phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Chemical-and-Drug-Induced-Liver-Injury

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological; Biopsy; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Humans; Liver; Liver Function Tests; Melanoma; Nivolumab; Nose; Nose Neoplasms; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Treatment Outcome; Tumor Burden

The toxicity of green tea extract (GTE) was evaluated in 14-week gavage studies in male and female F344/NTac rats and B6C3F1 mice at doses up to 1,000 mg/kg. In the rats, no treatment-related mortality was noted. In the mice, treatment-related mortality occurred in male and female mice in the 1,000 mg/kg dose groups. The cause of early deaths was likely related to liver necrosis. Treatment-related histopathological changes were seen in both species in the liver, nose, mesenteric lymph nodes, and thymus. In addition, in mice, changes were seen in the Peyer's patches, spleen, and mandibular lymph nodes. The no adverse effect level (NOAEL) for the liver in both species was 500 mg/kg. In the nose of rats, the NOAEL in males was 62.5 mg/kg, and in females no NOAEL was found. No NOAEL was found in the nose of female or male mice. The changes in the liver and nose were considered primary toxic effects of GTE, while the changes in other organs were considered to be secondary effects. The nose and liver are organs with high metabolic enzyme activity. The increased susceptibility of the nose and liver suggests a role for GTE metabolites in toxicity induction.

Topics: Animals; Camellia sinensis; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Liver; Longevity; Lymphoid Tissue; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; Nose; Organ Size; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Tea; Toxicity Tests