morbidity. We present our technique of harvesting additional local endonasal mucosa using long-term soft-tissue expanders. Long-term nasal mucosal expansion was used in the closure of large septal perforations in five patients. Complications included one case of expander exposure and the morbidity of prefacial expander injections. Total closure of all five septal perforations was documented at the 1-year postsurgical visit. Histologic and electron-microscopic examinations of the expanded nasal floor mucosa are presented.

Topics: Collagen; Elastin; Epithelium; Humans; Inflammation; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Nasal Mucosa; Nasal Septum; Nose; Nose Diseases; Silicone Elastomers; Surgical Flaps; Time Factors; Tissue Expansion; Tissue Expansion Devices

Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (EPTFE) (Gore-Tex soft-tissue patch) has received favorable clinical reports for use in facial augmentation procedures. We evaluated the EPTFE soft-tissue patch in short-term (3-week), intermediate-term (6-month), and long-term (12-month) animal models.. Nine pathogen-free male and female New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2 to 4 kg were used. After implantation of the EPTFE soft-tissue patch, the animals were carefully observed on a daily basis for signs of wound infection, seroma, or hematoma formation. The stability of the implant was evaluated and graded after the animals were killed. Tissue specimens, including skin, implant, and underlying bone, were removed en bloc. These blocks were sectioned and stained for histologic evaluation. A portion of these blocks were used for scanning electron microscopy.. The material increased in stability over time and showed minimal inflammatory cell response and only a delicate fibrous capsule, even in long-term implants. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated close apposition of the material to tissue, suggesting good interface bioactivity.. The EPTFE soft-tissue patch appears to be safe and reliable material for augmentation, demonstrating high biocompatibility, low tissue reactivity, and increasing stability over time.

Topics: Animals; Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Fibrosis; Germ-Free Life; Inflammation; Male; Materials Testing; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Nasal Bone; Nose; Polytetrafluoroethylene; Prostheses and Implants; Rabbits; Skin; Surface Properties; Time Factors; Wound Healing

The use of tissue-integrated fixtures for the retention of an extraoral prosthesis has simplified the placement, removal, and cleaning of the prosthesis by the patient. Tissue evaluation, structural designs, and retention mechanisms, combined with patient compliance and the ability to perform hygiene around retentive substructures, has produced an array of new problems. Clinical and technical problems are presented with techniques used in their resolution.

Topics: Eye, Artificial; Female; Humans; Hygiene; Inflammation; Magnetics; Male; Maxillofacial Prosthesis; Nose; Nose Neoplasms; Patient Compliance; Prostheses and Implants; Prosthesis Design; Prosthesis Failure; Self Care

Topics: Biopsy; Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis; Humans; Inflammation; Larynx; Mouth; Nose; Organ Specificity; Respiratory System

Topics: Aged; Airway Obstruction; Ear; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Nose; Polychondritis, Relapsing; Skin Diseases; Trachea

Previous work has shown that fever in influenza of ferrets occurs following release of endogenous pyrogen from virus-phagocyte interaction in the upper respiratory tract (URT), and suggested that the poor inflammatory response and correspondingly low fever elicited by A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1), compared with H3N2 reassortant clones of A/Puerto Rico/8/34-A/England/939/69, were related to its H1 and N1 surface antigens. Nasal virus levels, inflammatory and pyrexial responses produced in ferrets by clones 31 (H3N1) and 64b (H1N2) of the same reassortant system suggested a connection between the H1 antigen and low inflammatory response, but results were not conclusive. Unlike A/Puerto Rico/8/34, two recent H1N1 isolates, A/USSR/90/77 and A/Fiji/15899/83, produced a high inflammatory response yet low fever despite large amounts of virus in the URT, suggesting that either no connection exists between the acquisition of the H1 antigen and production of a low inflammatory response, or the H1 antigen of recent isolates, whilst antigenically related to that of A/Puerto Rico/8/34, is biologically different.

Topics: Animals; Antigens, Surface; Antigens, Viral; Ferrets; Fever; Inflammation; Influenza A virus; Male; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae Infections

Chorioamnionitis is a frequent cause of premature labour and delivery, as well as of maternal and neonatal mortality. Group B streptococcus (GBS) has emerged over the past decade as a common pathogen in the etiology of neonatal sepsis. The case of chorioamnionitis reported here is unusual for three reasons: the premature labour was associated with intact membrane and amniotic fluid infected with GBS; all 5 infants were contaminated with GBS and all infants survived. Chorioamniotitis with intact membranes raises some questions regarding the antepartum use of steroids (potent anti-inflammatory agents), etc. The likelihood of chorioamnionitis in spite of cervical mucus, intact membranes, and the bacteriostatic activity of the amniotic fluid should alert the obstetrician to take special precautions, such as weekly vaginal cultures and appropriate vaginal antimicrobial treatment, in cases of imminent premature delivery.

Topics: Adult; Amniotic Fluid; Blood; Chorion; Conjunctiva; Delivery, Obstetric; Ear Canal; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Inflammation; Male; Nose; Obstetric Labor, Premature; Pharynx; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Quintuplets; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus agalactiae; Umbilical Cord

Topics: Adult; Cerumen; Child; Child, Preschool; Ear, External; Foreign Bodies; Furunculosis; Gossypium; Humans; Infant; Inflammation; Male; Nose; Nose Diseases; Otitis Externa

Topics: Airway Obstruction; Central Nervous System; Child; Child, Preschool; Croup; Depression, Chemical; Epiglottis; Humans; Inflammation; Intubation, Intratracheal; Larynx; Nose; Respiratory System Abnormalities; Trachea; Tracheotomy

Topics: Animals; Carnivora; Cell Count; Ferrets; Fever; Inflammation; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Virulence

Specimens from 227 patients with purulent surgical infections of various localization were tested. The microbial growth was observed in 87.6 per cent of the patients, staphylococci being found in 80.8 per cent of them. The plasma coagulating properties were detected in the staphylococci from 84.2 per cent of the patients among the total number of the staphylococcal isolates. Staphylococci were mostly isolated from the patients with osteomyelitis, infected wounds. Monocultures of the microbes and associations were found in 78.8 and 22.1 per cent of the patients respectively. The microbial associations were observed most often in cases with the diseases of the respiratory organs or abdominal cavity and osteomyelitis as compared to the cases with infected wounds. As dependent on the origin, the staphylococci in the patients of various groups differed by their phage type characteristics. Most of the isolates were sensitive to erythromycin, monomycin and neomycin (84 to 99.1 per cent). The antibiotic sensitive staphylococci were isolated more frequent from the cases with osteomyelitis and the diseases of the respiratory organs as compared to the other nosological forms.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacteriophage Typing; Candida; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli; Humans; Inflammation; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nose; Pharynx; Proteus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Sarcina; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Suppuration

Topics: Allergens; Animals; Bacteria; Conjunctiva; Cross Reactions; Dog Diseases; Dogs; False Negative Reactions; False Positive Reactions; Female; Hormones; Hypersensitivity; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Inflammation; Male; Nose; Skin Tests

Topics: Ear; Esthetics; Facial Injuries; Hemorrhage; Humans; Inflammation; Interprofessional Relations; Nose; Otolaryngology; Paranasal Sinuses; Patient Care Team; Radiography; Respiration; Skull Fractures

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Candida; Child; Ear; Humans; Inflammation; Nose; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases; Pharynx; Proteus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus

Topics: Animals; Arthritis; Erysipelothrix Infections; Inflammation; Myocardium; Nose; Rats; Trachea

Topics: Endoscopy; Ethmoid Sinus; Humans; Hyperplasia; Inflammation; Nasal Polyps; Nose; Nose Diseases; Paranasal Sinuses; Rhinitis; Sinusitis; Turbinates

Topics: Bites and Stings; Bronchi; Burns; Foreign Bodies; Humans; Inflammation; Laryngeal Diseases; Laryngeal Neoplasms; Larynx; Nose; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases; Pharyngeal Neoplasms; Respiratory Insufficiency

Topics: Bronchi; Cartilage Diseases; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Middle Aged; Nose; Tomography; Trachea

Topics: Aging; Austria; Humans; Inflammation; Japan; Morbidity; Nose; Rhinitis; Rhinitis, Atrophic; Sinusitis; Surgical Procedures, Operative

Topics: Humans; Inflammation; Nasal Septum; Nasopharynx; Nose; Nose Deformities, Acquired; Pathology

Topics: Burns; Edema; Humans; Inflammation; Neoplasms; Nose; Oxyphenbutazone; Postoperative Complications; Skin Transplantation; Surgery, Plastic; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Cartilage; Cortisone; Diagnosis, Differential; Ear Deformities, Acquired; Ear, External; Humans; Inflammation; Nose; Nose Deformities, Acquired; Pathology; Polychondritis, Relapsing; Prednisone

Topics: Humans; Inflammation; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Radium; Rhinitis; Sinusitis

Topics: Inflammation; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Olfactory Mucosa

Topics: Bronchi; Epistaxis; Humans; Inflammation; Lung Diseases; Nasal Cavity; Nose; Paranasal Sinuses

Topics: Fistula; Humans; Inflammation; Nasal Obstruction; Nasopharyngitis; Nose; Paranasal Sinuses; Sinusitis

Topics: Humans; Inflammation; Microscopy; Nose; Paranasal Sinuses; Sinusitis

Topics: Humans; Inflammation; Meninges; Nose; Paranasal Sinuses

Topics: Inflammation; Nose; Paranasal Sinuses; Penicillins; Sinusitis; Sulfonamides

Topics: Humans; Inflammation; Nose; Paranasal Sinuses; Sinusitis

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Inflammation; Nose; Otolaryngology; Paranasal Sinuses; Sinusitis

Topics: Humans; Inflammation; Nose; Paranasal Sinuses

Topics: Humans; Inflammation; Nose; Rhinitis; Vasomotor System