phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Bordetella-Infections

DNA vaccines were constructed with either a 5'-truncated or full-length, genetically detoxified toxin gene from Pasteurella multocida and two different DNA vaccine vectors, distinguished by the presence or absence of a secretion signal sequence. Optimal PMT-specific antibody responses and spleen cell secretion of interferon-gamma following immunization of mice were achieved with pMM4, the construct containing a signal sequence and encoding the entire toxin. Antibody responses were also induced in pigs immunized with pMM4 and levels increased significantly following booster injections and experimental infection with P. multocida. Significantly increased expression of interferon-gamma was detected in only a small subset of pMM4-immunized pigs. This report documents, for the first time, the ability of a DNA vaccine to elicit immune responses to the P. multocida toxin in both mice and swine.

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; Bacterial Vaccines; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Bordetella Infections; DNA, Bacterial; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Nose; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Swine; Vaccines, DNA

Bordetella bronchiseptica and Streptococcus suis are widely distributed swine pathogens. B. bronchiseptica is a primary pathogen and causes atrophic rhinitis and bronchopneumonia. S. suis is a contributing agent to porcine respiratory disease complex and causes systemic diseases including arthritis, meningitis, polyserositis, and septicemia. Colonization with B. bronchiseptica has been associated with increased colonization by other pathogenic bacteria and increased disease severity with viral and bacterial pathogens. It has also been reported to predispose cesarean derived, colostrum deprived (CDCD) piglets to S. suis systemic disease. Here, we evaluated the role of B. bronchiseptica colonization on S. suis colonization, dissemination, and disease in one study using conventional pigs and another using CDCD pigs. Pigs were challenged with S. suis, B. bronchiseptica, or B. bronchiseptica followed by S. suis. Incidence of S. suis disease was not increased in either study for animals pre-inoculated with B. bronchiseptica. Nasal colonization with S. suis was increased in coinfected animals, while B. bronchiseptica was similar between mono- and co-infected animals. Although increased S. suis disease was not seen in coinfected pigs, there is evidence that B. bronchiseptica can increase colonization with S. suis, which may contribute to enhanced disease when animals are stressed or immunocompromised.

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Bordetella Infections; Female; Nose; Pregnancy; Streptococcus suis; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Biofilms; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Bordetella Infections; Bronchi; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Mutation; Nose; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Swine; Trachea

Bordetella bronchiseptica is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects and causes disease in a wide variety of animals. B. bronchiseptica also infects humans, thereby demonstrating zoonotic transmission. An extensive characterization of human B. bronchiseptica isolates is needed to better understand the distinct genetic and phenotypic traits associated with these zoonotic transmission events. Using whole-genome transcriptome and CGH analysis, we report that a B. bronchiseptica cystic fibrosis isolate, T44625, contains a distinct genomic content of virulence-associated genes and differentially expresses these genes compared to the sequenced model laboratory strain RB50, a rabbit isolate. The differential gene expression pattern correlated with unique phenotypes exhibited by T44625, which included lower motility, increased aggregation, hyperbiofilm formation, and an increased in vitro capacity to adhere to respiratory epithelial cells. Using a mouse intranasal infection model, we found that although defective in establishing high bacterial burdens early during the infection process, T44625 persisted efficiently in the mouse nose. By documenting the unique genomic and phenotypic attributes of T44625, this report provides a blueprint for understanding the successful zoonotic potential of B. bronchiseptica and other zoonotic bacteria.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacterial Proteins; Biofilms; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Bordetella Infections; Comparative Genomic Hybridization; Cystic Fibrosis; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Genome, Bacterial; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microarray Analysis; Nose; Phenotype; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Virulence

A total of 209 Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bbr) strains isolated from pigs were examined. Phenotypic study included: biochemical characterization (motility, catalase, oxidase, urease activity, nitrate reduction and growth on MacConkey agar) and antimicrobial susceptibility (disc diffusion method). Genotypic studies based on detection of three genes encoded virulence factors, such as: flagella (fla), dermonecrotoxin (dnt), and exogenous ferric siderophore receptor (bfrZ), using PCR. Most of the Bbr strains tested had a homogeneous biochemical profile. 97.6% of them provided suitable results in biochemical tests. All Bbr isolates tested showed high resistance to penicillin (100%), linco-spectin (100%) and ceftiofur (97.9%). Over 57% and 43% of Bbr strains were resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin, respectively. All Bbr isolates showed high sensitivity to most chemotherapeutics used such as enrofloxacin (97.9%), tetracycline (97.9%), oxytetracycline (97.9%), amoxicillin with clavulonic acid (95.8%), florfenicol (90.4%), and gentamicine (77.6%). Over of 94% of Bbr strains were moderately susceptible to norfloxacine. Molecular analysis confirmed that almost all evaluated Bbr strains (94.7%) possessed the fla gene. A lower percentage of isolates had the dnt gene (72.7%) and the lowest percentage of strains (51.7%), had the bfrZ gene.

Topics: Animals; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Bordetella Infections; Genotype; Nose; Poland; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; Antineoplastic Agents; Bacteremia; Bordetella; Bordetella Infections; Carrier State; Cellulitis; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Maintenance Chemotherapy; Male; Nose; Recurrence; Rituximab; Treatment Failure

Groups of four two-week-old puppies were administered serial dilutions of an intranasal vaccine containing live Bordetella bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza virus vaccine and housed individually in isolator cages. Three vaccinated groups and one unvaccinated control group were exposed to virulent B bronchiseptica four weeks after vaccination and evaluated. Nasal swabs for bacterial culture and sera for agglutination tests were taken from all the dogs every week for four weeks. The bacteria isolated were identified by growth on specific agar and by specific PCR to distinguish between vaccine and challenge strains. The vaccine strain persisted in the nasal cavity after vaccination but no adverse reactions were observed. Serum agglutination titres were raised in the vaccinated dogs at challenge. Vaccine strains were not isolated after the challenge from most of the vaccinated dogs. The challenge strain was shed in the dogs vaccinated with the lowest dose (10(6.0) cfu/dose) for two to three weeks but the other vaccinated groups (10(7.0) and 10(8.0) cfu/dose) shed the challenge strain transiently or not at all. Only the group vaccinated with 10(6.0) cfu/dose exhibited clinical signs after challenge.

Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bacterial Shedding; Bacterial Vaccines; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Bordetella Infections; Colony Count, Microbial; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Male; Nose; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Random Allocation; Vaccines, Attenuated

In order to describe the isolation rates of potential pathogens and to compare anatomic sampling site suitability, nasal and pharyngeal swabs were taken from cats with acute clinical upper respiratory disease in a humane society. DNA of feline herpesvirus-1 was amplified from 51 of 52 cats sampled, Mycoplasma species were cultured or detected by PCR in samples from 34 of 42 cats sampled for both culture and PCR, and Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated from three of 59 cats sampled for aerobic culture. A single swab was positive for calicivirus and no swabs were positive for Chlamydophila felis. Mycoplasma, Pasteurella and Moraxella species were all isolated from at least one cat in which no primary pathogen was identified. With the exception of B. bronchiseptica, which was detected in nasal swabs only, recovery rates for all suspect primary pathogens were comparable between sampling sites.

Topics: Animals; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Bordetella Infections; Caliciviridae Infections; Calicivirus, Feline; Cat Diseases; Cats; Female; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Male; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Nose; Pharynx; Prevalence; Respiratory Tract Infections

Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, and Bordetella bronchiseptica are closely related subspecies that cause respiratory tract infections in humans and other mammals and express many similar virulence factors. Their lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules differ, containing either a complex trisaccharide (B. pertussis), a trisaccharide plus an O-antigen-like repeat (B. bronchiseptica), or an altered trisaccharide plus an O-antigen-like repeat (B. parapertussis). Deletion of the wlb locus results in the loss of membrane-distal polysaccharide domains in the three subspecies of bordetellae, leaving LPS molecules consisting of lipid A and core oligosaccharide. We have used wlb deletion (Deltawlb) mutants to investigate the roles of distal LPS structures in respiratory tract infection by bordetellae. Each mutant was defective compared to its parent strain in colonization of the respiratory tracts of BALB/c mice, but the location in the respiratory tract and the time point at which defects were observed differed significantly. Although the Deltawlb mutants were much more sensitive to complement-mediated killing in vitro, they displayed similar defects in respiratory tract colonization in C5(-/-) mice compared with wild-type (wt) mice, indicating that increased sensitivity to complement-mediated lysis is not sufficient to explain the in vivo defects. B. pertussis and B. parapertussis Deltawlb mutants were also defective compared to wt strains in colonization of SCID-beige mice, indicating that the defects were not limited to interactions with adaptive immunity. Interestingly, the B. bronchiseptica Deltawlb strain was defective, compared to the wt strain, in colonization of the respiratory tracts of BALB/c mice beginning 1 week postinoculation but did not differ from the wt strain in its ability to colonize the respiratory tracts of B-cell- and T-cell-deficient mice, suggesting that wlb-dependent LPS modifications in B. bronchiseptica modulate interactions with adaptive immunity. These data show that biosynthesis of a full-length LPS molecule by these three bordetellae is essential for the expression of full virulence for mice. In addition, the data indicate that the different distal structures modifying the LPS molecules on these three closely related subspecies serve different purposes in respiratory tract infection, highlighting the diversity of functions attributable to LPS of gram-negative bacteria.

Topics: Animals; Bordetella; Bordetella Infections; Complement System Proteins; Female; Lipopolysaccharides; Lung; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, SCID; Multigene Family; Nose; Respiratory Tract Infections; Trachea

Topics: Animals; Bordetella; Bordetella Infections; Germ-Free Life; Nose; Pasteurella; Pasteurella Infections; Rhinitis, Atrophic; Swine; Swine Diseases

During pregnancy seven minimum-disease sows (group A) were infected intranasally with Bordetella bronchiseptica, fed with the killed bacterium periodically and inoculated parenterally with a dead vaccine eight, six and two weeks before parturition. Groups B and C, isolated from A until farrowing, contained respectively six sows given the vaccine parenterally and eight control sows. At parturition, group A had much higher average agglutinin titres in the serum and colostrum than B or C. Group A sows gave their piglets a better passive protection against infection with B bronchiseptica strain 293 and its effects in the respiratory tract during the first eight weeks of life, especially in those exposed to spontaneous infection with bordetellae from a littermate deliberately inoculated intranasally 24 hours after birth. Passive antibody strongly affected the capacity of piglets to respond actively to parenteral vaccination (when seven and 28 days old), marked humoral responses being noted only in those from group C sows. Vaccination of piglets exposed to infection by contact reduced neither the prevalence or intensity of the nasal infection, the amount of turbinate atrophy or pneumonia nor significantly improved weight gain compared with unvaccinated littermates. Unlike their eight-week-old littermates there was little hypoplasia and no pneumonia in infected pigs (whether vaccinated or not) when they reached five months of age.

Topics: Agglutination Tests; Animals; Bordetella; Bordetella Infections; Female; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Immunization; Nose; Pneumonia; Pregnancy; Swine; Swine Diseases

With the use of 16 gnotobiotic piglets inoculated at day 4, 5 and 6 of life with defference concentrations (3.10(4) to 3.10(9) colony forming units of Bordetella bronchiseptica per mL), it was possible to establish a minimal infective dose (3.10(5) CFU/mL). With a lower dose, it was not possible to induce any of the typical gross lesions of atrophic rhinitis. The authors discuss some factors which can modify the infection pressure in the field.

Topics: Agglutination Tests; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bordetella; Bordetella Infections; Germ-Free Life; Nasal Bone; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Rhinitis, Atrophic; Swine; Swine Diseases

The immunogenicity and safety of 3 serials of a canine parainfluenza (CPI) virus-Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine was evaluated. Each serial was used to vaccinate 10 dogs with single doses given intranasally. The 30 vaccinated and 10 nonvaccinated controls dogs were challenge exposed with aerosols of virulent CPI virus and B bronchiseptica at 18 days and at 21 days, respectively, after vaccination. After challenge exposure, none of the 30 vaccinated dogs had clinical signs of disease; however, 9 of the 10 nonvaccinated dogs developed coughing problems. The CPI virus was isolated from nasal swab specimens obtained from nonvaccinated dogs on an average of 5.1 days after challenge exposure, but was not isolated from any of the specimens obtained from the vaccinated dogs. Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated from nasal swab specimens obtained from both vaccinated and nonvaccinated dogs up to 18 days after challenge exposure. The erythrocyte sedimentation rates and total leukocyte counts for control dogs were generally increased, in contrast to those for the vaccinated groups. Dogs showed a primary serologic response to CPI virus and B bronchiseptica after vaccination and an anamnestic response to the bacterium after challenge exposure. Adverse local or systemic reactions attributable to the bivalent vaccine were not observed in the vaccinated dogs.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Formation; Bacterial Vaccines; Bordetella; Bordetella Infections; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respirovirus; Viral Vaccines

Bordetella bronchiseptica was eliminated from the nasal cavity of experimentally infected piglets after about three weeks by trimethoprim and sulphadiazine (potentiated sulphonamide) in the drinking water in two experiments (at levels of 13.3 and 66.7 micrograms per ml, respectively). The rhinitis and turbinate damage associated with the infection was significantly less when the animals were examined at seven weeks of age but daily weight gain was not improved to a significant extent compared with controls. Smaller quantities of potentiated sulphonamide were less active but no amount induced resistance in the bordetellae during the one month period of treatment.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Bordetella; Bordetella Infections; Nose; Sulfadiazine; Swine; Swine Diseases; Trimethoprim; Water

Clinical atrophic rhinitis in seven pig herds could not be associated with the infection rate or higher numbers of B bronchiseptica in nasal swabs when compared with unaffected herds. B bronchiseptica isolates from herds with atrophic rhinitis and receiving sulphonamide medication were resistant to sulphonamides in vitro and there was a beneficial clinical response after changing to oxytetracycline medication. In an unaffected herd three piglets naturally infected with B bronchiseptica but possessing low levels of passive antibody showed marked turbinate hypoplasia when killed at seven weeks, the lesions had resolved in four of six litter mates by 21 weeks and did not occur in another litter of nine piglets which had a high level of passive antibody. The results indicate that although B bronchiseptica can produce non-progressive turbinate changes in pigs that have inadequate antibody protection, the relationship between these lesions and the chronic progressive field disease needs further investigation.

Topics: Animals; Bordetella; Bordetella Infections; Chloramphenicol; Nose; Rhinitis, Atrophic; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracyclines

Control of infectious atrophic rhinitis in swine breeding herds by culturing of 3 series of nasal swab specimens from each animal, with subsequent elimination of Bordetella bronchiseptica culture-positive animals, was evaluated. Thirteen of 17 (77%) B bronchiseptica-infected herds experiencing clinical atrophic rhinitis were feedic rhinitis were freed of clinical signs of the disease by the use of this nasal culturing procedure. In 15 of 23 (65%) B bronchiseptica-infected herds, pigs were cultured negative for this organism at 4 to 10 weeks of age.

Topics: Animals; Bordetella; Bordetella Infections; Nose; Rhinitis, Atrophic; Swine; Swine Diseases

Eight-to-10-wk-old offspring of a colony of specific pathogen free [Eda:(NZW x FG)F1BR] rabbits were exposed to cultures of Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Two groups of 9 animals each were exposed to cultures of either species of bacteria intranasally and killed 2, 7, 14, and 21 da postinoculation. Five of 9 rabbits in each group developed a mucopurulent nasal discharge 4-7 da postinoculation. The remaining 4 rabbits in each group failed to develop clinical signs. The gross and microscopic lesions did not differ in character or distribution among the inoculated rabbits. The infection was characterized by an acute upper respiratory syndrome accompanied by a mild bronchopneumonia.

Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Bordetella Infections; Lung; Nose; Pasteurella Infections; Rabbits; Rats; Respiratory Tract Infections; Trachea; Turbinates

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Vaccines; Blood; Bordetella; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella pertussis; Culture Media; Injections, Subcutaneous; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Pertussis Vaccine; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vibration; Virulence

Topics: Animals; Bordetella; Bordetella Infections; Bronchopneumonia; Germ-Free Life; Lung; Lymphocytes; Macrophages; Neutrophils; Nose; Pasteurella; Pasteurella Infections; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Respiratory Tract Infections; Trachea

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bordetella; Bordetella Infections; Guinea Pigs; Lung; Nose; Rodent Diseases; Trachea

Topics: Animals; Bordetella; Bordetella Infections; Gentamicins; Nose; Rhinitis, Atrophic; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Agglutination Tests; Animals; Bordetella; Bordetella Infections; Colostrum; Germ-Free Life; Hysterectomy; Nose; Rhinitis, Atrophic; Swine; Swine Diseases