phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Enterovirus-Infections

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs), human enteroviruses (HEVs) and human parechoviruses (HPeVs) have been linked to acute otitis media (AOM). We evaluated this association in a prospective birth cohort setting.. A total of 324 healthy infants were followed up from birth to age 3 years. Nasal swab samples were collected at age 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months and screened for HRV and HEV using real-time reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Stool samples were collected monthly and analyzed for HRV, HEV, and HPeV. AOM episodes diagnosed by physicians were reported by parents in a diary. The association of viruses with AOM was analyzed using generalized estimation equations, and their relative contributions using population-attributable risk percentages.. A clear association was found between AOM episodes and simultaneous detection of HEV (adjusted odds ratio for the detection of virus in stools, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-3.91) and HRV (1.54; 1.04-2.30). HPeV showed a similar, yet nonsignificant trend (adjusted odds ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, .81-2.56). HRV and HEV showed higher population-attributable risk percentages (25% and 20%) than HPeV (11%).. HEVs and HRVs may contribute to the development of AOM in a relatively large proportion of cases.

Topics: Acute Disease; Child, Preschool; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Feces; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Nose; Otitis Media; Parechovirus; Picornaviridae Infections; Prospective Studies; Rhinovirus

Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) is one of the main causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in young children and has become prevalent in the Asia-Pacific region in recent years. However, no approved vaccines or drugs are available for CV-A16 infection. CV-A16 virus-like particles (VLPs) are a potential vaccine candidate; however, whether the intranasal route of immunization is suitable for inducing immune responses against CV-A16 infection has not been clarified. In this study, the comprehensive immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the CV-A16 VLP vaccine were evaluated by multiple methods in a mouse model. In mice, a high neutralizing antibody (NTAb) titre could be elicited by intranasal immunization with CV-A16 VLPs, which produced NTAb levels similar to those induced by intranasal immunization with inactivated CV-A16. Passive immunity with NTAbs provided very good protection, as the survival rate of the immunized neonatal mice was 100% after challenges with CV-A16 at a dose of 1000 LD

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Disease Models, Animal; Enterovirus A, Human; Enterovirus Infections; Female; Humans; Immunization; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Nose; Viral Vaccines

Rhinovirus C is an important pathogen of asthmatic and non-asthmatic children hospitalised with episodic wheeze. Previous studies on other respiratory viruses have shown that several host cytokines correlate with duration of hospitalisation, but this has yet to be investigated in children with RV-C infection. We determined the nasal cytokine profiles of these children and investigated their relationship with RV-C load and clinical outcome. Flocked nasal swabs were collected from children aged 24-72 months presenting to the Emergency Department at Princess Margaret Hospital with a clinical diagnosis of acute wheeze and an acute upper respiratory tract viral infection. RV-C load was determined by quantitative RT-PCR and cytokine profiles were characterised by a commercial human cytokine 34-plex panel. RV-C was the most commonly detected virus in pre-school-aged children hospitalised with an episodic wheeze. RV-C load did not significantly differ between asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients. Both groups showed a Th2-based cytokine profile. However, Th17 response cytokines IL-17 and IL-1β were only elevated in RV-C-infected children with pre-existing asthma. Neither RV-C load nor any specific cytokines were associated illness severity in this study. Medically attended RV-C-induced wheeze is characterised by a Th2 inflammatory pattern, independent of viral load. Any therapeutic interventions should be aimed at modulating the host response following infection.

Topics: Asthma; Child; Child, Preschool; Cytokines; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Female; Humans; Interleukin-17; Interleukin-1beta; Male; Nose; Respiratory Sounds; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Th17 Cells; Th2 Cells; Viral Load

Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) caused a widespread outbreak of respiratory illness in the United States in 2014, predominantly affecting children. We describe EV-D68 rates, spectrum of illness, and risk factors from prospective, population-based acute respiratory illness (ARI) surveillance at a large US pediatric hospital.. Children <13 years of age with ARI and residence in Hamilton County, Ohio were enrolled from the inpatient and emergency department (ED) settings at a children's hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio, from 1 July to 31 October 2014. For each participant, we interviewed parents, reviewed medical records, and tested nasal and throat swabs for EV-D68 using real-time reverse- transcription polymerase chain reaction assay.. EV-D68 infection was detected in 51 of 207 (25%) inpatients and 58 of 505 (11%) ED patients. Rates of EV-D68 hospitalization and ED visit were 1.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-1.6) and 8.4 per 1000 children <13 years of age, respectively. Preexisting asthma was associated with EV-D68 infection (adjusted odds ratio, 3.2; 95% CI, 2.0-5.1). Compared with other ARI, children with EV-D68 were more likely to be admitted from the ED (P ≤ .001), receive supplemental oxygen (P = .001), and require intensive care unit admission (P = .04); however, mechanical ventilation was uncommon (2/51 inpatients; P = .64), and no deaths occurred.. During the 2014 EV-D68 epidemic, high rates of pediatric hospitalizations and ED visits were observed. Children with asthma were at increased risk for medically attended EV-D68 illness. Preparedness planning for a high-activity EV-D68 season in the United States should take into account increased healthcare utilization, particularly among children with asthma, during the late summer and early fall.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Asthma; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Enterovirus D, Human; Enterovirus Infections; Female; Hospitalization; Hospitals, Pediatric; Humans; Infant; Male; Medical Records; Nose; Ohio; Pharynx; Prospective Studies; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Respiratory Tract Infections; Seasons

Data from EV-D68-infected patients demonstrate that pathological changes in the lower respiratory tract are principally characterized by severe respiratory illness in children and acute flaccid myelitis. However, lack of a suitable animal model for EV-D68 infection has limited the study on the pathogenesis of this critical pathogen, and the development of a vaccine. Ferrets have been widely used to evaluate respiratory virus infections. In the current study, we used EV-D68-infected ferrets as a potential animal to identify impersonal indices, involving clinical features and histopathological changes in the upper and lower respiratory tract (URT and LRT). The research results demonstrate that the EV-D68 virus leads to minimal clinical symptoms in ferrets. According to the viral load detection in the feces, nasal, and respiratory tracts, the infection and shedding of EV-D68 in the ferret model was confirmed, and these results were supported by the EV-D68 VP1 immunofluorescence confocal imaging with α2,6-linked sialic acid (SA) in lung tissues. Furthermore, we detected the inflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression level, which implied high expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1a, IL-8, IL-5, IL-12, IL-13, and IL-17a in the lungs. These data indicate that systemic observation of responses following infection with EV-D68 in ferrets could be used as a model for EV-D68 infection and pathogenesis.

Topics: Animals; Capsid Proteins; Child; Child, Preschool; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Enterovirus D, Human; Enterovirus Infections; Feces; Ferrets; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Interleukin-17; Interleukin-5; Interleukin-8; Lung; Nose; Phylogeny; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Viral Load

Enteroviruses (Picornaviridae family) are a common cause of human illness worldwide and are associated with diverse clinical syndromes, including asymptomatic infection, respiratory illness, gastroenteritis, and meningitis. In this study, we report the identification and complete genome sequence of a novel enterovirus isolated from a case of acute respiratory illness in a Nicaraguan child. Unbiased deep sequencing of nucleic acids from a nose and throat swab sample enabled rapid recovery of the full-genome sequence. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that human enterovirus 109 (EV109) is most closely related to serotypes of human enterovirus species C (HEV-C) in all genomic regions except the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR). Bootstrap analysis indicates that the 5' UTR of EV109 is likely the product of an interspecies recombination event between ancestral members of the HEV-A and HEV-C groups. Overall, the EV109 coding region shares 67 to 72% nucleotide sequence identity with its nearest relatives. EV109 isolates were detected in 5/310 (1.6%) of nose and throat swab samples collected from children in a pediatric cohort study of influenza-like illness in Managua, Nicaragua, between June 2007 and June 2008. Further experimentation is required to more fully characterize the pathogenic role, disease associations, and global distribution of EV109.

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cluster Analysis; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Genome, Viral; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Nicaragua; Nose; Pharynx; Phylogeny; Recombination, Genetic; Respiratory Tract Infections; RNA, Viral; Sequence Analysis, DNA

Two day old piglets were inoculated intravenously with 1 ml of swine vesicular disease virus UK-G 27-72 isolate. Using infectivity tests, immunofluorescent staining and gross and histopathological examination, pathogenesis of the infection was studied in tissue specimens collected daily from one through seven days postinoculation. Swine vesicular disease virus had a strong affinity for the epithelia of the tongue, snout, coronary band and lips, the myocardium and the lymphoid elements of the tonsil and the brain stem. The virus had the greatest affinity for the epithelium of the tongue. However, there was no evidence that the tongue was the initial replication site for swine vesicular disease virus. Prickle cells in the stratum spinosum appear to be the primary targets for the virus. The necrotic foci in the stratum spinosum appeared first, followed the next day by reticular degeneration and multilocular intraepidermal vesicular formation. In the digestive tract and most of the other visceral organs the short duration and sudden drop of the virus titres and the negative fluorescence and pathological findings suggest that these are not important sites for the replication of swine vesicular disease virus in this experiment. The virus was recovered from most of the central nervous tissue specimens. Although the piglets had significant central nervous system lesions, signs of impaired central nervous system function were not detected. However, subtle nervous signs could have been obscured by difficulties in locomotion resulting from severe lesions of the feet.

Topics: Animals; Brain; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Enteroviruses, Porcine; Nose; Swine; Swine Vesicular Disease; Tissue Distribution; Tongue; Virus Replication

The air of loose-boxes holding pigs affected with swine vesicular disease was sampled for virus. In the multistage impinger virus to a titre of 10(2.6) TCID 50 was associated with particles greater than 6 mum., 10(1.6) with particles 3-6 mum. and 10(1.4) or less with particles less than 3 mum. In the noses of workers in contact with the pigs for periods not less than 5 min., virus to a titre of 10(2.4) TCID 50 was found. Virus was recovered from the air for 2-3 days during the disease and maximum titre in pigs infected by injection or by contact occurred on the second to third day after generalization of the lesions. The amounts of virus were about 160-fold less than those recovered from pigs affected with foot-and-mouth disease, and the quantity and time of excretion suggest that the source of swine vesicular disease virus in the aerosol may be from the lesions and skin rather than from the respiratory tract.

Topics: Air Microbiology; Animals; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Foot; Housing, Animal; Humans; Lip; Nose; Skin; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Cells, Cultured; Child; Child, Preschool; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Feces; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans; Infant; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Pharynx; Population Surveillance; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Virus Cultivation; Virus Diseases; Viruses; Washington

Topics: Adenoviridae; Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Cell Line; Child; Child, Preschool; Complement Fixation Tests; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Female; Haplorhini; HeLa Cells; Humans; Infant; Kidney; Male; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Pharynx; Poliovirus; Rectum; Seasons; Virus Cultivation; Zoonoses