phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Halitosis

The B/B Checker®, a new portable device for detecting odorous compounds in oral, exhaled, and nasal air, is now available. As a single unit, this device is capable of detecting several kinds of gases mixed with volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in addition to other odorous gasses. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the B/B Checker® for detecting the malodor level of oral, exhaled, and nasal air.. A total of 30 healthy, non-smoking volunteers (16 males and 14 females) participated in this study. The malodor levels in oral, exhaled, and nasal air were measured using the B/B Checker® and by organoleptic test (OT) scores. The VSCs in each air were also measured by gas chromatography (GC). Associations among B/B Checker® measurements, OT scores and VSC levels were analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficients. In order to determine the appropriate B/B Checker® level for screening subjects with malodor, sensitivity and specificity were calculated using OT scores as an identifier for diagnosing oral malodor.. In oral and nasal air, the total VSC levels measured by GC significantly correlated to that measured by the B/B Checker®. Significant correlation was observed between the results of OT scores and the B/B Checker® measurements in oral (r = 0.892, p < 0.001), exhaled (r = 0.748, p < 0.001) and nasal air (r = 0.534, p < 0.001). The correlation between the OT scores and VSC levels was significant only for oral air (r = 0.790, p < 0.001) and nasal air (r = 0.431, p = 0.002); not for exhaled air (r = 0.310, p = 0.096). When the screening level of the B/B Checker® was set to 50.0 for oral air, the sensitivity and specificity were 1.00 and 0.90, respectively. On the other hand, the screening level of the B/B Checker® was set to 60.0 for exhaled air, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.82 and 1.00, respectively.. The B/B Checker® is useful for objective evaluation of malodor in oral, exhaled and nasal air and for screening subjects with halitosis.. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01139073.

Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Chromatography, Gas; Exhalation; Female; Halitosis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth; Nose; Sensitivity and Specificity; Statistics, Nonparametric; Sulfur Compounds

Tricho-rhino-phalangeal Syndrome (TRPS) is a rare inherited dysplasia affecting hair, nasal structure and fingers. A literature review indicated that since first described, three types of manifestations have been identified. A Table summarising the oral manifestations demonstrates the variety of presentations. A South African male child presented with the syndrome and was found to show premature eruption of permanent teeth, a finding that has not been previously reported. His oro-facial manifestations also included malaligned and unerupted crowded teeth, bulbosity of the nasal tip and an elongated philtrum and evidence of mild intellectual impairment. A protocol has been developed to guide the future management of these cases.

Topics: Abnormalities, Multiple; Child, Preschool; Fingers; Follow-Up Studies; Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative; Hair; Halitosis; Humans; Male; Mouth Diseases; Nose; Prognathism; Syndrome; Tooth Diseases; Tooth Eruption

To determine whether there is a correlation between halitosis and mouth breathing in children.. Fifty-five children between 3 and 14 years of age were divided into two groups (nasal and mouth breathing) for the assessment of halitosis. A descriptive analysis was conducted on the degree of halitosis in each group. The chi-square test was used for comparison between groups, with a 5% level of significance.. There was a significantly greater number of boys with the mouth-breathing pattern than girls. A total of 23.6% of the participants had no mouth odor, 12.7% had mild odor, 12.7% had moderate odor and 50.9% had strong odor. There was a statistically significant association between halitosis and mouth breathing.. The occurrence of halitosis was high among the children evaluated, and there was a statistically significant association between halitosis and mouth breathing.

Topics: Adolescent; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Halitosis; Humans; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Respiration; Severity of Illness Index; Sex Distribution

To develop and apply a detailed clinical protocol for screening and assessing subjects with a complaint of halitosis.. Cross-sectional.. Several methods were used to recruit subjects with a complaint of halitosis, including a newspaper advertisement. A definition of halitosis arising from within the oral cavity, which is not related to generalized chronic gingivitis, chronic periodontitis or pathology of the oral mucosa was used. An extensive list of exclusion criteria was applied at the initial visit. Eligible subjects were asked to follow strict instructions and complete a questionnaire prior to their second visit for data collection. The clinical examination consisted of an organoleptic assessment, Halimeter reading and periodontal examination.. The best method of recruiting subjects was advertising. Of 66 individuals recruited, four failed to attend the screening visit and 25 were excluded. The main reasons for exclusion were poor oral hygiene and existing periodontal disease. Thirty-seven completed the full protocol, resulting in identification of 18 with halitosis and 19 controls.. Application of the exclusion criteria resulted in significant attrition of eligible participants. Our results suggest that organoleptic assessment should be regarded as a useful standard for defining subjects with halitosis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Halitosis; Humans; Lung; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Mouth; Nose; Odorants; Oral Hygiene; Patient Selection; Periodontal Diseases; Smell; Surveys and Questionnaires

Infected root canals usually cause foul odor. On sensory testing, objective evaluation of the odor is difficult because of the subjectivity of the examiner. In this study, the odor of the canal content was analyzed by an electronic nose. Moreover, association of the odor with culturable bacteria isolated from the root canal was examined. The median of the odor index (indicating odor quantity) in nonvital teeth group was significantly higher than that in vital teeth. When Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, or Bacteroides was detected, the value of the odor index and the strength of smell representation (indicating odor quality) for hydrogen sulfide and ammonia were higher than when these bacteria were not present. Relationship between odor analysis data, clinical symptoms, and isolated bacterial species was seen, thus suggesting that the electronic nose is useful for objective evaluation of root canal odor.

Topics: Artificial Organs; Halitosis; Humans; Nose; Odorants; Pulpitis; Statistics, Nonparametric

To report the data from a multidisciplinary bad breath consultation in Germany.. In this cross sectional study, 407 patients attending a bad breath consultation were examined by a specially trained dentist, with an ENT-specialist, an internist, and a psychologist on call.. All patients reported suffering from bad breath but only 72.1% showed detectable signs of breath malodour. Within this group, 92.7% revealed an oral cause, 7.3% revealed an extra-oral cause. Within the group without malodour, 76.3% had received prior diagnostics and treatments from other doctors, whereby 36% had received one or more gastroscopies and 14% had undergone an ENT operation. In only ten cases had an organoleptic evaluation of the putative malodour been performed.. Our data reveal that breath malodour is mainly of oral origin and that patients with pseudo-halitosis are frequently not diagnosed correctly by doctors, resulting in a considerable amount of over-treatment.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Caries; Diabetes Complications; Female; Foreign Bodies; Gingival Diseases; Halitosis; Humans; Male; Medical History Taking; Middle Aged; Nose; Periodontitis; Physical Examination; Sinusitis; Tongue; Tonsillitis

Topics: Bacteria; Cadaverine; Halitosis; Humans; Hydrogen Sulfide; Nose; Odorants; Oral Health; Oral Hygiene; Palatine Tonsil; Periodontal Diseases; Putrescine; Smoking; Tongue; Toothpastes

In two boys aged 4.5 and 1.5 years with halitosis a nasal foreign body was found. After removal the foetor disappeared. Little is known about the epidemiology of halitosis in children. Apart from specific odours with certain systemic disorders, local pathology such as chronic sinusitis, upper and lower respiratory tract infections and to a lesser degree gastrointestinal disorders may be the cause of the offensive smell. As in adults, bad breath in children is usually related to poor oral hygiene or disease of the oral cavity. The first-line treatment is proper oral hygiene and if necessary dental sanitization. In resistant cases further evaluation should be aimed at disclosing the causative pathology, in which case in children the possibility of a nasal foreign body should also be considered.

Topics: Child, Preschool; Foreign Bodies; Foreign-Body Reaction; Halitosis; Humans; Infant; Male; Nose

Topics: Adult; Child, Preschool; Foreign Bodies; Halitosis; Humans; Nose; Psychophysiologic Disorders; Rhinitis; Sinusitis

Topics: Cartilage; Halitosis; Humans; Nose

A case of long standing halitosis due to a nasal foreign body is described, and the causes of halitosis are reviewed.

Topics: Child; Female; Foreign Bodies; Halitosis; Household Articles; Humans; Nose; Radiography

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Foreign Bodies; Halitosis; Humans; Male; Nose

Topics: Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Foreign Bodies; Halitosis; Humans; Male; Nose; Odorants

Topics: Female; Foreign Bodies; Halitosis; Humans; Nose; Odorants; Sweat

It is doubtful that the tonsils or adenoids contribute sufficiently to immunity or to hematopoiesis to warrant withholding adenotonsillectomy when there is need for the operation. Focal infection, rheumatic fever and allergic disease must be evaluated in the individual case. A seldom discussed reason for operation is the prophylaxis or treatment of malformation of the nose, sinuses, mouth and jaw. Well defined indications for adenotonsillectomy include frequent occurrence of infection, peritonsillar abscess, cervical lymph node disease believed caused by tonsillar infection, otitis media, and hypertrophy sufficient to embarrass swallowing or breathing. The operation may also be indicated in certain cases of impaired hearing, halitosis, or anorexia, and sometimes for carriers of diphtheria. Psychic trauma can be obviated by proper preparation of a child for the operation he is to undergo. There is a good evidence of evidence of relationship between recent adenotonsillectomy and infection with poliomyelitis-and a good deal of evidence to the contrary. Nationwide rules cannot be established on the basis of the evidence presented thus far. Since in many cases it is unwise to put off adenotonsillectomy, each case in each community in each season must be evaluated separately.

Topics: Adenoidectomy; Adenoids; Child; Diphtheria; Focal Infection; Halitosis; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Hypertrophy; Lymph Nodes; Male; Mouth; Nasal Surgical Procedures; Nose; Palatine Tonsil; Peritonsillar Abscess; Poliomyelitis; Rheumatic Fever; Tonsillectomy