phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Infectious-Bovine-Rhinotracheitis

The effects of nose flap devices in calves before dam separation on cow BCS, pre- and postseparation calf performance, and humoral immune response were compared with traditional weaning. Primiparous and multiparous Angus and Hereford cows ( = 113) and their Angus, Hereford, and Angus × Hereford calves (179.4 ± 3.92 kg and 161 ± 22.7 d of age) were used. Cow-calf pairs were allocated to 1 of 2 treatments in a completely randomized design: 1) nose flap for 21 d before separation from the dam (NF) or 2) no nose flap for 21 d before separation from the dam (CON). Calves were separated from dams on d 0, and calves were placed in group feed-yard pens for 28 d. A subset ( = 75) of weaned calves were placed into 1 of 8 pens to evaluate DMI. Cow BCS was measured on d -21 and 56, and calves were given modified live vaccinations (d -21 and 1), challenged with ovalbumin (OVA; d 1), and weighed (d -21, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28). In addition, blood samples were collected (d -21, 1, 14, and 28) to measure primary humoral immune response. Control calves tended to have greater BW on d 14 ( = 0.09) and 21 ( = 0.07) than NF calves, and CON calves had greater ( < 0.05) ADG from d -21 to 1 vs. NF calves. Treatments did not differ ( ≥ 0.27) for postweaning DMI, G:F, or morbidity. Serum neutralization tests for bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) were used to measure humoral response to a viral vaccination. Serum antibody titers to BVDV-1 for CON calves tended ( = 0.08) to be greater on d 1 and were greater ( < 0.05) by d 28 vs. NF calves. By d 28, a greater percentage ( < 0.05) of CON calves seroconverted for BVDV-1 than NF calves (82.1 vs. 66.7%, respectively). Serum antibody titers for BHV-1 were greater ( < 0.05) on d 1 and 28 for CON vs. NF calves. Humoral immune response to OVA during the 28-d postseparation period from the dam was evaluated in a subset ( = 57) of calves. There was no difference ( = 0.92) in OVA-specific IgG between treatments on d 14 or 28 ( = 0.76); however, OVA-specific IgM was greater ( < 0.05) in CON vs. NF calves on d 28. Results indicate that nose flap devices did not influence feed intake, feed efficiency, or morbidity during the initial postseparation period from the dam. However, preweaning ADG, serum BVDV-1 and BHV-1 titers, and humoral immune response to OVA were decreased in calves that received the nose flap treatment.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Body Composition; Body Weight; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Equipment and Supplies; Female; Immunity, Humoral; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Nose; Ovalbumin; Viral Vaccines; Weaning

The purpose of the study reported here was to compare four different vaccine regimens for their efficacy in protecting calves from challenge with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) at 5 and 14 days after vaccination. Nine experimental groups of five calves each were used to compare four vaccination regimens and a group that received no vaccine. The four vaccine regimens were: a BHV1 intramuscular (IM) vaccine containing both modified live virus (MLV) and killed virus (KV); an MLV intranasal (IN) vaccine; concurrent administration of MLV IN vaccine and MLV IM vaccine; and concurrent administration of MLV IN vaccine and KV vaccine. All vaccine regimens induced solid protection against BHV1 challenge at 14 days after vaccination. All of the vaccine regimens also induced statistically significant (P < .05) protective immunity at 5 days after vaccination; however, there were significant differences (P < .05) in the degree of protection. The best protection induced by 5 days after vaccination was provided by the MLV + KV combination vaccine injected IM and the MLV vaccines given IN and IM concurrently. The MLV + KV combination vaccine administered IM gave significantly (P < .05) better protection by 5 days after vaccination than the MLV vaccine administered IN. Administering a KV BHV1 vaccine IM at the same time as the MLV BHV1 IN vaccine significantly (P < .05) reduced the effectiveness of the IN vaccine for inducing early protective immunity.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Mucus; Nose; Time Factors; Viral Vaccines

Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) is an important component of the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) in cattle. The ability of BHV-1 to transport anterogradely from neuronal cell bodies in trigeminal ganglia (TG) to nerve ending in the noses and corneas of infected cattle following reactivation from latency plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of BRDC and maintenance of BHV-1 in the cattle population. We have constructed a BHV-1 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone by inserting an excisable BAC plasmid sequence in the long intergenic region between the glycoprotein B (gB) and UL26 genes. A BAC-excised, reconstituted BHV-1 containing only the 34-bp loxP sequence within the gB-UL26 intergenic region was highly infectious in calves, retained wild-type virulence properties, and reactivated from latency following treatment with dexamethasone. Using a two-step Red-mediated mutagenesis system in Escherichia coli, we constructed a gE cytoplasmic tail-truncated BHV-1 and a gE-rescued BHV-1. Following primary infection, the gE cytoplasmic tail-truncated virus was efficiently transported retrogradely from the nerve endings in the nose and eye to cell bodies in the TG of calves and rabbits. However, following dexamethasone-induced reactivation from latency, the gE mutant virus was not isolated from nasal and ocular sheddings. Reverse transcriptase PCR assays detected VP5 transcription in the TG of rabbits infected with gE-rescued and gE cytoplasmic tail-truncated viruses during primary infection and after dexamethasone treatment but not during latency. Therefore, the BHV-1gE cytoplasmic tail-truncated virus reactivated in the TG; however, it had defective anterograde transport from TG to nose and eye in calves and rabbits.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial; Dexamethasone; Eye; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Mutant Proteins; Neurons; Nose; Rabbits; Recombination, Genetic; Sequence Deletion; Trigeminal Ganglion; Viral Envelope Proteins; Viral Proteins; Virulence; Virus Activation; Virus Shedding

In this study, the authors examined the role of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) Us9 in the anterograde transport of the virus from trigeminal ganglia (TG) to nose and eye upon reactivation from latency. During primary infection, both BHV-1 Us9-deleted and BHV-1 Us9-rescued viruses replicated efficiently in the nasal and ocular epithelium. However, upon reactivation from latency, only the BHV-1 Us9-rescued virus could be isolated in the nasal and ocular shedding. By real-time polymerase chain reaction, comparable DNA copy numbers were detected in the TGs during latency and reactivation for both the viruses. Therefore, Us9 is essential for reactivation of the virus in the TG and anterograde axonal transport from TG to nose and eye.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; DNA, Viral; Eye; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Nose; Trigeminal Ganglion; Viral Envelope Proteins; Virulence; Virus Latency

Three groups of calves were inoculated intranasally with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus, to determine any effects of a 3-day fast on virus replication and interferon (IFN) production measured in nasal secretions (NS). One group ("fasted") was inoculated 24 h after onset of the fast and another ("refed") at the end of fasting, immediately before refeeding. A third ("control") group was inoculated but not fasted. In fasted calves, overall mean virus excretion (during the first 5 postinoculation days) did not differ from that in control calves, though average virus excretion was higher on days 3 and 4, 24 and 48 h after refeeding. In refed calves, overall mean virus excretion was lower (p less than 0.05), yet on day 5 these calves secreted two times more IFN than nonfasted calves. Analysis of the overall data (all 5 postinoculation sampling days) showed that fasted calves produced more IFN (p less than 0.05), with IFN titers sometimes exceeding 1000, than either control nonfasted calves or refed calves. We conclude that fasting enhanced the ability of calves to produce IFN, and this did not result from increased IBR virus replication.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Fasting; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Interferons; Nose; Virus Replication

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) antigens in nasal swab specimens collected from infected animals. Development of the ELISA involved screening and selection of BHV-1-specific monoclonal antibodies for their ability to capture BHV-1 antigens and for their stability and activity after conjugation to horseradish peroxidase. Forty combinations of capture-conjugate monoclonal antibody pairs were screened for detection of nanogram amounts of purified BHV-1 by using a double-antibody-sandwich ELISA in which antigen and conjugated antibody were simultaneously added to antibody-coated wells. Of the 40 monoclonal antibody pairs, 4 were analyzed further and 1 was selected for routine application to clinical specimens. Of 129 nasal swab specimens collected during the first 10 days after experimental infection with BHV-1, 66 were found to be positive by both virus isolation and ELISA and 34 were positive for infectious virus but negative by ELISA. One specimen was positive by ELISA but negative by virus isolation, and the remaining 28 specimens were negative by both tests. Quantitation of the virus-containing specimens showed that the ELISA had a lower detection limit of 10(3.5) median tissue culture infective doses. The ELISA was judged to be highly useful for diagnosis of BHV-1 infections, since all of the nasal swab specimens that were collected from 12 animals during the first 5 days of the infection, when the clinical signs were the most apparent, were positive.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, Viral; Cattle; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Nose

Nasal epithelial cells were collected by cotton swabs for the diagnosis in experimental and field cases of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and field cases of bovine viral diarrhea in calves. A portion of the cells was washed twice in phosphate buffered saline and a 25 microL drop was placed on microscope slides. The cells were dried, fixed and stained according to the direct fluorescent antibody technique. Another portion of the same specimen was inoculated onto primary bovine skin cell cultures for virus isolation. In the experimental studies for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, 29/35 specimens were positive by fluorescent antibody technique and 32/35 by cell culture and in the field cases, 22/119 were positive by fluorescent antibody technique and 19/119 by cell culture. In the field cases of bovine viral diarrhea, 28/69 samples were positive by fluorescent antibody technique and 14/69 by cell culture. When fluorescent antibody technique was performed on inoculated cell cultures a total of 24/69 specimens were positive for bovine viral diarrhea. The sensitivity of fluorescent antibody technique was thus comparable to that of cell culture method for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea.

Topics: Animals; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral; Epithelium; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Immunization; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Nose; Pestivirus; Virus Cultivation

The virulence of three strains of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus was compared in six-month-old Ayrshire-cross calves. The strains were an isolate from a recent severe outbreak of IBR in Scotland (Strichen strain), the prototype British strain (Oxford strain) and a North American isolate (Colorado strain). The Colorado and Strichen strains produced the characteristic clinical signs and pathological lesions of severe IBR three to four days post infection (p.i.). The Strichen strain was slightly more virulent, possibly as a result of its having been passaged fewer times in tissue culture. In contrast, the Oxford strain produced a mild clinical response with minimal pathological lesions. Virus was recovered from nasal swabs for a longer-period from the calves infected with the Strichen strain (up to 13 days p.i.) and Colorado strain (up to 12 days p.i.) than from the animals infected with the Oxford strain (up to 10 days p.i.). These findings support the suggestion that the recent epidemic of severe IBR in Britain had resulted from the importation of a "new" strain of virus.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Larynx; Lung; Nose; Pharynx; Trachea; Virulence

Daily injection of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-dG) had no protective effect against respiratory tract infection in calves caused by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. It also did not reduce the severity of this infection. Ocular instillation of the drug, however, markedly reduced the severity of viral-induced conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis. The drug was effective when given at the time of ocular infection or after clinical conjunctivitis developed.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Deoxy Sugars; Deoxyglucose; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Injections; Injections, Intravenous; Keratoconjunctivitis; Male; Nose; Ophthalmic Solutions

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Cattle; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Male; Mucus; Nose

In each of 11 experiments, four calves were exposed first to an aerosol of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1, virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis) and second to an aerosol of Pasteurella haemolytica. The interval between aerosols was three to five days. In two other experiments, calves were exposed only to a bacterial aerosol. Climate was controlled for all experiments from the day of viral exposure and for eight of the experiments it was also controlled for four to six days before the first aerosol. The concentration of infectious doses of virus in the aerosols and the number of bacteria in the aerosols of each calf were determined. Macroscopically recognizable rhinitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, tracheitis and pneumonia of lobar distribution in 42 lobes from 11 calves were seen in five experiments in which bacterial aerosol followed the viral aerosol by at least four days. One calf died with marked respiratory disease in each of four experiments within four days of exposure to the bacterial aerosol. Production of pneumonia was dependent on an interval between aerosols of at least four days but not on the condition of controlled climate on the environmental chamber either before or after the viral aerosol nor on the period of habituation allowed calves of some experiments.

Topics: Aerosols; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Lung; Nose; Pasteurella; Pasteurella Infections; Pneumonia; Temperature

Topics: Animals; Bronchi; Cattle; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Disease Outbreaks; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Larynx; Lung; Male; Nose; Scotland; Trachea

Pulmonary function changes in 6 Holstein-Friesian calves, 4 to 8 weeks of age, were studied for 10 to 11 days following experimental inoculation with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus. Calves had no demonstrable antibody titer against IBR virus before inoculation, and all calves responded to the virus by postinoculation day 3 with high fever (greater than 40.6 C) and rapid, shallow breathing. Analysis of blood gases demonstrated a progressive rise in PaCO2 but no change in PaO2. Acid-base state remained normal. Tidal volume decreased with time; conversely, minute ventilation functional residual capacity, O2 consumption, and CO2 production increased. Alveolar ventilation failed to increase as much as predicted. Studies of respiratory mechanics showed a progressive increased in total pulmonary resistance but without change in dynamic pulmonary compliance. A steady-state N2 washout test was used with these calves, and results suggested impairment of intrapulmonary gas mixing as the disease progressed. Microbiologic, pathologic, and histopathologic analyses were consistent with the picture of acute IBR. This study demonstrated our ability to measure pulmonary function changes in nonanesthetized large animals suffering from respiratory tract disease. We characterized the pathophysiologic features of acute IBR infection in the bovine species as an obstructive lung disease resulting in increased resistance to breathing, retention of CO2, and increased resting lung volume.

Topics: Airway Resistance; Animals; Cattle; Functional Residual Capacity; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Lung; Lung Compliance; Male; Nose; Oxygen; Tidal Volume; Trachea

Sixteen pregnant cows were challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus intranasally. One had a mummified fetus, four aborted, one calf was stillborn, two live fetuses were taken at the abattoir and eight calves were born alive. Of the eight born alive, five were dead by 12 days of age. Four of these had the usual lesions of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis as well as lesions in the intestine and peritoneum and two of the four had a fibrinous pneumonia thought to be caused by aspiration of milk. The lesions, results of virus isolation and fluorescent antibody testing are recorded in these four calves. Attention is drawn to the intestinal lesions, the peritonitis and fibrinous pneumonia and the ease with which the underlying infectious bovine rhinotracheitis infection may be overlooked.

Topics: Abortion, Veterinary; Adrenal Glands; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cattle; Eye; Female; Fetal Death; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Intestines; Kidney; Larynx; Liver; Lung; Mouth; Muscles; Nose; Pregnancy; Spleen

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Blood; Cattle; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Hydrocortisone; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Interferons; Nose

An outbreak of ataxia, blindness, respiratory disease and kerato-conjunctivitis occurred in October 1972 in a beef feedlot in Cyprus. Fifteen animals died and 10 that were severely ataxic were slaughtered; many animals became blind. There was no opportunity to isolate virus when the disease was active but in March and October 1973 infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus was isolated from cattle after they had been treated corticosteroids to stimulate virus excretion. It is probable that IBR virus caused the disease. This is the first report of the isolation of IBR virus from cattle in Cyprus.

Topics: Animals; Ataxia; Blindness; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Conjunctiva; Cyprus; Dexamethasone; Female; Flumethasone; Glucocorticoids; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Keratoconjunctivitis; Male; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Penis; Prednisolone; Respiratory Tract Infections

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cells, Cultured; Conjunctiva; Culture Media; Feces; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Kidney; Male; Neutralization Tests; Nose

Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Corticosterone; Dexamethasone; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Injections; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Nose; Recurrence; Vagina

Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Administration, Oral; Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Immune Sera; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Mycoplasma; Nose; Pasteurella; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respirovirus; RNA Viruses; Sulfamethazine; Viral Vaccines; Weaning

Fifteen steers were vaccinated after shipment with a modified live virus vaccine containing infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine virus diarrhea (BVD), and bovine myxovirus parainfluenza-3 (PI3), and 16 unvaccinated steers were kept as controls. Geometric mean titers one month after vaccination were highest to BVD, followed by PI3 and IBR. Weight gains were higher during 30 days after vaccination in the controls. One case of acute respiratory disease developed in one vaccinated calf. Revaccination 79 days after the first dose increased antibody to PI3 and BVD virus but not IBR. In a second trial, no clinical respiratory disease developed after shipment of 13 heifers that received an antibacterial-antiviral antiserum or in the 12 controls. Weight gains 30 days after shipment were identical in both groups.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Immunity, Active; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Mycoplasma; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pasteurella; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respirovirus; RNA Viruses; Vaccination

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Body Temperature; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cells, Cultured; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Injections; Kidney; Leukocyte Count; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Viral Vaccines; Virus Cultivation

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Body Temperature; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Injections; Interferons; Leukocyte Count; Nasal Mucosa; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Viral Vaccines

Topics: Animals; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Artiodactyla; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Deer; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Equidae; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Lacrimal Apparatus; Nose; Rectum; Research; Virus Diseases