phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Ectoparasitic-Infestations

Oestrosis, caused by the larvae of Oestrus ovis, commonly known as sheep nose bot, is an obligatory cavitary myiasis of sheep and goats. Oestrus ovis is a widespread parasite, but little is known about the prevalence of oestrosis at the global and broad geographical levels. The present study aimed to explore the epidemiology of oestrosis at the global and regional level to estimate prevalences and their associated factors using a systematic approach. This is, to the author's knowledge, the first meta-analysis of oestrosis in sheep and goats.. Published articles were obtained from nine electronic databases (PubMed, CAB Abstracts, Web of Science, Scopus, UCB library, Medline, Biosis Citation Index, Indian journals and Google Scholar) reporting the prevalence of O. ovis in sheep and goats from 1970 to 2018. Pooled prevalences were estimated using a random effect meta-analysis model.. Sixty-six studies were eligible, and data from 40,870 sheep and 18,216 goats were used for quantitative analysis. The random effect estimated prevalence of oestrosis at the global level in sheep was 51.15% (95% CI: 42.80-59.51%) and in goats was 42.19% (95% CI: 33.43-50.95%). The pooled prevalence estimates for Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas were 47.85% (95% CI: 36.04-59.66%), 44.48% (95% CI: 33.09-55.87%), 56.83% (95% CI: 48.92-64.74%) and 34.46% (95% CI: 19.90-49.01%), respectively. Heterogeneity (I. Oestrosis is highly prevalent in many geographical regions of the world, especially in Europe and Africa. Factors that contribute to the pooled prevalence estimate of oestrosis need to be emphasised in any survey to estimate the true prevalence of oestrosis. Furthermore, there is a need for immunisation or implementation of other preventive measures to reduce the burden of oestrosis in sheep and goats and to improve the health and welfare status.

Topics: Animals; Databases, Factual; Diptera; Ectoparasitic Infestations; Female; Goat Diseases; Goats; Larva; Male; Myiasis; Nose; Prevalence; Seasons; Sheep; Sheep Diseases

In July 2017, twenty cattle of a free-grazing herd were found to be infested with leeches in the mouth. Main signs were bloody sialorrhea and/or a purple-red colour of the lower lip. Leeches, in a variable number (1 to 3) per animal, were found at the lingual frenulum or on the sublingual vestibular mucosa and were morphologically identified as Limnatis nilotica. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of cattle infestation by L. nilotica in Italy. Besides recalling the attention to leech infestation and suggesting its inclusion in the differential diagnosis of animals with suggestive signs, this short report also provides practitioners with easy-going morphological keys for proper diagnosis and discrimination among species.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Diagnosis, Differential; Ectoparasitic Infestations; Italy; Leeches; Mouth; Nose

Copepods are common components in all types of fish assemblages, being present in fishes of all ecosystems. The Ergasilidae Burmeister, 1835 is one of the biggest families in the order Cyclopoida Burmeister, 1834, with the majority of species found on freshwater fishes.. Ergasilus tipurus n. sp. is described from the nasal fossae of Calophysus macropterus and Sorubim lima captured in the rivers Guaporé and Mamoré in the State of Rondônia, Brazil, and from the nasal fossae and the gills of Rhaphiodon vulpinus collected from floodplain lakes of the Solimões River in the State of Amazonas, Brazil.. The new species differs from all known species of Ergasilus from Brazilian waters by: (1) antennule setal formula 3:7:3:4:2:5; (2), having three-segmented first endopod of leg I; and (3) having leg V with a single well-developed segment with one middle distal setae, two distal setae placed laterally and two basal papillae, each provided with a simple seta.. From all Ergasilus species described in the neotropics, this is the first species that can be found parasitizing the gills and nasal fossae of the reported hosts.

Topics: Animals; Brazil; Catfishes; Copepoda; Ectoparasitic Infestations; Fish Diseases; Gills; Microscopy; Nose; Rivers

The olfactory sacs of 488 specimens belonging to 18 species of rajid and arhynchobatid skates from the Argentine Sea were sampled for parasites. No parasitic copepods were found in 11 host species, but siphonostomatoid specimens referable to Kroeyerina Wilson, 1932 (Kroyeriidae) and Brianella corniger Wilson, 1915 (Lernaeopodidae) were found on the spotback skate Atlantoraja castelnaui (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907), the smallnose fanskate Sympterygia bonapartii Müller & Henle, 1841, the bignose fanskate Sympterygia acuta Garman, 1877 and the zipper sand skate Psammobatis extenta (Garman, 1913) (Rajiformes: Arhynchobatidae). Additionally, specimens of B. corniger were found in the olfactory sacs of the Rio skate Rioraja agassizii (Müller & Henle, 1841) and attached to the pectoral fins of the Magellan skate Bathyraja magellanica (Philippi, 1902) and the smallthorn sand skate Psammobatis rudis Günther, 1870. A new species, Kroeyerina sudamericana sp. nov., is described and illustrated. The new species most closely resembles Kroeyerina nasuta Wilson, 1932, but can be distinguished from it by the different armature of the antennule, a proportionally shorter genital complex and the chela of the antenna which, when closed, leaves a gap between the corpus and claw, the latter having no spines. The new species represents the first record of Kroeyerina in South American marine waters. The present study also extends the distribution range of B. corniger, previously known only from the Pacific, to include Atlantic waters, and records seven new host species, all of which are members of the Arhynchobatidae.

Topics: Animals; Argentina; Atlantic Ocean; Copepoda; Ectoparasitic Infestations; Female; Fish Diseases; Gills; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Nose; Skates, Fish; Species Specificity

Topics: Adult; Animals; Ectoparasitic Infestations; Epistaxis; Humans; Leeches; Male; Nose