phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Communicable-Diseases

Infectious diseases and cancer change a patient's metabolism and hence the metabolic compounds produced. The composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath or urine or stool samples can therefore be characteristic of a particular disease. In recent years many studies have been conducted into the training of animals, including dogs, to recognise diseases by smell. Besides trained animals, electronic noses (e-noses) are also being developed. These devices can identify disease-specific odour profiles in VOCs. Although the results of research in the field of scent diagnosis are promising, the medical community remains largely sceptical. We discuss applications of scent detection as a diagnostic tool in modern medicine.

Topics: Animals; Breath Tests; Communicable Diseases; Dogs; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Neoplasms; Nose; Odorants; Smell; Volatile Organic Compounds

Topics: Animals; Carrier State; Communicable Diseases; Cross Infection; Humans; Nose; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus

There is a paucity of data regarding initial bacterial colonization on admission to Intensive Care Units (ICUs) in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Patients admitted to ICUs in LMICs are at high-risk of subsequent infection with antimicrobial-resistant organisms (AROs). We conducted a prospective, observational study at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam from November 2014 to January 2016 to assess the colonization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. among adult patients within 48 hours of ICU admission. We found the admission colonization prevalence (with at least one of the identified organisms) was 93.7% (785/838) and that of AROs was 63.1% (529/838). The colonization frequency with AROs among patients admitted from the community was comparable to those transferred from other hospitals (62.2% vs 63.8%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated bacteria from nasal swabs (13.1%, 110/838) and the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization prevalence was 8.6% (72/838). We isolated Escherichia coli from rectal swabs from almost all enrolled patients (88.3%, 740/838) and 52.1% (437/838) of patients were colonized by extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli. Notably, Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated bacteria from the tracheal swabs (11.8%, 18/153). Vietnamese ICU patients have a high rate of colonization with AROs and are thus at risk of subsequent infections with these organisms if good infection control practices are not in place.

Topics: Acinetobacter; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Communicable Diseases; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Female; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Klebsiella; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Pseudomonas; Staphylococcus aureus; Vietnam

Infrared thermography (IRT) is used to screen febrile passengers at international airports, but it suffers from low sensitivity. This study explored the application of a combined visible and thermal image processing approach that uses a CMOS camera equipped with IRT to remotely sense multiple vital signs and screen patients with suspected infectious diseases.. An IRT system that produced visible and thermal images was used for image acquisition. The subjects' respiration rates were measured by monitoring temperature changes around the nasal areas on thermal images; facial skin temperatures were measured simultaneously. Facial blood circulation causes tiny color changes in visible facial images that enable the determination of the heart rate. A logistic regression discriminant function predicted the likelihood of infection within 10s, based on the measured vital signs. Sixteen patients with an influenza-like illness and 22 control subjects participated in a clinical test at a clinic in Fukushima, Japan.. The vital-sign-based IRT screening system had a sensitivity of 87.5% and a negative predictive value of 91.7%; these values are higher than those of conventional fever-based screening approaches.. Multiple vital-sign-based screening efficiently detected patients with suspected infectious diseases. It offers a promising alternative to conventional fever-based screening.

Topics: Adult; Body Temperature; Communicable Diseases; Feasibility Studies; Female; Fever; Humans; Japan; Male; Mass Screening; Nose; Photography; Remote Sensing Technology; Skin Temperature; Thermography

The aim of this study was to measure the rate of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among attendees of the 13th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID), particularly with regard to methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains. The 31.4% rate of Staphylococcus aureus colonization detected among the participants was in line with colonization rates reported previously for healthcare workers. A statistical difference was found between the rates of Staphylococcus aureus carriage in physicians (37.4%) and non-physicians (21.7%) but not between males (35.0%) and females (28.9%). Only one participant (a Belgian physician) was found to carry MRSA. Surprisingly, the rate of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus carriage was significantly higher among participants from countries with a low prevalence of MRSA.

Topics: Carrier State; Communicable Diseases; Congresses as Topic; Europe; Female; Health Personnel; Humans; Male; Methicillin Resistance; Nose; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Communicable Diseases; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Hungary; Hydrolases; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Mothers; Neomycin; Nose; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Puerperal Infection; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Vagina

Topics: Brain Diseases; Communicable Diseases; Humans; Mastoiditis; Neurologic Manifestations; Nose; Pharynx; Sinusitis; Suppuration

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Communicable Diseases; Erythromycin; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Nose; Novobiocin; Oleandomycin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus

Topics: Asthma; Child; Communicable Diseases; Humans; Infant; Nose; Respiratory Tract Infections

Topics: Blood Group Antigens; Communicable Diseases; Humans; Male; Nose; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Surgical Procedures, Operative

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Communicable Diseases; Disinfection; Humans; Neomycin; Nose; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Surgical Procedures, Operative

Topics: Communicable Diseases; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Humans; Larynx; Nose; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Respiratory System; Trachea

Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases; Humans; Male; Nose; Ticks

Topics: Bacteria; Child; Child, Hospitalized; Communicable Diseases; Humans; Nose; Pharynx; Respiratory Tract Infections

Topics: Communicable Diseases; Humans; Nose; Rhinitis

Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases; Illinois; Nose; Paranasal Sinuses; Sinusitis; Turkeys