phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Hyperplasia

At present, nasal abnormalities is often classified from different perspectives, such as the alar-columella relationship, nasal base width, and the condition of alar hyperplasia. However, due to the impact of race and region, different people may be applied to different classification methods, resulting in different clinical diagnosis and treatments. So far, there is no unified standard for alar deformity classification to guide clinical treatment. In alar-columella relationship, the retracted ala and the hanging columella, hanging ala and retracted columella are easily confused. According to the classification of nasal base width, it is easy to confuse the alar flare with wide alar base. Therefore, the accurate preoperative evaluation of the nasal ala and the selection of appropriate clinical treatments for different abnormalities are beneficial for surgeons to achieve perfect rhinoplasty results.. 目前常从鼻翼鼻小柱比例关系、鼻基底宽度、鼻翼肥大等不同角度对鼻翼畸形进行分型，但由于人种、地域等因素的影响，不同的人群可能适用于不同的分型方式，从而出现不同的临床诊断及治疗方式，目前仍未能形成一个统一的鼻翼畸形分型的标准。在鼻翼鼻小柱比例关系中，鼻翼退缩与鼻小柱悬垂、鼻翼悬垂与鼻小柱退缩容易混淆；在鼻基底宽度分型中，鼻翼基底过大与鼻翼外扩侧凸容易混淆。所以术前对鼻翼进行准确的评估，针对不同畸形选择合适的临床治疗方法，有利于外科医生达到完美的鼻整形效果。.

Topics: Cleft Lip; Humans; Hyperplasia; Nasal Septum; Nose; Preoperative Care; Rhinoplasty

Rhinophyma is a progressive disease of the nose, which is characterised by skin thickening and sebaceous hyperplasia. Patients with rhinophyma are often stigmatised due to worsening disfigurement of their nose. This can also result in functional impairment such as reduced nasal patency. Severe cases of rhinophyma are best managed with varied surgical interventions, as there is no clear 'gold standard' treatment that has been described. We present our experiences in the management of rhinophyma and the evolution of treatment modalities that have been employed over a nine-year period.

Topics: Humans; Hyperplasia; Nose; Rhinophyma

Oculo-auriculo-fronto-nasal syndrome (OAFNS) is a rare anomaly characterized by features overlapping those of frontonasal dysplasia (FND) and the oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAVS). The FND features malformation of frontonasal process-derived structures, characterized by anomalies in the central portion of the face. The OAVS is characterized by developmental anomalies of the first and second pharyngeal arches. The OAFNS is a condition with clinical features of both FND and OAVS.Here, the authors present the case of a male with OAFNS who not only exhibited typical OAFNS symptoms but also a dysplastic bony structure that bridged the anterior nasal spine and inferior nasal bones, and unilateral type 3 Duane retraction syndrome (absence of right-eye abduction). Abnormal nasal bones are characteristic of OAFNS; such abnormalities are absent from FND and OAVS. The authors reduced the dysplastic nasal bony structure via open external rhinoplasty, followed by lateral nasal osteotomy when he was 16 years of age. The nasal dorsum appeared natural after surgery and he was satisfied with the result.

Topics: Adolescent; Craniofacial Abnormalities; Duane Retraction Syndrome; Face; Humans; Hyperplasia; Male; Nasal Bone; Nose

Patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCLP) have a characteristic bilateral septal deformity, and septal deviation can be associated with turbinate hyperplasia, leading to paradoxical nasal obstruction. The purpose of the present study was to measure and compare the bony and mucosal dimensions of the inferior turbinate on the cleft and non-cleft sides in patients with UCLP.. We implemented a retrospective cohort study of patients with UCLP who had undergone computed tomography (CT) scan between 2002 to 2013. Subjects who had undergone nasal revision, septoplasty, turbinectomy, or Le Fort I osteotomy before the imaging date were excluded. The primary predictor variable was the subject side (cleft vs noncleft side), and the primary outcome variable was the turbinate cross-sectional area. The secondary predictor variables included the site of measurement along the sagittal axis of the turbinate (anterior, middle, posterior) and tissue type (turbinate whole, bone, mucosa). The Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired samples compared the turbinate dimensions on the cleft and noncleft sides, with statistical significance set at P ≤ .05.. The sample included 53 patients (32 females and 21 males). The inferior turbinates were measured bilaterally on CT images obtained at a mean age of 12.2 ± 0.8 years. The inferior turbinate on the noncleft side was significantly larger in both bone and mucosa (P = .003). This relationship did not change when controlling for age and gender.. The results of the present study have confirmed bony and mucosal enlargement of the inferior turbinate on the noncleft side in patients with UCLP. This might contribute to bilateral nasal obstruction and should be considered during treatment planning for nasopharyngeal and orthognathic surgery.

Topics: Adolescent; Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; Cephalometry; Child; Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; Cohort Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hyperplasia; Hypertrophy; Male; Nasal Bone; Nasal Mucosa; Nasal Septum; Nose; Retrospective Studies; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Turbinates

Topics: Child; Female; Humans; Hyperplasia; Nevus, Sebaceous of Jadassohn; Nose; Skin

Occipito-condylar hyperplasia is a very rare anomaly of the cranio-vertebral junction that was only reported in two patients before and managed through posterior approach.. A 10-year-old girl with a sudden attack of quadriparesis and respiratory distress was admitted to our center. A detailed work up favored a high cervical myelopathy due to bilateral occipito-condylar hyperplasia and Chiari malformation.. An endoscopic endo-nasal approach under navigation guide was used to drill the compressive lesion.. Our patient is added to the literature as the third one that was approached through a different surgical corridor. Successful decompression with excellent results was gained.

Topics: Cervical Vertebrae; Child; Endoscopy; Female; Humans; Hyperplasia; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Nose; Occipital Lobe; Odontoid Process; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Hemimandibular hyperplasia (HH) and hemimandibular elongation (HE) anomalies present with facial asymmetry and deranged occlusion. Currently, diagnosis and assessment of the facial dysmorphology is based on subjective clinical evaluation, supported by radiological scans. Advancements in objective assessments of facial asymmetry from three-dimensional (3D) facial scans facilitate a re-evaluation of the patterns of facial dysmorphology. Automated, robust and localised asymmetry assessments were obtained by comparing a 3D facial scan with its reflected image using a weighted least-squares superimposition. This robust superimposition is insensitive to severe asymmetries. This provides an estimation of the anatomical midline and a spatially dense vector map visualising localised directional differences between the left and right hemifaces. Analysis was conducted on three condylar hyperplasia phenotypes confirmed by clinical and CT evaluation: HH; HE; and hybrid phenotype. The midline extraction revealed chin point displacements in all cases. The upper lip philtrum and nose tip deviation to the affected side and a marked asymmetry of the mid face was noted in cases involving HE. Downward and medial rotation of the mandible with minor involvement of the midface was seen in the HH associated deformity. The hybrid phenotype case exhibited asymmetry features of both HH and HE cases.

Topics: Adult; Cephalometry; Chin; Facial Asymmetry; Female; Humans; Hyperplasia; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Lip; Malocclusion; Mandible; Mandibular Condyle; Maxilla; Nose; Open Bite; Orbit; Phenotype; Rotation; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Young Adult

Masticatory muscle tendon-aponeurosis hyperplasia (MMTAH) is a new disease entity characterized by limited mouth opening due to contracture of the masticatory muscles, resulting from hyperplasia of tendons and aponeuroses. In this case series, we report what methods of airway establishment were conclusively chosen after rapid induction of anesthesia. We had 24 consecutive patients with MMTAH who underwent surgical release of its contracture under general anesthesia. Rapid induction of anesthesia with propofol and rocuronium was chosen for all the cases. In 7 cases, intubation using the Macintosh laryngoscopy was attempted; however, 2 of those cases failed to be intubated on the first attempt. Finally, intubation using the McCoy laryngoscopy or fiber-optic intubation was alternatively used in these 2 cases. In 7 cases, the Trachlight was used. In the remaining 10 cases, fiber-optic intubation was used. Limited mouth opening in patients with MMTAH did not improve with muscular relaxation. "Square mandible" has been reported to be one of the clinical features in this disease; however, half of these 24 patients lacked this characteristic, which might affect a definitive diagnosis of this disease for anesthesiologists. An airway problem in patients with MMTAH should not be underestimated, which means that other intubation methods rather than direct laryngoscopy had better be considered.

Topics: Androstanols; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Connective Tissue; Contracture; Fiber Optic Technology; Humans; Hyperplasia; Intubation, Intratracheal; Laryngoscopy; Mandible; Masseter Muscle; Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; Nose; Oral Surgical Procedures; Propofol; Rocuronium; Tendons

A 55-year-old man presented with multiple, asymptomatic, yellowish papules on his face with a 4-year history, and two non-healing tumoral lesions on his nose with a 7-month history. He was a renal transplant recipient and had been treated with cyclosporine (ciclosporin) for 9 years. A biopsy from the asymptomatic, yellowish papule on the face showed sebaceous gland hyperplasia, and biopsies from the lesions on the nose revealed basal cell carcinomas. The lesions on the nose were excised. Sebaceous gland hyperplasia and skin cancers are among the cutaneous neoplasms observed in renal transplant recipients receiving cyclosporine. To our knowledge, this is the third reported case of the coexistence of basal cell carcinomas and multiple sebaceous gland hyperplasias in a cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipient.

Topics: Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Cyclosporine; Face; Humans; Hyperplasia; Immunocompromised Host; Immunosuppressive Agents; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Sebaceous Gland Diseases; Skin Neoplasms; Treatment Outcome

The purpose of this guideline is to promote a high-quality specialty care for patients with structural irregularities of the internal and/or external nose associated with functional and/or relevant aesthetic impairment. The guideline was designed for use in the outpatient and inpatient specialist medical care and is therefore specifically targeted to specialists of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Plastic Surgery. The guideline was interdisciplinarily developed according to the specifications of the German guideline commission "AWMF" as a so called "S2k" guideline. This guideline refers to structural disturbances of the internal and external nose, where normalization due to functional and/or relevant aesthetic reasons is required. Cosmetic rhinoplasty is not covered by this guideline.

Topics: Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Contraindications; Esthetics; Germany; Humans; Hyperplasia; Nasal Obstruction; Nasal Septum; Nose; Nose Deformities, Acquired; Patient Admission; Postoperative Care; Prognosis; Rhinoplasty; Turbinates

During the period 1991-2007, autopsy was undertaken in 13 fetuses with warfarin embryopathy. Pregnancy data and radiographic babygrams were available in each instance. Gestational age ranged from 17 to 37 weeks. Eleven of the fetuses had the characteristic nasal hypoplasia, but only three had radiological epiphyseal stippling. Cerebral hemorrhage was a major feature of autopsy in 8 of the fetuses, and it is evident that bleeding is a significant factor in the pathogenesis of warfarin embryopathy. A wide variety of additional visceral manifestations which were observed at autopsy have been tabulated. There was no obvious correlation between maternal or gestational age and the presence and severity of any specific embryopathic feature. No information was available concerning the dose and timing of warfarin administration in this series.

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Anticoagulants; Autopsy; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Chondrodysplasia Punctata; Female; Fetal Development; Heart Valve Diseases; Humans; Hyperplasia; Nose; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies; Warfarin; Young Adult

The Tessier classification is the current standard for identifying and reporting rare craniofacial clefts. This numerically based system describes 16 different primary clefts, with additional possible combinations that can significantly raise the total number of potentially describable clefts. Problems with this system include a complexity that requires most surgeons to consult a diagram to describe the location of a cleft. In addition, the Tessier classification can include conditions that may not actually involve a true cleft such as frontonasal dysplasia, Treacher Collins syndrome, and craniofacial microsomia. A surgically based classification is proposed that includes only true clefts (eliminating hyperplasias, hypoplasias, and aplasias) and classifies these rare anomalies into 1 of 4 types based on anatomic regions: midline, median, orbital, and lateral. This simplified classification for craniofacial clefts, which is based on a different surgical paradigm appropriate to each regional location, enables surgeons to describe an observed cleft in such a way that others can easily visualize the location and have a starting point for formulating treatment decisions.

Topics: Craniofacial Abnormalities; Facial Bones; Frontal Bone; Humans; Hyperplasia; Lip; Mandible; Maxilla; Nose; Orbit; Patient Care Planning; Plastic Surgery Procedures

The incidence and multiplicity of grossly observed and microscopic lesions of the respiratory tract of A/J mice exposed nose-only to mainstream smoke (50, 200, or 400 mg total particulate matter/m3 from 2R4F cigarettes) was compared to those of filtered air controls. Animals were necropsied at the end of exposure (5 mo) or following 4 or 7 mo of recovery. Lungs were visually inspected for tumors at all necropsies and examined histopathologically at 9 and 12 mo. At 5 mo no tumors were recorded. No significant elevations in tumor incidence or multiplicity were recorded although at 9 mo multiplicity was elevated in the mid-exposure group (0.90 versus 0.55 tumors per animal for controls). At 12 mo, multiplicity was increased over the 9-mo necropsy at all exposures except 200 mg/m3; however, there were no dose-related trends in multiplicity or incidence. Histopathological alterations included hyperplasia, metaplasia, and inflammation of the nose and larynx and proliferative lesions of the lungs. At 9 mo, the multiplicity of focal lung lesions was 1.4 per animal in controls but averaged 1.0 among smoke-exposed groups. There was an inverse relation (p < .059) between smoke concentration and the percentage of hyperplastic lesions at 9 mo. At 12 mo the high-exposure group had slightly increased multiplicity of 2.3 lesions compared with 1.6 among controls, while the percentage of hyperplasic lesions was similar between groups. Nose-only inhalation of mainstream tobacco smoke resulted in chronic inflammatory changes of the respiratory tract yet failed to produce statistically significant changes in tumor incidence or multiplicity.

Topics: Adenoma; Animals; Body Weight; Hyperplasia; Inhalation Exposure; Lung; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Mice; Nicotiana; Nose; Organ Size; Particulate Matter; Respiratory System; Smoke

Topics: Adult; Facial Dermatoses; Humans; Hyperplasia; Male; Nose; Puberty; Sebaceous Glands

Topics: Artifacts; Calculi; Dental Amalgam; Dental Cementum; Dental Enamel; Diagnosis, Differential; Exostoses; Humans; Hyperplasia; Jaw Diseases; Jaw Neoplasms; Maxillary Sinus; Mucocele; Nose; Odontogenic Tumors; Odontoma; Osteitis; Osteitis Deformans; Osteosclerosis; Paranasal Sinus Diseases; Periapical Diseases; Periapical Granuloma; Periapical Tissue; Radiography; Salivary Gland Calculi; Tattooing; Tongue; Tooth Root; Tooth, Impacted

A cephalometric analysis according to Hasund, supplemented by special obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) parameters, was performed on 169 patients who had been referred from the sleep laboratory. Statistical analysis showed a correlation between specific cephalometric landmarks including posterior airway space (PAS), a soft palate length, hyoid position and posterior growth development of the mandible and OSAS severity. A principal component analysis differentiated between four subgroups of OSAS patients: (1) orthognathic obese subjects; (2) patients with a long soft palate and low-positioned hyoid; (3) retrognathic patients with narrow PAS; and (4) prognathic ones. Lateral cephalometry is an important contribution to OSAS diagnostics and oral and maxillofacial therapy procedures.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Cephalometry; Female; Humans; Hyoid Bone; Hyperplasia; Male; Mandible; Maxilla; Middle Aged; Nasopharynx; Nose; Obesity; Palate, Soft; Palatine Tonsil; Prognathism; Retrognathia; Sleep Apnea Syndromes

We studied 722 reexcision scars of benign and malignant lesions (except melanocytic lesions) excised over a 24-month period. The formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. The histological features of melanocytic hyperplasia were present in 59 cases (8%), 56 from the sun-exposed skin of the face and neck and three from the trunk [p < 0.00001]. The most common sites were the nose and lower eyelids, but the forehead was also frequently involved. Of the 59 patients, 41 were women (p < 0.0001). Basal cell carcinoma was the most frequent original lesion in both sexes (80%). No melanocytic hyperplasia was found in 663 cases (298 on the trunk and extremities and 365 on the head and neck). We have seen this reaction pattern following reexcision of melanocytic lesions as well. Thus, interpreting reexcision margins when lentigo maligna or similar lesions are reexcised may be fraught with difficulty. It is important for pathologists and dermatopathologists to recognize this phenomenon because histologically the presence of increased numbers of large melanocytes could be misinterpreted as melanoma in situ.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Child; Cicatrix; Eyelids; Face; Female; Forehead; Humans; Hutchinson's Melanotic Freckle; Hyperplasia; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Melanocytes; Melanoma; Middle Aged; Neck; Nose; Sex Factors; Skin Neoplasms; Sunlight

Topics: Adult; Diagnosis, Differential; Endothelium, Vascular; Female; Humans; Hyperplasia; Nasal Cavity; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Nose Neoplasms; Turbinates

Hydrazine (N2H4) is used as a fuel for missiles and standby power systems of operational military aircraft. Maintenance of missiles and aircraft may result in accidental human exposure to high concentrations for brief periods of time. The purposes of this study were to assess the oncogenic potential of N2H4 in rats and male hamsters exposed to a high concentration of N2H4 for repeated short exposures and to investigate the relationships of acute and subchronic effects of N2H4 to nasal tumorigenesis. In phase 1 (acute and subchronic) and Phase 2 (lifetime experiments, groups of male and female Fischer 344 rats and male Syrian golden hamsters were exposed by inhalation to 0, 75 (Phase 2 only), or 750 ppm N2H4 for 1 (acute) or 10 (subchronic) 1-hr weekly exposures. Rodents were euthanized 24 hr after exposures 1 and 10 and 24 to 30 months poststudy initiation. Significant reductions in body weight were observed in N2H4-treated rodents compared to controls during the exposure interval. No hydrazine-induced mortality was detected. Histopathologic examination after the acute and subchronic exposures revealed degeneration and necrosis of transitional, respiratory, and olfactory epithelia in the anterior nose and, in rats exposed subchronically, squamous metaplasia of the transitional epithelium. Minimal to mild rhinitis resulted from N2H4 exposures. Apoptosis was observed in olfactory and squamous metaplastic transitional epithelium. Lesions occurred at sites reportedly having high air-flow and generally appeared to be more severe in the anterior portion of the nose. By 24 months, the squamous metaplastic transitional epithelium reverted back to normal-appearing transitional epithelium. By 24+ months, low incidences (sexes combined) of hyperplasia (5/194, 2.6%) and neoplasia (11/194, 5.7%) were detected, principally in the transitional epithelium of the 750 ppm N2H4-treated rats. A similar incidence of hyperplasia (2/94, 2%) and neoplasia (5/94, 5.3%) was detected in the high-exposure group of hamsters. The location and type of N2H4-induced proliferative lesions were similar to those reported in a chronic N2H4-exposure study (5.0 ppm x 6 hr/day x 5 days/week for 1 year) conducted in our laboratory, but the chronic study had much higher incidences (rats, sexes combined: hyperplasia 15.5% vs 2.6% and polypoid adenoma 44.6% vs 5.2%). The product (CD) of concentration + time was the same (750 ppm hours) for the high-dose groups for both studies, but the duration of

Topics: Adenomatous Polyps; Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Atrophy; Body Weight; Carcinogens; Cricetinae; Epithelium; Female; Hydrazines; Hyperplasia; Male; Mesocricetus; Metaplasia; Nasal Mucosa; Necrosis; Nose; Nose Neoplasms; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344

Intranasal sphenoethmoidectomy was originally used primarily for the provision of adequate drainage of acute and subacute bacterial sinusitis. However, the spectrum of inflammatory sinus disease has changed dramatically since the popularization of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis has replaced acute sinusitis as the primary indication for ethmoidectomy. In such cases total or almost total disease removal is crucial to providing long-term drainage and ventilation. We describe several modifications of the Yankauer sphenoethmoidectomy technique that enable the sinus surgeon to provide clearance of disease and excellent drainage for all sinuses by complete marsupialization of the sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary sinuses. These modifications include (1) complete rather than partial removal of the middle turbinate, (2) extended middle meatal antrostomy with palatine bone resection to the pterygoid process with delineation of the inferior and medial orbital wall, and (3) introduction of operative endoscopes as adjunctive tools in areas inaccessible to conventional visualization. The current technique and results in nearly 2000 procedures are described.

Topics: Chronic Disease; Drainage; Endoscopy; Ethmoid Sinus; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hyperplasia; Maxillary Sinus; Nasal Polyps; Nasal Septum; Nose; Orbit; Palate; Postoperative Complications; Recurrence; Rhinitis; Sinusitis; Sphenoid Bone; Sphenoid Sinus; Turbinates

Increased sputum production and chronic bronchitis are associated with occupational exposure to endotoxin-contaminated organic ducts. The present study examined whether repeated exposure to occupationally relevant concentrations of airborne endotoxin in the F344 rat can alter the volume density of stored intraepithelial mucosubstances (Vs) in the respiratory tract. Rats were exposed to saline or endotoxin aerosols for 3 h/day for 3 days and were killed 24 h after the last exposure. Quantitative histochemistry of Vs in airway epithelium was examined at three distinct levels of the respiratory tract (nose, trachea, and lung). Exposure to endotoxin produced a dose-dependent increase in Vs in the intrapulmonary airways. The quantity of Vs in the intrapulmonary airways was significantly increased in animals exposed to as little as 0.3 micrograms/m3 endotoxin. Significant increases in Vs were observed in the trachea only after exposure to > or = 3.1 micrograms/m3 endotoxin, whereas no significant changes were observed in the nasal airways even at concentrations as high as 52.4 micrograms/m3. These results are consistent with earlier findings in which repeated instillation of endotoxin produced significant increases in Vs in the epithelial lining of the pulmonary airways and demonstrate that inhaled endotoxin may play a role in the increase in sputum and chronic bronchitis reported for workers exposed to organic dusts.

Topics: Animals; Bronchi; Endotoxins; Hyperplasia; Male; Mucous Membrane; Mucus; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Trachea

All cross-sectional areas of the upper airway can be measured by an acoustic signal using the acoustic reflection technique, or acoustic rhinometry. The plane of the cross-sectional areas measured was determined in nasal models. The isotemporal layers were found to be nearly parallel to the nasal valve. The acoustically measured cross-sectional areas correlated with the cross-sectional areas of cuts from nasal models. After digitizing these cuts, a CAD software calculates cross-sectional areas in all orientations and at all distances. The difference between the measured and calculated cross-sectional areas is up to 3% in the nasal cavity and up to 17% in the nasopharynx. The hypothesis that the cross-sectional areas measured lie nearly parallel to the nasal valve was confirmed. The normal rhinometric curve shows the minimal cross-sectional area (I-notch) to lie at the nasal isthmus. The second narrowest segment of the nasal cavity lies at the head of the inferior concha and septal concha (C-notch). Characteristic examples of patients with turbinate hypertrophy, choanal atresia, enlarged adenoids, and septal deviations are presented. Acoustic rhinometric curves can only be interpreted in combination with the rhinoscopic findings because different pathological conditions can produce similar curves. Recording of reliable and reproducible data by acoustic rhinometry demands that the connection between the rhinometer and the nose does not distort the valve area. When we used two different nose pieces (1.2 and 1.5 cm outer diameter) the cross-sectional areas in the anterior third of the nose of only 28% of the patients was measured correctly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Adenoids; Anthropometry; Child; Choanal Atresia; Computer Graphics; Computer Simulation; Female; Fourier Analysis; Humans; Hyperplasia; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Infant, Newborn; Male; Microcomputers; Nasal Obstruction; Nasal Septum; Nose; Reference Values; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted

A laboratory animal model that permits the exposure of xenotransplanted human respiratory epithelium to formaldehyde was used to study the effects of formaldehyde alone or in combination with the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide. Epithelial cells obtained from autopsies of full-term human fetuses or infants less than one year old were isolated, amplified in primary cultures, and then inoculated into rat tracheas from which the epithelial layer had been removed. These tracheas then were sealed and transplanted subcutaneously into irradiated athymic nude mice. Four weeks after transplantation, the tracheal lumen was completely covered by epithelium, most of which was of the mucociliary respiratory type. At this stage, tracheal transplants containing tracheobronchial epithelium from 20 different human infant donors were exposed to silastic devices containing 0, 0.5, 1, or 2 mg of formaldehyde. The tracheal transplants were examined histologically 2, 4, 8, or 16 weeks after transplantation. Before being killed, all animals were injected with a single pulse of tritiated thymidine. Important epithelial alterations were seen in the transplants treated with formaldehyde, with a maximum effect visible two weeks after exposure. In most cases, the highest dose of 2 mg produced numerous areas of epithelial erosion and inflammation; however, this effect was not as evident with the lower doses. All doses produced areas of hyperplastic epithelium alternating with areas of atrophic epithelium. Although the differences in predominance of different types of epithelium were not clearly dependent on dose, the labeling index showed dose dependence between two and four weeks after the initiation of exposure. The maximum mean labeling index was three to four times higher than normal, although in some focal hyperplastic-metaplastic lesions the labeling index increased up to 20 times. These studies show that formaldehyde, although toxic at higher doses, is able to elicit at lower doses a proliferative response of the human infant tracheobronchial epithelium that is not preceded by a massive toxic effect. Similar studies were performed using xenotransplanted human adult nasal respiratory epithelium (Study 2). The response pattern was very similar to that of the xenotransplanted human tracheobronchial epithelium from human infants (Study 1). In Study 3, using cells obtained from 11 human infant tracheobronchial epithelia, the formaldeh

Topics: Animals; Benzo(a)pyrene; Bronchi; Cocarcinogenesis; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Epithelium; Formaldehyde; Humans; Hyperplasia; Mice; Mice, Nude; Nose; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Regression Analysis; Time Factors; Trachea; Tracheal Neoplasms; Transplantation, Heterologous

Modifying effects of the environmental contaminant catechol, and its isomers resorcinol and hydroquinone, on methyl-N-amylnitrosamine (MNAN)-induced carcinogenesis were studied in male F344 rats. Groups of 15 rats were given three i.p. injections of 25 mg/kg of body weight of MNAN within the initial 2-wk period, and commencing 1 wk thereafter they were administered 0.8% catechol, 0.8% resorcinol, or 0.8% hydroquinone in powdered basal diet or were given basal diet alone for 49 wk. Additional groups of 10 to 15 rats were similarly treated without prior carcinogen exposure. Histological examination after sacrifice at wk 52 revealed that the incidences of tongue papillomas and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas in the groups given MNAN followed by catechol (57.1% and 64.3%) or resorcinol (50% and 58.8%) were significantly higher than those in the carcinogen only controls (9.1, and 0%, respectively). Hydroquinone also enhanced the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas but was less active than catechol or resorcinol. The incidence of alveolar hyperplasia in the lungs of the group given MNAN followed by catechol (0%) was, in contrast, significantly reduced as compared to the control value (54.5%). Hydroquinone and resorcinol showed a similar but non-significant tendency. These results indicated that the environmental contaminant, catechol and its isomers, may play a role in the development of human upper gastrointestinal cancer, in addition to exerting modifying effects in other organs.

Topics: Animals; Carcinogens; Carcinoma; Catechols; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagus; Hyperplasia; Lung; Male; Nitrosamines; Nose; Nose Neoplasms; Papilloma; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Resorcinols; Tongue; Tongue Neoplasms

Tumor development was examined sequentially in the nasal cavity of male F344 rats given 0.01% 1,4-dinitrosopiperazine (DNP) in their drinking water for various periods. Rats were sacrificed at 10-week intervals for up to Week 50. On continuous DNP administration, simple hyperplasia of the nasal cavity epithelium was observed from Week 10, papillary hyperplasia, nodular hyperplasia, and papilloma was observed from Week 20, and carcinoma was observed from Week 30. Carcinoma was observed in 100% of the animals given DNP for 50 weeks. The carcinomas were adenocarcinomas (86%), adenosquamous cell carcinomas (10%), and undifferentiated carcinomas (4%). Simple hyperplasia was distributed evenly in the nasal cavity. Seventy % of the nodular hyperplasias and 81% of the carcinomas were located in the ethmoturbinate and about 75% of the papillary hyperplasias and papillomas were located in the nasoturbinate and maxilloturbinate. These findings suggest that nodular hyperplasia is very important as a precursor of carcinoma in the nasal cavity of rats treated with DNP and that papilloma is less important in relation to carcinoma development.

Topics: Animals; Carcinogens; Carcinoma; Hyperplasia; Male; Neoplasms, Experimental; Nitrosamines; Nose; Nose Neoplasms; Papilloma; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344

The 4-h LC50 of acetaldehyde in rats was determined and found to be 13,300 ppm (24.0 g/m3 air). In a 4-week study groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were exposed to 0, 400, 1000, 2200 or 5000 ppm acetaldehyde for 6 h/day, 5 days/week. Treatment-related changes observed at the 5000 ppm level included dyspnoea and excitation during the first 30 min of each exposure, yellow-brown fur, severe growth retardation, more neutrophils and less lymphocytes in the blood, a reduced production of urine with a high density, increased lung weights, and severe degenerative, hyperplastic and metaplastic changes of the nasal, laryngeal and tracheal epithelium. Major lesions seen at 1000 and 2200 ppm comprised growth retardation and an increased production of urine in males, slight to moderate degeneration with or without hyper- and metaplasia of the nasal epithelium, and only at 2200 ppm, minimal epithelial changes in the larynx and trachea. The only change observed at the 400 ppm level that could be attributed to acetaldehyde was slight degeneration of the nasal olfactory epithelium seen as loss of microvilli and thinning and disarrangement of the layer of epithelial cells.

Topics: Acetaldehyde; Animals; Blood; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Epithelium; Female; Gases; Hyperplasia; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Nose; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Respiratory System; Time Factors

In 20 rabbits one nostril was surgically closed and the mucous membrane studied 4--90 days after the operation. The density of goblet cells was determined anteriorly and posteriorly on whole mounts, epithelial changes on serial sections from 4 different localities on the septum. Anteriorly on the open side damage to the cilia initiated epithelial processes of repair, viz. hyperplasia of basal cells, transformation of these cells into columnar cells, and differentiation into mucous and ciliated cells. On the 16th day the epithelium was again columnar and ciliated. As a consequence of continued trauma new cycles were initiated, but not even after 90 days was there any squamous epithelium. In the middle and posteriorly on the septum no changes were demonstrated, indicating a marked, but gradual decrease in the anteroposterior direction of the influence by the air-flow upon the mucosa. On the closed side there was increased secretory activity and normalization of the epithelium which was changed most anteriorly in normal rabbits.

Topics: Animals; Cilia; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Humans; Hyperplasia; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation; Rabbits

It appears that a variety of surgical techniques are available to safely decrease the size of hyperplastic inferior turbinates; when used properly in appropriate patients they can provide significant improvement in the symptoms of chronic nasal obstruction.

Topics: Airway Obstruction; Cryosurgery; Electrocoagulation; Humans; Hyperplasia; Methods; Nose; Nose Diseases; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal; Turbinates

The development of a cutaneous nodule at the site of friction of spectacles has been discussed by several authors. In all but one case the lesion occurred behind the ears. The only previous report of this acquired tumour occurring on the nose is that of Farrell & Wilson (4). It is suggested that this problem is relatively common and most frequently presents when mistaken for basal cell epithelioma or when identified in medical personnel. A further six cases of this neglected tumour occurring on the nose are described.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Eyeglasses; Female; Humans; Hyperplasia; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Skin Diseases

Topics: Adult; Circadian Rhythm; Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic Errors; Facial Bones; Humans; Hyperplasia; Male; Nose; Nose Neoplasms; Time Factors; Tomography, X-Ray

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Papillary; Adenoma; Animals; Cricetinae; Epithelial Cells; Female; Hyperplasia; Mucins; Neoplasms, Experimental; Nitrosamines; Nose; Nose Neoplasms

Topics: Endoscopy; Ethmoid Sinus; Humans; Hyperplasia; Inflammation; Nasal Polyps; Nose; Nose Diseases; Paranasal Sinuses; Rhinitis; Sinusitis; Turbinates

Topics: Acids; Aldehydes; Animals; Bronchi; Carcinogens; Epithelium; Hyperplasia; Infections; Lung; Male; Metaplasia; Mice; Nasal Mucosa; Nitrogen Dioxide; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory System; Smoking; Trachea

Topics: Chronic Disease; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hyperplasia; Maxillary Sinus; Methods; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Proteus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Rhinitis, Atrophic; Sinusitis; Staphylococcus

Topics: Adolescent; Black People; Child; Congenital Abnormalities; Ear, External; Fibroma; Fibromatosis, Gingival; Genetics, Medical; Gingiva; Humans; Hyperplasia; Hypertrophy; Nose; Pathology; Radiography; Skeleton; Splenomegaly; West Indies

Topics: Adenoids; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Endoscopy; Humans; Hyperplasia; Hypertrophy; Infant; Nasal Mucosa; Nasal Obstruction; Nasal Polyps; Nasopharynx; Nose; Nose Neoplasms; Respiratory Insufficiency; Rhinitis; Rhinitis, Atrophic

Topics: Ethnology; Face; Facial Asymmetry; Functional Laterality; Humans; Hyperplasia; Nose