phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Bovine-Virus-Diarrhea-Mucosal-Disease

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Colostrum; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Female; Germ-Free Life; Infusions, Parenteral; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Rectum; RNA Viruses; Vaccination; Virus Diseases

The effects of nose flap devices in calves before dam separation on cow BCS, pre- and postseparation calf performance, and humoral immune response were compared with traditional weaning. Primiparous and multiparous Angus and Hereford cows ( = 113) and their Angus, Hereford, and Angus × Hereford calves (179.4 ± 3.92 kg and 161 ± 22.7 d of age) were used. Cow-calf pairs were allocated to 1 of 2 treatments in a completely randomized design: 1) nose flap for 21 d before separation from the dam (NF) or 2) no nose flap for 21 d before separation from the dam (CON). Calves were separated from dams on d 0, and calves were placed in group feed-yard pens for 28 d. A subset ( = 75) of weaned calves were placed into 1 of 8 pens to evaluate DMI. Cow BCS was measured on d -21 and 56, and calves were given modified live vaccinations (d -21 and 1), challenged with ovalbumin (OVA; d 1), and weighed (d -21, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28). In addition, blood samples were collected (d -21, 1, 14, and 28) to measure primary humoral immune response. Control calves tended to have greater BW on d 14 ( = 0.09) and 21 ( = 0.07) than NF calves, and CON calves had greater ( < 0.05) ADG from d -21 to 1 vs. NF calves. Treatments did not differ ( ≥ 0.27) for postweaning DMI, G:F, or morbidity. Serum neutralization tests for bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) were used to measure humoral response to a viral vaccination. Serum antibody titers to BVDV-1 for CON calves tended ( = 0.08) to be greater on d 1 and were greater ( < 0.05) by d 28 vs. NF calves. By d 28, a greater percentage ( < 0.05) of CON calves seroconverted for BVDV-1 than NF calves (82.1 vs. 66.7%, respectively). Serum antibody titers for BHV-1 were greater ( < 0.05) on d 1 and 28 for CON vs. NF calves. Humoral immune response to OVA during the 28-d postseparation period from the dam was evaluated in a subset ( = 57) of calves. There was no difference ( = 0.92) in OVA-specific IgG between treatments on d 14 or 28 ( = 0.76); however, OVA-specific IgM was greater ( < 0.05) in CON vs. NF calves on d 28. Results indicate that nose flap devices did not influence feed intake, feed efficiency, or morbidity during the initial postseparation period from the dam. However, preweaning ADG, serum BVDV-1 and BHV-1 titers, and humoral immune response to OVA were decreased in calves that received the nose flap treatment.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Body Composition; Body Weight; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Equipment and Supplies; Female; Immunity, Humoral; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Nose; Ovalbumin; Viral Vaccines; Weaning

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral; Female; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Placenta; Pregnancy; Seroconversion; Swine; Vaccination

The diagnosis of neonatal and young calves persistently infected (PI) with Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) by antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ACE) may be complicated by interference from colostrum-derived specific antibodies. Ten calves, with 3 calves identified as PI and 7 as non-PI were used in the current study. All non-PI calves were shown to be seropositive for BVDV-specific antibodies by antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ab-ELISA) on serum. Serum samples, ear notch samples, and nasal and saliva swabs were collected from each calf from birth until 12 weeks of age and tested by ELISA for BVDV-specific antigen and antibodies. Following colostrum ingestion, Ab-ELISA sample-to-positive (S/P) ratios rose by a mean of 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64-1.25) and 1.72 (95% CI = 1.55-1.89) in seropositive, non-PI calves and in PI calves, respectively. The mean S/P ratios then declined to approximately 1.1 in non-PI calves and 0.5 in PI calves at between 60 and 80 days of age. In PI calves, testing for antigen in serum and nasal and saliva swabs was subject to interference by colostrum-derived antibodies in calves up to 3 weeks of age. Nasal swabs were less affected than serum and saliva swabs. Ear notches maintained positive ACE corrected optical densities at all sample times, despite a drop in the signal following the ingestion of colostrum.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Antigens, Viral; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Colostrum; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral; Ear; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Nose; Saliva

Calves persistently infected (PI) with Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) represent an important source of infection for susceptible cattle. We evaluated vaccine efficacy using calves PI with noncytopathic BVDV2a for the challenge and compared tests to detect BVDV in acutely or transiently infected calves versus PI calves. Vaccination with 2 doses of modified live virus vaccine containing BVDV1a and BVDV2a protected the calves exposed to the PI calves: neither viremia nor nasal shedding occurred. An immunohistochemistry test on formalin-fixed ear notches and an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on fresh notches in phosphate-buffered saline did not detect BVDV antigen in any of the acutely or transiently infected calves, whereas both tests had positive results in all the PI calves.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Formation; Antigens, Viral; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral; Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral; Disease Susceptibility; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Immunohistochemistry; Nose; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Inactivated; Viral Vaccines; Viremia; Virus Shedding

The objective of this study was to develop an optimal vaccination strategy for Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). The E2 protein of BVDV plays a major protective role against BVDV infection. In order to be able to compare DNA, protein and DNA prime-protein boost regimens, a plasmid was constructed encoding a secreted form of the NADL strain E2 protein (pMASIA-tPAsDeltaE2). Furthermore, a pure secreted recombinant DeltaE2 (rDeltaE2) protein was produced. The rDeltaE2 protein was formulated with a combination of Emulsigen and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide. Groups of calves were immunized with pMASIA-tPAsDeltaE2 or with rDeltaE2, or first with pMASIA-tPAsDeltaE2 and then with rDeltaE2. To evaluate the protection against BVDV, calves were challenged with BVDV strain NY-1 after the last immunization. Although all immunized calves developed humoral and cellular immune responses, the antibody responses in the DNA prime-protein boost group were stronger than those elicited by either the DNA vaccine or the protein vaccine. In particular, E2-specific antibody titres were enhanced significantly after boosting the DeltaE2 DNA-primed calves with rDeltaE2 protein. Moreover, protection against BVDV challenge was obtained in the calves treated with the DNA prime-protein boost vaccination regimen, as shown by a significant reduction in weight loss, viral excretion and lymphopenia, compared with the unvaccinated calves and the animals immunized with the DNA or protein only. These results demonstrate the advantage of a DNA prime-protein boost vaccination approach in an outbred species.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Body Weight; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Cell Line; Chlorocebus aethiops; COS Cells; CpG Islands; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral; DNA, Viral; Immunoglobulin G; Leukocytes; Nose; Viral Envelope Proteins; Viral Vaccines

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) persistently infected (PI) calves represent significant sources of infection to susceptible cattle. The objectives of this study were to determine if PI calves transmitted infection to vaccinated and unvaccinated calves, to determine if BVDV vaccine strains could be differentiated from the PI field strains by subtyping molecular techniques, and if there were different rates of recovery from peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) versus serums for acutely infected calves. Calves PI with BVDV1b were placed in pens with nonvaccinated and vaccinated calves for 35 d. Peripheral blood leukocytes, serums, and nasal swabs were collected for viral isolation and serology. In addition, transmission of Bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1), Parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3V), and Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was monitored during the 35 d observation period. Bovine viral diarrhea virus subtype 1b was transmitted to both vaccinated and nonvaccinated calves, including BVDV1b seronegative and seropositive calves, after exposure to PI calves. There was evidence of transmission by viral isolation from PBL, nasal swabs, or both, and seroconversions to BVDV1b. For the unvaccinated calves, 83.2% seroconverted to BVDV1b. The high level of transmission by PI calves is illustrated by seroconversion rates of nonvaccinated calves in individual pens: 70% to 100% seroconversion to the BVDV1b. Bovine viral diarrhea virus was isolated from 45 out of 202 calves in this study. These included BVDV1b in ranch and order buyer (OB) calves, plus BVDV strains identified as vaccinal strains that were in modified live virus (MLV) vaccines given to half the OB calves 3 d prior to the study. The BVDV1b isolates in exposed calves were detected between collection days 7 and 21 after exposure to PI calves. Bovine viral diarrhea virus was recovered more frequently from PBL than serum in acutely infected calves. Bovine viral diarrhea virus was also isolated from the lungs of 2 of 7 calves that were dying with pulmonary lesions. Two of the calves dying with pneumonic lesions in the study had been BVDV1b viremic prior to death. Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1b was isolated from both calves that received the killed or MLV vaccines. There were cytopathic (CP) strains isolated from MLV vaccinated calves during the same time frame as the BVDV1b isolations. These viruses were typed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genetic sequencing, and most CP were confirmed as vaccinal or

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Formation; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral; Disease Susceptibility; DNA, Viral; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct; Leukocytes; Lung; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Random Allocation; Time Factors; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Inactivated; Viremia

The virus BVD/MD belongs to the genus pestivirus from the family Flaviviridae, as well as viruses responsible for hog cholera and border disease. BVD/MD virus is responsible for two distinct disease entities in cattle: bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD), which is characterized by high morbidity and low mortality, and mucosal disease (MD) which is sporadic but highly fatal. BFV/MD virus exists under two biotypes among which antigenic pairs: a non cytopathic and a cytopathic biotypes. These biological characters are purely cultural and do not correspond to the in vivo pathogenic behaviour. Recent experiments from our group show that the two biotypes of a same antigenic pair differ by their biological properties in the target animal. The cytopathic strain, contrary to the non cytopathic one, induces belated both humoral and cellular immune responses. Only non-cytopathic strain produces viraemia and nasal excretion. These results confirm the fact that non-cytopathic strains represent an epidemiological dead end. These results also permit to envisage a logical modelisation of the infection at a population level.

Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral; Nose; Viremia

Nasal epithelial cells were collected by cotton swabs for the diagnosis in experimental and field cases of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and field cases of bovine viral diarrhea in calves. A portion of the cells was washed twice in phosphate buffered saline and a 25 microL drop was placed on microscope slides. The cells were dried, fixed and stained according to the direct fluorescent antibody technique. Another portion of the same specimen was inoculated onto primary bovine skin cell cultures for virus isolation. In the experimental studies for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, 29/35 specimens were positive by fluorescent antibody technique and 32/35 by cell culture and in the field cases, 22/119 were positive by fluorescent antibody technique and 19/119 by cell culture. In the field cases of bovine viral diarrhea, 28/69 samples were positive by fluorescent antibody technique and 14/69 by cell culture. When fluorescent antibody technique was performed on inoculated cell cultures a total of 24/69 specimens were positive for bovine viral diarrhea. The sensitivity of fluorescent antibody technique was thus comparable to that of cell culture method for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea.

Topics: Animals; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral; Epithelium; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Immunization; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Nose; Pestivirus; Virus Cultivation

Topics: Animals; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respirovirus; Rhinovirus; RNA Viruses; Virus Diseases

Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Administration, Oral; Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Immune Sera; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Mycoplasma; Nose; Pasteurella; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respirovirus; RNA Viruses; Sulfamethazine; Viral Vaccines; Weaning

Fifteen steers were vaccinated after shipment with a modified live virus vaccine containing infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine virus diarrhea (BVD), and bovine myxovirus parainfluenza-3 (PI3), and 16 unvaccinated steers were kept as controls. Geometric mean titers one month after vaccination were highest to BVD, followed by PI3 and IBR. Weight gains were higher during 30 days after vaccination in the controls. One case of acute respiratory disease developed in one vaccinated calf. Revaccination 79 days after the first dose increased antibody to PI3 and BVD virus but not IBR. In a second trial, no clinical respiratory disease developed after shipment of 13 heifers that received an antibacterial-antiviral antiserum or in the 12 controls. Weight gains 30 days after shipment were identical in both groups.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Immunity, Active; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Mycoplasma; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pasteurella; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respirovirus; RNA Viruses; Vaccination

Topics: Animals; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cell Separation; DNA; Lectins; Leukocyte Count; Lymphocyte Activation; Methods; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Rectum; RNA Viruses; Thymidine; Tritium; Virus Diseases