phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Body-Weight

Topics: Body Height; Body Weight; Bronchial Diseases; Canada; Central Nervous System Diseases; Child, Preschool; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intellectual Disability; Intubation, Intratracheal; Lung Diseases; Nose; Positive-Pressure Respiration; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn; Respiratory Function Tests; Respiratory Tract Infections; Trachea; Vocal Cords

Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Agglutinins; Animals; Antibody Formation; Bacterial Infections; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Erythrasma; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Ketones; Leprosy; Leukocytosis; Nose; Phagocytosis; Rats; Skin; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Staphylococcal Infections; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Amino Acids; Birth Weight; Body Weight; Breast Feeding; Calorimetry; Central Nervous System; Enteral Nutrition; Female; Humans; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Jejunum; Methods; Nose; Parenteral Nutrition

Exposure to food odors are known to increase food intake. Olfaction declines from age 50 years.. We examined changes in the sense of smell, body weight, food preferences, and parameters of metabolic status, following the use of a specially designed nasal device.. This is a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Participants wore a nasal device (soft silicone insert) for 5-12 h daily (device group) or inserted 2 drops of normal saline into each nostril daily (control group). Follow-up visits occurred every 2 weeks. All participants were given a 500 kcal/day reduced diet and instructed not to change their regular physical activity. Weight, food preferences, olfactory sensitivity, and blood tests were performed at baseline and after 12 weeks.. Of 156 participants, 65 (42%) completed the study. Sense of smell decreased in the device group (from 6.4 ± 0.9 to 4.4 ± 1.5, on a scale of 0-7, p < 0.001), and did not change in the control group. Weight loss decreased by 6.6 ± 3.7% (p = 0.001) and by 5.7 ± 3.5% (p = 0.001) in the respective groups (between-group difference, p > 0.05). Among participants aged ≤50 years, weight loss was greater in the device than in the control group (7.7 ± 4.2% vs. 4.1 ± 2.9%, p = 0.02). Insulin level and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly reduced in the device group (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively), but not in the control group. Food preferences for sugar (p < 0.02), sweet beverages (p < 0.001), and artificial sweeteners (p < 0.02) were significantly reduced in the device group compared to the control group.. The use of a novel self-administrated nasal device led to reduced olfactory sensitivity, improved insulin sensitivity, weight loss, and lesser preference for sweets in adults aged ≤50 years.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Body Weight; Diet; Female; Food Preferences; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Smell; Weight Loss; Young Adult

The effects of nose flap devices in calves before dam separation on cow BCS, pre- and postseparation calf performance, and humoral immune response were compared with traditional weaning. Primiparous and multiparous Angus and Hereford cows ( = 113) and their Angus, Hereford, and Angus × Hereford calves (179.4 ± 3.92 kg and 161 ± 22.7 d of age) were used. Cow-calf pairs were allocated to 1 of 2 treatments in a completely randomized design: 1) nose flap for 21 d before separation from the dam (NF) or 2) no nose flap for 21 d before separation from the dam (CON). Calves were separated from dams on d 0, and calves were placed in group feed-yard pens for 28 d. A subset ( = 75) of weaned calves were placed into 1 of 8 pens to evaluate DMI. Cow BCS was measured on d -21 and 56, and calves were given modified live vaccinations (d -21 and 1), challenged with ovalbumin (OVA; d 1), and weighed (d -21, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28). In addition, blood samples were collected (d -21, 1, 14, and 28) to measure primary humoral immune response. Control calves tended to have greater BW on d 14 ( = 0.09) and 21 ( = 0.07) than NF calves, and CON calves had greater ( < 0.05) ADG from d -21 to 1 vs. NF calves. Treatments did not differ ( ≥ 0.27) for postweaning DMI, G:F, or morbidity. Serum neutralization tests for bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) were used to measure humoral response to a viral vaccination. Serum antibody titers to BVDV-1 for CON calves tended ( = 0.08) to be greater on d 1 and were greater ( < 0.05) by d 28 vs. NF calves. By d 28, a greater percentage ( < 0.05) of CON calves seroconverted for BVDV-1 than NF calves (82.1 vs. 66.7%, respectively). Serum antibody titers for BHV-1 were greater ( < 0.05) on d 1 and 28 for CON vs. NF calves. Humoral immune response to OVA during the 28-d postseparation period from the dam was evaluated in a subset ( = 57) of calves. There was no difference ( = 0.92) in OVA-specific IgG between treatments on d 14 or 28 ( = 0.76); however, OVA-specific IgM was greater ( < 0.05) in CON vs. NF calves on d 28. Results indicate that nose flap devices did not influence feed intake, feed efficiency, or morbidity during the initial postseparation period from the dam. However, preweaning ADG, serum BVDV-1 and BHV-1 titers, and humoral immune response to OVA were decreased in calves that received the nose flap treatment.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Body Composition; Body Weight; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Equipment and Supplies; Female; Immunity, Humoral; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Nose; Ovalbumin; Viral Vaccines; Weaning

Eating rate and bite size are important factors affecting food intake, and we hypothesise the underlying role of oral sensory exposure in this. However, the latter currently lacks objective measuring parameters, but an interesting measure could be the extent of in vivo retro-nasal aroma release. Second, the literature is ambiguous about overweight subjects differing from normal-weight subjects in eating behaviour. Consequently, we investigated: (1) whether eating behaviour (food intake, eating rate, bite size, number of bites and meal duration) relates to weight status and (2) whether the extent of retro-nasal aroma release relates to eating behaviour and weight status. A matched group (sex, age and dietary restraint) of twenty-seven normal-weight (BMI 21.8 (SD 1.6) kg/m2) and twenty-seven overweight/obese subjects (BMI 30.5 (SD 5.8) kg/m2) consumed a spiced rice meal and apple pie yogurt on separate test days. The extent of retro-nasal aroma release was measured on a third test day. Mean bite size for spiced rice was significantly (P = 0.03) larger in overweight/obese (10.3 (SD 3.2) g) v. normal-weight subjects (8.7 (SD 2.1) g). There were no other significant differences in eating behaviour or retro-nasal aroma release between the groups. Eating behaviours were not correlated with BMI or retro-nasal aroma release. Subjects showed consistent eating behaviour for both test products. Eating behaviour might be a characteristic of an individual but not by definition a characteristic for a group of people based on their weight. Given the large sample sizes, necessary according to a posteriori sample size calculations, one needs to consider the relevance of finding a statistically significant difference in eating behaviour between the weight groups in a laboratory setting.

Topics: Adult; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Over Studies; Diet; Energy Intake; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Mastication; Nose; Obesity; Odorants; Olfactory Perception; Pilot Projects; Reference Values

Complaints about sleep and daytime alertness are common in ESRD patients. Eight consecutive ESRD patients with a sleep complaint were studied with all-night polysomnography. All were found to have significant sleep apnea with a mean apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) of 64 +/- 41.6 episodes per hour of sleep (range 7.5 to 140/hr of sleep). The majority of apneas were of the central or mixed variety causing severe fragmentation of sleep and frequent awakenings. Treatment was attempted with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP). NCPAP was highly successful in six of the eight patients, reducing the mean AHI to normal or near normal levels (6.0 +/- 3.8/hr of sleep, P < 0.02 vs. baseline). The quality of sleep was significantly improved with statistically significant decreases in light stage 1 sleep, and nocturnal oxygenation improved with statistically significant increases in low SaO2 values. Five of six responders reported that they awoke feeling more alert and fewer times from sleep. The etiology of sleep apnea in ESRD is unknown although the frequent central apneas suggest a dysfunction of central respiratory control resulting from the effects of renal failure. Sleep-related complaints in patients with ESRD are likely to result from sleep apnea, a sleep disorder that can be diagnosed with polysomnography and treated with NCPAP.

Topics: Body Weight; Female; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Leg; Male; Middle Aged; Movement; Nose; Oxygen; Positive-Pressure Respiration; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Surveys and Questionnaires

Topics: Age Factors; Amantadine; Amines; Antibody Formation; Antiviral Agents; Body Weight; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cyclooctanes; Cycloparaffins; Humans; Influenza, Human; Male; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae; Placebos; Sputum

The effects of increasing weaning age in a commercial production system on nursery and finishing performance were evaluated. A total of 1,176 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough) were used in a 136-d growth trial with 14 and 10 replications/weaning age on the nursery and finishing phases, respectively. Treatments included weaning litters at 19, 22, 25, or 28 d of age. In the nursery, as weaning age increased, initial (5.04, 5.70, 6.52, and 7.26 kg) and final body weight (BW) (18.2, 19.8, 23.0, and 25.1 kg) increased (linear, P < 0.001). Increasing the weaning age reduced (linear, P < 0.001) the prevalence of pigs exhibiting belly nosing (27.6%, 15.0%, 6.5%, and 1.4%) during the first 3 wk. The percentage of pigs losing weight during the first week after weaning (35.1%, 28.7%, 12.4%, and 9.2%) decreased (linear, P < 0.001) as weaning age increased. Average daily gain (ADG; 295, 320, 374, 406 g/d) and average daily feed intake (493, 534, 619, 661 g/d) increased (linear, P < 0.001), while feed efficiency (G:F) (596, 599, 604, and 615) tended to increase (linear, P = 0.081) with weaning age. Removal rate (8.01%, 3.79%, 2.29%, and 1.65%) declined (linear, P = 0.001) as weaning age increased, while there was no evidence of difference (P = 0.463) in mortality rate (0.71%, 0.36%, 0.96%, 1.04%). In the finishing period, BW at 136 d post-weaning (114.9, 117.8, 124.7, and 126.5 kg) and ADG (1.02, 1.04, 1.08, and 1.07 kg/d) improved (linear, P < 0.001). There was no evidence of differences (P > 0.24) in removal (1.5%, 2.4%, 1.0%, and 0.0%) or mortality rates (0.9%, 1.0%, 1.0%, and 1.4%) with changes in weaning age. When performance was analyzed at a common day of life (164 d of age), no effects of weaning age (P > 0.25) were found for BW (125.2, 124.4, 128.0, and 126.5 kg) and lifetime ADG (growth rate from birth to market) (754, 751, 774, and 762 g/d). The BW sold per pig weaned increased (linear, P < 0.001) with weaning age. Even though the slope indicated a linear response, the magnitude of improvement was high until 25 d, before exhibiting diminishing returns from 25 to 28 d. Thus, the study suggests that increasing the weaning age can be an effective strategy to improve the overall performance in a commercial system. Although lifetime performance was not affected by the weaning age range studied, the consistent effect in the nursery and the increment in the number of pigs reaching the market facilitated by the improvement in the removal rate in the nursery phase imply th

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Diet; Female; Housing, Animal; Male; Nose; Prevalence; Random Allocation; Stress, Physiological; Sucking Behavior; Swine; Weaning; Weight Loss

The uniquely enlarged noses of male proboscis monkeys are prominent adornments, and a sexually selected male trait. A recent study showed significant correlations among nose, body, and testis sizes and clear associations between nose size and the number of females in a male's harem. However, to date, the analyses of other common male traits, i.e., canines, are lacking. Whereas male nose size had a positive correlation with body size, we unexpectedly found a negative correlation between body and canine sizes. We explain this by an interaction between sexual and natural selection. Larger noses in males may interfere with the use of canines, thereby reducing their effectiveness as weapons. Additionally, longer canines are opposed by natural selection because the larger gape it imposes upon its bearer reduces foraging efficiency, particularly in folivores. This unique case of decoupling of body and canine size reveals that large canines carry an ecological cost.

Topics: Animals; Body Size; Body Weight; Cuspid; Female; Male; Nose; Organ Size; Presbytini; Sex Characteristics

Preformed nasal endotracheal tubes (NETs) come with a predefined insertion depth due to their curved design. While size indication refers to internal diameter, there is a considerable variability in the corresponding lengths and proportions of same-sized tubes of different manufacturers which is probably based on the lack of data of nasolaryngeal distances (NLDs) in the adult population. Choosing the best-fitting NET is therefore difficult and carries the risk of endobronchial intubation or, on the contrary, cuff inflation at the vocal cord level. The aim of this study was to develop a prediction model for NLD and a selection guide to choose the appropriate NET based on a radiographic description of NLD in comparison to the measurements of available NETs of several manufacturers.. After institutional ethics board review, 388 computed tomography (CT) scan images of head, neck, and upper thorax in a heterogeneous adult cohort were included. Mean distances from the nares to the lower border of the thyroid cartilage were measured. NETs from different manufacturers were measured and compared to the NLD derived from the radiographic analysis. The patients' sex, body height, and weight were considered as possible covariates in quantile regression models for predicting the NLD.. Data from 200 patients were analyzed. NLD was associated with sex, body height, and weight. A simple quantile regression model using the body height as the only covariate sufficed to achieve accurate predictions of NLD. Validation on independent test data showed that 92.8% of the NLD predictions were closer than ±20 mm to the observed NLD values. Measurements of equal-sized NETs varied considerably in outer diameter, proportion, the nasopharyngeal part, and guide marks. Length differences of the bend-to-cuff distance, containing the anatomically NLD, ranged between 218 and 270 mm at same sizes.. A reliable prediction of NLD can be obtained simply by body height, using the formula (Equation is included in full-text article.). As manufacturers' tube lengths vary substantially, additional information about the bend-to-cuff distance as corresponding tube section would allow for more accurate tube selection.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Body Height; Body Weight; Cohort Studies; Equipment Design; Female; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Larynx; Male; Middle Aged; Nasopharynx; Nose; Reference Values; Reproducibility of Results; Sex Characteristics; Thyroid Cartilage; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Young Adult

The nasopharyngeal airway is an important equipment in airway management, a correct placement is crucial for its effectiveness. We measured the nares-to-epiglottis distance (NED) and examined the correlations of the optimal insertion length (NED-1) with patient characteristics and various external facial measurements. We aimed to develop a simple method for estimating the optimal insertion length and to help select an appropriate nasopharyngeal airway.Two hundred patients of ASA grade I & II aged >20 years undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled. We measured nares-to-ear tragus distance (NTD), nares-to-mandibular angle distance (NMD), philtrum-to-ear tragus distance (PTD), and philtrum-to-mandibular angle distance (PMD). The NED was measured by fiber-optic bronchoscope. All measurements were obtained in centimeters. NED-1 (cm) was defined as the optimal insertion length. The patient's sex, age, body weight, body height, and body mass index were recorded.The NED-1 significantly correlated with body weight, body height, NTD, NMD, PTD, and PMD. Backward stepwise multiple linear regression analysis yielded the formula for predicting NED-1: 0.331 - 0.018 × BW + 0.061 × BH + 1.080 × NMD - 1.256 × PMD + 0.697 × PTD (r = 0.640, P < .001). The regression lines of the optimal insertion length versus PTD showed the best fit to the equality line. The measurements of PTD showed the minimal differences from NED-1 and with the most patients showing <1 cm differences from NED-1.The optimal insertion depth of nasopharyngeal airway can easily be predicted by the distance from philtrum-to-ear tragus, and a nasopharyngeal airway of an appropriate size can be selected accordingly.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Airway Management; Anesthesia; Body Height; Body Weight; Bronchoscopy; Elective Surgical Procedures; Epiglottis; Female; Fiber Optic Technology; Humans; Male; Mandible; Middle Aged; Models, Biological; Nose; Organ Size; Young Adult

Male proboscis monkeys have uniquely enlarged noses that are prominent adornments, which may have evolved through their sexually competitive harem group social system. Nevertheless, the ecological roles of the signals encoded by enlarged noses remain unclear. We found significant correlations among nose, body, and testis sizes and a clear link between nose size and number of harem females. Therefore, there is evidence supporting both male-male competition and female choice as causal factors in the evolution of enlarged male noses. We also observed that nasal enlargement systematically modifies the resonance properties of male vocalizations, which probably encode male quality. Our results indicate that the audiovisual contributions of enlarged male noses serve as advertisements to females in their mate selection. This is the first primate research to evaluate the evolutionary processes involved in linking morphology, acoustics, and socioecology with unique masculine characteristics.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Colobinae; Face; Female; Male; Nose; Organ Size; Testis; Voice

Breath analysis is a form of metabolomics that utilises the identification and quantification of volatile chemicals to provide information about physiological or pathological processes occurring within the body. An inherent assumption of such analyses is that the concentration of the exhaled gases correlates with the concentration of the same gas in the tissue of interest. In this study we have investigated this assumption by quantifying some volatile compounds in peripheral venous blood headspace, and in nasal breath collected in Tedlar bags obtained at the same time from 30 healthy volunteers, prior to analysis by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. Some endogenous compounds were significantly correlated between blood headspace and nasal breath, such as isoprene (r

Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Body Fluids; Body Height; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Breath Tests; Exhalation; Female; Humans; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Middle Aged; Nose; Volatile Organic Compounds; Young Adult

The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is claimed to be a biomarker of prenatal sex steroids. This study compared 2D:4D and waist-hip ratio (WHR) in men and women with nose deformity caused by injuries suggesting risky behaviour with those of unaffected controls. This kind of facial trauma was accepted as an indicator of risk-taking behaviour. The study involved 100 patients (50 women aged 30.74±8.09 years and 50 men aged 30.98±10.86 years) who underwent rhinoplasty due to nose trauma in a hospital in Łódź, Poland, in 2015. For comparison purposes, a control sample of 70 women (aged 23.03±3.36 years) and 70 men (aged 22.87±3.46 years) was recruited. In both groups the following measurements were taken: body height, waist and hip circumferences, II and IV digit lengths and body weight. The results showed that women and men who had suffered nose injury had significantly higher values of WHR than controls. The 2D:4D in women with post-traumatic nose deformity was significantly different than the ratio in control women (p<0.0001) and presented the male pattern. It is concluded that in women risky behaviours seem to be associated with prenatal sex hormone influence, while differences in WHR suggest that this tendency is also related to postnatal hormonal factors. Risky behaviours in men should be linked to postnatal hormonal changes rather than to increased prenatal androgen exposure.

Topics: Adult; Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Female; Fingers; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Nose Deformities, Acquired; Poland; Rhinoplasty; Risk-Taking; Sex Characteristics; Statistics as Topic; Waist-Hip Ratio; Young Adult

The carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity of hydrazine monohydrate was examined by administrating hydrazine monohydrate in drinking water to groups of 50 F344/DuCrj rats and 50 Crj:BDF1 mice of both sexes for two years. The drinking water concentration of hydrazine monohydrate was 0, 20, 40 or 80 ppm (wt/wt) for male and female rats and male mice; and 0, 40, 80 or 160 ppm for female mice. Survival rates of each group of males and females rats and mice were similar to the respective controls, except female rats administered 80 ppm. Two-year administration of hydrazine monohydrate produced an increase in the incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in rats of both sexes along with hepatic foci. In mice, the incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas were increased in females, and significantly increased incidences of hepatocellular adenomas in females administered 160 ppm were observed. Thus, hydrazine monohydrate is carcinogenic in two species, rats and mice. Additionally, non-neoplastic renal lesions in rats and mice and non-neoplastic nasal lesions in mice were observed.

Topics: Adenoma; Administration, Oral; Animals; Biomarkers; Body Weight; Carcinogenicity Tests; Carcinogens; Carcinoma; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Drinking; Drinking Water; Eating; Female; Hydrazines; Kidney; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Mice; Nose; Rats, Inbred F344; Risk Assessment; Sex Factors; Species Specificity; Time Factors; Toxicity Tests, Chronic

To explore the predictors and outcome of hypoxaemia in children under 5 years of age who were hospitalized for the management of diarrhoea in Dhaka, where comorbidities are common.. In a prospective cohort study, we enrolled all children <5 years of age admitted to the special care ward (SCW) of the Dhaka Hospital of ICDDR,B from September to December 2007. Those who presented with hypoxaemia (SpO(2) < 90%) constituted the study group, and those without hypoxaemia formed the comparison group.. A total of 258 children were enrolled, all had diarrhoea. Of the total, 198 (77%) had pneumonia and 106 (41%) had severe malnutrition (<-3 Z-score of weight for age of the median of the National Centre for Health Statistics), 119 (46%) had hypoxaemia and 138 children did not have hypoxaemia at the time of admission. Children with hypoxaemia had a higher probability of a fatal outcome (21%vs. 4%; P < 0.001). Using logistic regression analysis, the independent predictors of hypoxaemia at the time of presentation were lower chest wall indrawing [OR 6.91, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 3.66-13.08, P < 0.001], nasal flaring (OR 3.22, 95% CI 1.45-7.17, P = 0.004) and severe sepsis (OR 4.48, 95% CI 1.62-12.42, P = 0.004).. In this seriously ill population of children with diarrhoea and comorbidities, hypoxaemia was associated with high case-fatality rates. Independent clinical predictors of hypoxaemia in this population, identifiable at the time of admission, were lower chest wall indrawing, nasal flaring and the clinical syndrome of severe sepsis.

Topics: Bangladesh; Body Weight; Case-Control Studies; Child, Preschool; Confidence Intervals; Diarrhea; Female; Hospitals, Urban; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant; Logistic Models; Male; Malnutrition; Nose; Odds Ratio; Pneumonia; Prevalence; Sepsis; Thorax

In this study we determined whether craniofacial development in rats could be influenced by an early temporary (3 d) nasal obstruction associated with forced oral breathing. The rats were killed at specific time points after surgery. Plasma samples were taken for biochemical analyses, and cephalometric measurements were performed. Shortly after nasal obstruction, the vertical nasomaxillary complex and the longitudinal skull base proved to be smaller in both sexes of test rats compared with controls. This was maintained in male rats but not in female rats. In female rats, only the longitudinal skull base remained somewhat shorter as the animals grew older. Reversible nasal obstruction was further associated with reduced dimensions of the olfactory bulbs lasting into adulthood and an initial decrease in lung weight. One day after implementing nasal obstruction, basal corticosterone levels had increased (by over 1,000%) and stayed at a high level in female rats. In male rats, however, the corticosterone level seemed to return to normal by day 90. Oral breathing was also associated with a lower level of thyroid hormone, especially at the shorter term intervals in both sexes. We conclude that a 3-d nasal obstruction period in young rats leads to long-term hormonal changes and to craniofacial structural adaptation.

Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Cephalometry; Corticosterone; Female; Lung; Male; Maxilla; Maxillary Sinus; Maxillofacial Development; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Olfactory Bulb; Organ Size; Palate; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sex Factors; Skull Base; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

The measurement of peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) is a simple, quick, easy to perform and cheap tool for determining the extent of nasal airway patency. However, normative data are rare and not available for Dutch children aged 6 to 11 years.. Repeated PNIF measurements were obtained from 212 Dutch children of primary school age. Of these 212 children, 166 fulfilled the inclusion criteria of our study. The influence of age, gender, ethnicity, weight and height on PNIF was studied.. Age is the only parameter of influence on PNIF. All other parameters do not influence PNIF. Normative data are presented.. PNIF measurements are possible in children aged six years and older. Age does influence PNIF, but gender, weight, height and ethnicity do not.

Topics: Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Female; Humans; Inhalation; Male; Netherlands; Nose; Pulmonary Ventilation; Reference Values

Viral bronchiolitis is an acute infection and inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract, with infants typically presenting with the most severe symptoms. Medical management of bronchiolitis is mostly supportive. Several preliminary studies suggest potential benefit from the use of high-flow nasal cannula systems. Although high-flow nasal cannula is a well-established modality in the newborn intensive care unit, its use in the pediatric intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure is far less established. The objective of this study was to identify any laboratory and clinical variables that may predict high-flow nasal cannula failure in management of bronchiolitis in the pediatric intensive care unit.. The study design was a retrospective chart review of all patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit from 2006 to 2010 with a diagnosis of viral bronchiolitis. Inclusion criteria included the initiation of high flow nasal cannula therapy at the time of admission and age ≤ 12 months. Exclusion criteria were intubation prior to admission, age >12 months, and the presence of a tracheostomy.. A total of 113 patients with viral bronchiolitis met the inclusion criteria.. Academic free standing Children's Hospital in the Midwest.. Retrospective chart review.. The data were analyzed by comparing those patients who responded to high-flow nasal cannula (n = 92) with those who were nonresponders to high-flow nasal cannula and required intubation (n = 21). No differences were noted between the groups for age, sex, or ethnicity. Mean weight and weight-for-corrected-age percentiles were significantly lower for patients who failed high-flow nasal cannula (p = .016 and .031, respectively), but weight-for-corrected-age percentile was not significant in logistic regression controlling for other variables. Respiratory rate prior to the initiation of high-flow nasal cannula also correlated strongly with respiratory deterioration (p < .001). The PCO2 was significantly higher for both before (p < .001) and after (p < .001) initiation of therapy in the nonresponder group. Pediatric Risk of Mortality III scores for the patients who failed high-flow nasal cannula were significantly higher (p < .001) than those of patients who tolerated this therapy.. History of prematurity and the patient's age did not increase a patient's risk of failure. Nonresponders to high-flow nasal cannula therapy were on the onset, more hypercarbic, were less tachypnic prior to the start of high-flow nasal cannula, and had no change in their respiratory rate after the initiation of high-flow nasal cannula therapy. Nonresponders had higher pediatric risk of mortality scores in the first 24 hrs.

Topics: Body Weight; Bronchiolitis, Viral; Carbon Dioxide; Catheterization; Critical Care; Female; Humans; Humidity; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Logistic Models; Male; Nose; Oxygen; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Predictive Value of Tests; Respiratory Rate; Retrospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index; Treatment Failure

Serum antibodies induced by seasonal influenza or seasonal influenza vaccination exhibit limited or no cross-reactivity against the 2009 pandemic swine-origin influenza virus of the H1N1 subtype (pH1N1). Ferrets immunized once or twice with MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine exhibited significantly reduced lung virus titers but no substantial clinical protection against pH1N1-associated disease. However, priming with MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine significantly increased the efficacy of a pandemic MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine against pH1N1 challenge. Elucidating the mechanism involved in this priming principle will contribute to our understanding of vaccine- and infection-induced correlates of protection. Furthermore, a practical consequence of these findings is that during an emerging pandemic, the implementation of a priming strategy with an available adjuvanted seasonal vaccine to precede the eventual pandemic vaccination campaign may be useful and life-saving.

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Ferrets; Histocytochemistry; Immunization, Secondary; Immunohistochemistry; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza Vaccines; Lung; Male; Microscopy; Nose; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Pharynx; Polysorbates; Squalene; Vaccination; Viral Load

The authors conducted a study to assess the effects of custom-fitted mouthpieces on gas exchange parameters, including volume of oxygen consumption over time [corrected] (VO(2)), volume of oxygen consumption over time per kilogram of body weight [corrected] (VO(2) /kg) and volume of carbon dioxide production over time [corrected] (VO(2)).. Sixteen physically fit college students aged 18 through 21 years performed two 10-minute treadmill runs (6.5 miles per hour, 0 percent grade) for each of three treatment conditions (mouthpiece, no mouthpiece and nose breathing). The authors assigned the conditions randomly for each participant and for each session. They assessed gas exchange parameters by using a metabolic measurement system.. The authors used analysis of variance to compare all variables. They set the significance level at α = .05 and used a Tukey post hoc analysis of treatment means to identify differences between groups. The results showed significant improvements (P < .05) in VO(2,) VO(2) /kg and VCO(2) in the mouthpiece condition.. The study findings show that use of a custom-fitted mouthpiece resulted in improved specific gas exchange parameters. The authors are pursuing further studies to explain the mechanisms involved in the improved endurance performance exhibited with mouthpiece use.. Dental care professionals have an obligation to understand the increasing research evidence in support of mouthpiece use during exercise and athletic activity and to educate their patients.

Topics: Adolescent; Body Height; Body Weight; Carbon Dioxide; Equipment Design; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Mouth Protectors; Nose; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Endurance; Physical Exertion; Physical Fitness; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Respiratory Rate; Running; Tidal Volume; Young Adult

To test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the craniofacial morphology of prematurely born children and that of matched full-term born controls.. White children 8 to 10 years of age, born at the University Hospitals of Lund and Malmö and living in the same part of Sweden, were included. One group consisted of 36 very preterm children, born during gestational weeks 29 to 32; the other group included 36 extremely preterm children, who were born before the 29th gestational week. Subjects were compared with a control group of 31 full-term children, who were matched for gender, age, nationality, and living area. One lateral head radiograph was taken for each child, and the cephalometric analysis included 15 angular and 11 linear variables. Also, the height, weight, and head circumference of each child were registered.. A significantly shorter anterior cranial base and a less convex skeletal profile were found among extremely preterm children, and significantly shorter maxillary length was noted in both extremely preterm and very preterm groups as compared with full-term children. The lower incisors were significantly more retroclined and retruded in the extremely preterm group compared with the very preterm group and the full-term control group. Extremely preterm children were significantly shorter, and both extremely preterm and very preterm children had significantly lower weight and smaller head circumference compared with full-term children.. The null hypothesis was rejected because several craniofacial parameters differed significantly between preterm and full-term born control children.

Topics: Birth Weight; Body Height; Body Weight; Case-Control Studies; Cephalometry; Child; Face; Facial Bones; Female; Gestational Age; Head; Humans; Incisor; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Lip; Male; Maxilla; Nose; Residence Characteristics; Sella Turcica; Sex Factors; Skull; Sweden; Term Birth; White People

It is well known that the head and face are smaller in female subjects than in male subjects. However, almost all previous studies have quantified the size difference between female and male subjects as simple numerical values, which might not clarify the difference. The present study evaluated the female-to-male proportions of the head and face so as to clarify the sex-related differences. A total of 1939 female subjects and 1398 male subjects were divided into 3 age groups: young (20-39 y), middle-aged (40-59 y), and elderly (60-79 y). The dimensions were classified into 3 categories: 5 cephalic, 3 frontal facial, and 6 lateral facial. The female-to-male proportions of individual dimensions were compared in the 3 age groups using the following formula: female measurement value x 100/(mean of male measurement value). The female-to-male proportions of the cephalic dimension increased with age, with the female cephalic dimensions overall being about 96% of the male cephalic dimensions. The female-to-male proportions of the frontal facial dimension were constant across the age groups, with the female frontal facial dimensions overall being 95% of the male frontal facial dimensions. The female lateral facial dimension increased markedly from the young to middle-aged group and was constant or decreased slightly from the middle-aged to the elderly group. Overall, the female lateral facial dimensions were approximately 97% of the male lateral facial dimensions. The present study will suggest a new approach to elucidate those sex-related dimensional differences that are characteristic of female and male subjects.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Body Height; Body Weight; Cephalometry; Chin; Face; Female; Head; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Korea; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Orbit; Photography; Sella Turcica; Sex Characteristics; Sex Factors; Young Adult; Zygoma

Moebius syndrome is a congenital facial palsy associated with the impairment of ocular abduction. The three-dimensional characteristics of the facial soft tissues of 12 male and 14 female subjects [3-52 yr of age (mean age + standard deviation: 17 + 14 yr)] were measured using a non-invasive, computerized system; facial volumes, areas, angles, and distances were computed and compared with those obtained in reference subjects of the same age and gender. When compared with reference subjects, patients with Moebius syndrome had a more prominent and hyperdivergent face in the sagittal plane, a smaller and more prominent upper facial third; a smaller middle facial width; a smaller nose; smaller mandibular volume, depth, corpus length, and ramus height; and a more posterior positioned mandible, with a less prominent chin. In conclusion, patients with Moebius syndrome had a tendency towards a skeletal Class II pattern. These morphological variations may be the combined effect of a general alteration of the motor and sensitive facial nerves, including the trigeminal nerve, and of a maldevelopment of the brainstem.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Height; Body Weight; Case-Control Studies; Cephalometry; Cheek; Child; Child, Preschool; Chin; Dental Arch; Ear, External; Face; Female; Forehead; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Lip; Male; Malocclusion, Angle Class II; Mandible; Maxilla; Middle Aged; Mobius Syndrome; Nose; Orbit; Young Adult; Zygoma

Tracheal intubation is used when a clear airway is difficult to achieve with a face mask or laryngeal mask, or if there is a risk of dislodgement of other forms of airway control. Tracheal intubation is considered to be an important part of patient management when a major intraoperative complication develops (for example anaphylaxis, massive haemorrhage or malignant hyperpyrexia).

Topics: Age Factors; Body Weight; Catheters, Indwelling; Equipment Design; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Laryngeal Masks; Laryngoscopy; Mouth; Nose; Patient Selection; Safety Management; Tracheostomy

In this study, we evaluated the inhalation toxicity of acetaldehyde in Aldh2 KO (Aldh -/-) mice, using pathological method. Male C57BL/6 (Aldh2 +/+) mice and Aldh -/- mice were exposed to atmospheres containing acetaldehyde at levels of 0, 125, and 500 ppm for 24 h/day during 14 days. Although the average blood acetaldehyde concentration of Aldh -/- mice was higher than that of Aldh2 +/+ mice in the acetaldehyde exposure group, observable effects by the acetaldehyde exposure on the lung and liver were not different between wild type and ALDH2 null mice. In Aldh2 -/- mice, the levels of 1) erosion of respiratory epithelium and the subepithelial hemorrhage in nose, 2) hemorrhage in nasal cavity, 3) degeneration of respiratory epithelium in larynx, pharynx and trachea, and 4) degeneration of dorsal skin were higher compared with Aldh2 +/+ mice, indicating that Aldh2 -/- mice are more acetaldehyde-sensitive than Aldh2 +/+ mice. This is the first example for studying pathological effects of Aldh2 deficiency using Aldh -/- mice exposed to a low level of acetaldehyde.

Topics: Acetaldehyde; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; Animals; Body Weight; Deficiency Diseases; Ear, External; Inhalation Exposure; Liver; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Nasal Cavity; Nose; Respiratory System; Skin

The incidence and multiplicity of grossly observed and microscopic lesions of the respiratory tract of A/J mice exposed nose-only to mainstream smoke (50, 200, or 400 mg total particulate matter/m3 from 2R4F cigarettes) was compared to those of filtered air controls. Animals were necropsied at the end of exposure (5 mo) or following 4 or 7 mo of recovery. Lungs were visually inspected for tumors at all necropsies and examined histopathologically at 9 and 12 mo. At 5 mo no tumors were recorded. No significant elevations in tumor incidence or multiplicity were recorded although at 9 mo multiplicity was elevated in the mid-exposure group (0.90 versus 0.55 tumors per animal for controls). At 12 mo, multiplicity was increased over the 9-mo necropsy at all exposures except 200 mg/m3; however, there were no dose-related trends in multiplicity or incidence. Histopathological alterations included hyperplasia, metaplasia, and inflammation of the nose and larynx and proliferative lesions of the lungs. At 9 mo, the multiplicity of focal lung lesions was 1.4 per animal in controls but averaged 1.0 among smoke-exposed groups. There was an inverse relation (p < .059) between smoke concentration and the percentage of hyperplastic lesions at 9 mo. At 12 mo the high-exposure group had slightly increased multiplicity of 2.3 lesions compared with 1.6 among controls, while the percentage of hyperplasic lesions was similar between groups. Nose-only inhalation of mainstream tobacco smoke resulted in chronic inflammatory changes of the respiratory tract yet failed to produce statistically significant changes in tumor incidence or multiplicity.

Topics: Adenoma; Animals; Body Weight; Hyperplasia; Inhalation Exposure; Lung; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Mice; Nicotiana; Nose; Organ Size; Particulate Matter; Respiratory System; Smoke

To define the line separating normal from abnormal craniofacial appearance is complex and difficult because there are many craniofacial measurement parameters, and there are also many factors that influence the craniofacial morphology, such as genetics and environmental influence. The aim of this study is to define the range of normal distribution of craniofacial morphology by using different numerical methods in seven-year-old students in Denizli, Turkey. For this purpose, height, weight and 20 defined craniofacial parameters (including face height, face width, face depth, eyes, nose, ear, mouth and head) of 61 female and 58 male (119 total) normal cases were measured. Every measurement was taken twice by the same investigator and the standard anthropometric methods of measurements were used. All data were recorded by computer and analyzed statistically. At the end, craniofacial variability index (CVI) was found 0.874 +/- 0.338 in female, 0.824 +/- 0.333 in male. Furthermore, the female results were compared to the male results. Parameters were correlated with each other. Seven years old is the beginning age for primary school in Turkey. So, it is an important year for initial diagnostic screening in children with facial syndromes, and it is also important for pre-and postsurgical assessments of children with craniofacial anomalies.

Topics: Body Height; Body Weight; Cephalometry; Child; Ear, External; Eye; Face; Facial Bones; Female; Head; Humans; Male; Mouth; Nose; Reference Values; Sex Factors; Turkey

We have prepared a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine bearing the surface glycoproteins HA and NA of the 1918 influenza A virus by infecting Sf9 cells with a quadruple recombinant baculovirus that expresses the four influenza proteins (HA, NA, M1, and M2) required for the assembly and budding of the VLPs. The presence of HA and M1 in the purified VLPs was confirmed by Western blot, and that of NA by a neuraminidase enzymatic assay. For in vivo studies, the 1918 VLP vaccine was formulated with or without an oligonucleotide containing two CpG motifs and administered in two doses 2 wk apart via the intranasal route. The antibody titers in mice immunized with VLP vaccines were higher than in mice vaccinated with an inactivated swine virus (H1N1) control, when CHO cells expressing 1918 HA were used as antigen. The opposite result was obtained when disrupted swine virus was the antigen for the ELISA test. Vaccine efficacy was evaluated by challenging immunized mice with the 1918 antigenically related influenza virus A/swine/Iowa/15/30 (H1N1) and measuring viral titers in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Mice immunized with VLP vaccine plus CpG demonstrated significantly lower viral titers in the nose and lungs than did the control on days 2 and 4 postchallenge and completely cleared the virus by day 6. Furthermore, they did not show symptoms of disease although there was a minor decrease in body weight. Mice vaccinated with VLP alone also demonstrated significantly lower viral titers in the nose and lungs than did the placebo group as well as the inactivated virus group on days 4 and 6 postchallenge. These results suggest that it is feasible to make a safe and immunogenic vaccine to protect against the extremely virulent 1918 virus, using a novel and safe cell-based technology.

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Body Weight; Female; Hemagglutinins, Viral; Humans; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Lung; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Neuraminidase; Nose; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Placebos; Vaccines, Virosome; Viral Matrix Proteins; Viral Proteins; Viral Vaccines

The aim of this study was to assess long-term changes in position of soft tissue landmarks following mandibular advancement and setback surgery.. Twenty-seven patients (14 women, 13 men; mean age, 36 years) who had undergone either mandibular advancement (15 patients) or setback surgery (12 patients), were available for a long-term follow-up an average of 12 years postoperatively. In all of these cases, lateral cephalometric radiographs taken immediately before operation, at 1 week, 14 months, and 12 years postoperatively, were studied.. During the 14 months postoperatively, soft tissue chin and mentolabial fold followed its underlying hard tissue in all patients. A continuous skeletal relapse was observable 12 years after mandibular advancement, but soft tissue chin moved more in an anterior direction. After mandibular setback, soft and hard tissue landmarks remained almost unchanged. Over the entire observation period, a thickening of soft tissue at pogonion was generally seen, and particularly a thickening of the whole chin in the setback group. All patients showed a significant lengthening and thinning of the upper lip. In all except 2 males, the patient's body weight increased markedly.. In contrast to the immediate postoperative stage, soft tissue changes observed an average of 12 years after the primary operation do not directly follow the movements of the underlying skeletal structure. The soft tissue profile changes observed over such a long term seem to be influenced not only by the underlying skeletal structure but also by other factors such as weight gain and aging process.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aging; Body Weight; Cephalometry; Chin; Face; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lip; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mandible; Mandibular Advancement; Middle Aged; Nose; Osteotomy; Prognathism; Retrognathia; Retrospective Studies; Weight Gain

Thymopentin (TP 5), a synthetic pentapeptide, has been used in clinic as a modulator for immnuodeficiencies through intramuscular administration. The objectives of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics using normal rats and toxicity of nasal cilia as well as immunomodulating effects using immunosuppression rats after intranasal delivery of thymopentin with or without an absorption enhancer. The absorption extent of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled TP 5 via nasal delivery at a single dose is significantly improved by incorporating sodium deoxycholate, Brij 35 and chitosan, respectively. FITC-TP 5 can also be absorbed to such an extent ranging from 15 to 28% after intranasal administration of FITC-TP 5 alone, FITC-TP 5 with sodium caprylate, or with bacitracin, respectively. After seven consecutive days multiple dosing, TP 5 formulation with sodium deoxycholate or Brij 35 caused apparently injury to nasal cilia, indicating these two enhancers would not be appropriate for nasal delivery. Results from superoxide dismutase activity, maleic dialdehyde, T-lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+ ratio) analyses suggest that all the selected enhancers improve the modulating effects of TP 5 in the immunosuppression rats. On an overall evaluation, intranasal TP 5 alone, TP 5 with chitosan, or TP 5 with bacitracin formulation may be suitable for the future clinical application.

Topics: Absorption; Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Body Weight; Cilia; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Female; Immune Tolerance; Male; Models, Animal; Nose; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thymopentin

The objective of this study was to develop an optimal vaccination strategy for Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). The E2 protein of BVDV plays a major protective role against BVDV infection. In order to be able to compare DNA, protein and DNA prime-protein boost regimens, a plasmid was constructed encoding a secreted form of the NADL strain E2 protein (pMASIA-tPAsDeltaE2). Furthermore, a pure secreted recombinant DeltaE2 (rDeltaE2) protein was produced. The rDeltaE2 protein was formulated with a combination of Emulsigen and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide. Groups of calves were immunized with pMASIA-tPAsDeltaE2 or with rDeltaE2, or first with pMASIA-tPAsDeltaE2 and then with rDeltaE2. To evaluate the protection against BVDV, calves were challenged with BVDV strain NY-1 after the last immunization. Although all immunized calves developed humoral and cellular immune responses, the antibody responses in the DNA prime-protein boost group were stronger than those elicited by either the DNA vaccine or the protein vaccine. In particular, E2-specific antibody titres were enhanced significantly after boosting the DeltaE2 DNA-primed calves with rDeltaE2 protein. Moreover, protection against BVDV challenge was obtained in the calves treated with the DNA prime-protein boost vaccination regimen, as shown by a significant reduction in weight loss, viral excretion and lymphopenia, compared with the unvaccinated calves and the animals immunized with the DNA or protein only. These results demonstrate the advantage of a DNA prime-protein boost vaccination approach in an outbred species.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Body Weight; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Cell Line; Chlorocebus aethiops; COS Cells; CpG Islands; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral; DNA, Viral; Immunoglobulin G; Leukocytes; Nose; Viral Envelope Proteins; Viral Vaccines

The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of standard techniques for estimating oral and nasal tracheal tube length in children and to devise more accurate predictive formulae that can be used at the bedside.. Data were collected from 255 children who required tracheal intubation whilst on the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit over a period of 1 year. Age, weight, the final length of the tracheal tube and the internal diameter were documented. Patients with a tracheostomy were excluded from the study.. Using linear regression the following formulae best predicted final tracheal tube length. For children over 1 year of age: Insertion depth (cm) for orotracheal intubation = age/2 + 13 Insertion depth (cm) for nasotracheal intubation = age/2 + 15 For children below 1 year of age: Insertion depth of orotracheal tube (cm) = weight/2 + 8 Insertion depth of nasotracheal tube (cm) = weight/2 + 9. Current Advanced Paediatric Life Support guidelines underestimate the appropriate tracheal tube lengths for orotracheal intubation in children over 1 year of age. Similarly, the novel weight-based formulae for tracheal tube lengths in children below the age of 1 year proved more accurate than standard reference charts. We therefore recommend that these new formulae are prospectively evaluated.

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Algorithms; Anesthesia, General; Anthropometry; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Equipment Design; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intubation, Intratracheal; Mouth; Nose; Reference Standards; Regression Analysis; Retrospective Studies; Trachea

Approximately 1 million enteral tubes are placed through the nose or mouth in adults and children in the United States annually. Previous studies found gastric tube placement errors to be common. A primary issue in ensuring safe and effective gastric feeding by tube is achieving optimal tube position on insertion. The purpose of this study is to use 24 variables to develop a clinical prediction rule for gastric tube insertion distance in adults, using the internal-nares-to-distal-lower esophageal-sphincter distance. A three-variable model using gender, weight, and nose-umbilicus-flat was selected. This new model, validated using nonparametric bootstrap cross-validation, correctly predicted gastric tube insertion distance 85.3% of the time. This new model is compared to two other methods, one evidence based and one commonly used in practice, and was found to be superior. Two nomograms, one for each gender, are drawn to make this new model easier to use.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anthropometry; Body Weight; Cross-Sectional Studies; Enteral Nutrition; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; Humans; Intubation, Gastrointestinal; Linear Models; Male; Manometry; Middle Aged; Midwestern United States; Nomograms; Nose; Nursing Assessment; Nursing Evaluation Research; Observer Variation; Predictive Value of Tests; Sex Characteristics; Statistics, Nonparametric; Umbilicus

It is well-known that sex hormones influence bone metabolism. However, it remains unclear as to how sex hormones affect bone growth in newborn mice. In this study, we performed orchiectomy (ORX) and ovariectomy (OVX) on newborn mice, and examined the effects on craniofacial growth morphometrically. ORX and OVX were performed on five-day-old C57BL/6J mice. Four weeks after surgery, lateral cephalograms were taken of all of the mice, with the use of a rat and mouse cephalometer. Cephalometric analysis of the craniofacial skeleton was performed by means of a personal computer. Inhibition of craniofacial growth was found in the experimental groups but not in the sham-operated groups. In the nasomaxillary bone and mandible, the amount of growth was significantly reduced. These results suggest that craniofacial growth is inhibited by sex hormone disturbances not only in puberty but also immediately after birth.

Topics: Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Cephalometry; Estradiol; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Male; Mandible; Matched-Pair Analysis; Maxilla; Maxillofacial Development; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred Strains; Nose; Orchiectomy; Ovariectomy; Testosterone

The relationship between maxillary constriction and the etiology of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is not clear. This prospective case-control study compared maxillary morphology in 94 dentate subjects (47 OSA and 47 control subjects), using upright lateral cephalograms and study models. Each subject had height, weight, and neck circumference measurements recorded and underwent an orthodontic examination. An upright lateral cephalogram and dental impressions were obtained. All data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical package applying nonparametric tests at the 5% level of significance. Male and female subjects were examined separately, and statistically significant differences were found between the cephalometric measurements for OSA and the control subjects. The palatal angle was more obtuse in male OSA subjects (P < .05). The PNS-posterior pharyngeal wall was shorter (P < .05) and the soft palate longer in female OSA subjects (P < .05). Minimum palatal airway widths were significantly reduced in both male (P < .01) and female (P < .001) subjects. In the comparison of study model measurements, palatal heights in OSA subjects were greater (P < .05). Thus, maxillary morphological differences do exist between OSA and control subjects, supporting their role as a etiological factor.

Topics: Adult; Body Height; Body Weight; Case-Control Studies; Cephalometry; Female; Humans; Male; Maxilla; Middle Aged; Models, Dental; Neck; Nose; Palate; Palate, Soft; Pharynx; Prospective Studies; Sex Factors; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Statistics, Nonparametric

It is well accepted that mechanical loading inhibits bone resorption and increases in vivo bone formation. It is also known that cyclic mechanical loading, in particular, can enhance bone formation significantly. These findings suggest a significant role for mechanical stimuli in bone remodelling mediated by various local growth factors including insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Earlier studies showed that the nasal bone length and premaxillary bone width were significantly greater in mice fed a solid diet rather than a granulated diet, and that these dimensions increased significantly in a solid-diet group treated with IGF-I. The present study sought to examine the effect of IGF-I on the expression of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in the nasopremaxillary suture subjected to different masticatory loadings. For the solid-diet groups, the numbers of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclastic cells and osteoblasts were significantly greater in the group injected with IGF-I than in the animals injected with physiological saline. In the groups fed a granulated diet, no significant differences in the numbers of TRAP-positive osteoclastic cells and osteoblasts were found over the entire experimental period between mice injected with either IGF-I or physiological saline. It is shown that IGF-I significantly induces the expression of osteoclasts and osteoblasts and the subsequent bone remodelling, and that the effect may be additive as compared to that of mechanical masticatory loading, which seems to be more important in bone remodelling in terms of the numbers of osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Bone Remodeling; Diet; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Isoenzymes; Mastication; Maxilla; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nose; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; Stress, Mechanical; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible effects of untreated terminal leukemia on craniofacial growth (Study I), and also the effects of the antineoplastic agent carmustine on craniofacial growth in both leukemic and healthy rats (Study II).. A total of 367 inbred Piebald variegated rats was used.. Transmission of leukemic cells was carried out intraperitoneally at 30 days of age, and without treatment (Study I), the rats reached the terminal phase within 17 +/- 1 days. Rats with induced leukemia was cured with 10 mg/kg carmustine (BCNU) given on days 6 and 13 following cell transmission (Study II), the rats remaining in remission until they were killed at 100 days of age. Final weight was recorded and 12 craniofacial dimensions and tibial length were measured with a digital sliding caliper.. The results showed that the effect of untreated terminal rat leukemia (Study I) on craniofacial growth differed between the genders. Male rats showed clearly reduced dimensions of facial structures and also retarded general body growth, whereas females showed differences mainly in general body growth. The effect of cured leukemia (Study II) as such was minor, while BCNU had a strong and permanent reducing effect on both craniofacial and general body growth in both genders.. We suggest that the results in Study I came both from a direct effect of leukemia and an indirect effect of untreated terminal leukemia through malnutrition. The alkylating agent BCNU seemed to be the main cause of permanent craniofacial and general growth retardation in Study II.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Body Weight; Carmustine; Case-Control Studies; Cephalometry; Facial Bones; Female; Foramen Magnum; Leukemia, Experimental; Male; Mandible; Neoplasm Transplantation; Nose; Pilot Projects; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sex Factors; Skull; Statistics as Topic; Survival Rate; Tibia

Brief, high-level nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) exposures are major hazards during fires and heat-generating explosions. To characterize the lung response to a brief high-level NO(2) exposure, we exposed two groups (n = 5) of 325-375 g, male, Sprague-Dawley rats to either 200 +/- 5 ppm (376 +/- 9 mg/m(3)) NO(2) or room air for 15 min. The rats were nose-only exposed in a multiport exposure chamber fitted with pressure transducers to monitor their respiration during exposure. One hour after exposure, we euthanized the rats, collected blood samples, lavaged the lungs with warm saline, and then excised them. One lung lobe was cooled to -196 degrees C and used for low-temperature electron paramagentic resonance (EPR) analysis. The remainder was homogenized and used for biochemical analyses. Inspired minute ventilation (V(i)) during exposure decreased 59% (p < 0.05). Calculated total inspired dose was 0.880 mg NO(2). In lung lavage, both total and alveolar macrophage cell counts declined (approximately 75%, p < 0.05), but epithelial cell count increased 8.5-fold. Lung weight increased 40% (p < 0.05) after exposure. In the blood, potassium and methemoglobin increased 45 and 18% (p < 0.05), respectively; glucose, lactate, and total hemoglobin were not altered significantly. EPR analysis of lung tissue revealed hemoglobin oxidation and carbon-centered radical formation. Vitamins E and C and uric acid were depleted, and lipid peroxidation measured by three different methods (TBARS, conjugated dienes, and fluorescent peroxidation end products) was elevated, but total protein, DNA, and lipid contents were unchanged. These observations combined demonstrate that a brief (15 min) high-level (200 ppm) NO(2) exposure of rats was sufficient to cause significant damage. However, comparison of the exposure dose normalized to rat body weight with previously reported sheep and estimated human values revealed significant differences. This raises a question about interspecies dosimetry and species-specific responses when animal data are extrapolated to humans and used for safety standard setting, particularly with high-level brief exposures.

Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Air; Animals; Antioxidants; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Lung; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Nose; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Species Specificity

The effect of millimeter electromagnetic waves (MWs) on cyclophosphamide (CPA) induced toxicity to leukocytes, bone marrow cells, and T-cell-mediated immunity was examined. For studying the effect of MWs on CPA induced leukopenia and myelosuppression, BALB/C mice were irradiated for 3 days, 30 min each day, prior to administration of CPA (200 mg/kg). MWs were produced with a Russian made YAV-1 generator. The device produced 42.2 +/- 0.2 GHz modulated wave radiation through a 10 mm x 20 mm rectangular output horn. The animals were irradiated on the nose area. Peak SAR and incident power density were measured as 622 +/- 100 W/kg and 31 +/- 5 mW/cm(2), respectively. For studying the effect of MWs on CPA induced suppression of T-cell mediated immunity, a delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) assay in mouse skin was used. The DTH reaction in mouse skin was induced by topical application of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and quantified by measuring the increase in ear thickness and by histological examination. Treatment of animals with CPA significantly (P < 0.05) reduced leukocyte and bone marrow cell population, but MW irradiation did not show any significant protection from the immunosuppressive effects of CPA. Furthermore, MW irradiation did not protect the animals from CPA induced suppression of T-cell mediated immunity.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Body Weight; Bone Marrow Cells; Cyclophosphamide; Dinitrochlorobenzene; Drug Hypersensitivity; Ear; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Immune Tolerance; Immunity, Cellular; Immunosuppression Therapy; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytes; Leukopenia; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Microwaves; Nose; Reference Values; Skin; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; Whole-Body Irradiation

Analysis of craniofacial morphology and growth in children with untreated isolated cleft palate (ICP) (cleft of the secondary palate only) at 2 and 22 months of age and comparison of the morphology and growth to that of a control group with unilateral incomplete cleft lip (UICL).. A total of 98 cleft children (53 with ICP and 45 with UICL) drawn from a larger group representing all Danish children with cleft born in the period 1976 to 1981 were included in the study. Craniofacial morphology and growth were analyzed using three-projection infant cephalometry.. The ICP group differed significantly from the UICL group. The most striking findings in the ICP group were: short maxilla; reduced posterior maxillary height; increased posterior maxillary width (in the 2-month-old); short mandible; reduced posterior height of the mandible; bimaxillary retrognathia; and reduced pharyngeal depth, height, and area. The facial growth pattern was fairly similar in the two groups except for a somewhat more vertical growth direction in the ICP group.. The facial morphology in ICP children differs significantly from that of children with UICL of the same age. The differences in facial morphology can be ascribed to the difference in the primary anomaly in the ICP group. The facial growth pattern was fairly similar in the ICP and UICL group; however, a somewhat more vertical growth direction was observed in the ICP group.

Topics: Body Height; Body Weight; Case-Control Studies; Cephalometry; Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; Dental Arch; Face; Facial Bones; Female; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Infant; Lip; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mandible; Maxilla; Maxillofacial Development; Nose; Orbit; Pharynx; Retrognathia; Skull; Skull Base; Statistics as Topic; Vertical Dimension

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of an equine nasal strip (NS), furosemide (Fur), and a combination of both (NS + Fur) on exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) at speeds corresponding to near-maximal effort. Five Thoroughbreds (526 +/- 25 kg) were run on a flat treadmill from 7 to 14 m/s in 1 m x s(-1) x min(-)1 increments every 2 wk (treatment order randomized) under control (Con), Fur (1 mg/kg iv 4 h prior), NS, or NS + Fur conditions. During each run, pulmonary arterial (Ppa) and esophageal (Pes) pressures were measured. Severity of EIPH was quantified via bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 30 min postrun. Furosemide (Fur and NS + Fur trials) reduced peak Ppa approximately 7 mmHg compared with Con (P < 0.05) whereas NS had no effect (P > 0.05). Maximal Pes swings were not different among groups (P > 0.05). NS significantly diminished EIPH compared with the Con trial [Con, 55.0 +/- 36.2; NS, 30.8 +/- 21.8 x 10(6) red blood cells (RBC)/ml BAL fluid; P < 0.05]. Fur reduced EIPH to a greater extent than NS (5.2 +/- 3.0 x 10(6) RBC/ml BAL; P < 0.05 vs. Con and NS) with no additional benefit from NS + Fur (8.5 +/- 4.2 x 10(6) RBC/ml BAL; P > 0.05 vs. Fur, P < 0.05 vs. Con and NS). In conclusion, although both modalities (NS and Fur) were successful in mitigating EIPH, neither abolished EIPH fully as evaluated via BAL. Fur was more effective than NS in constraining the severity of EIPH. The simultaneous use of both interventions appears to offer no further gain with respect to reducing EIPH.

Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Diuretics; Esophagus; Furosemide; Hemorrhage; Horse Diseases; Horses; Male; Nose; Physical Exertion; Pulmonary Circulation

The pulmonary toxicity of a commercially available formulated preparation of Fenvalerate (Fen), a synthetic pyrethroid has been studied in rats following subchronic nose only inhalation exposure route.. Adult male rats were exposed to Fen for 4 h/day, 5 days a week for 90 days by using Flow Past Dynamic Nose only Inhalation Chamber.. Fen exposed rats showed a significant increase in enzymatic activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT) which are considered as biochemical indicators of pulmonary damage. The concomitant histopathological examination of Fen exposed rats' lung revealed inflammatory changes viz., influx of mononuclear cells admixed with a few giant cells in alveolar lumen, hypetrophied bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial lining cells and presence of edematous fluid in alveolar lumen alongwith congested parenchymatous blood vessels.. These results for the first time indicate the pulmonary toxic effects of a commonly used formulated Fen preparation by using rat model and nose only inhalation as the route of exposure.

Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Inhalation Exposure; Insecticides; Lung; Male; Nitriles; Nose; Organ Size; Pyrethrins; Rats; Rats, Wistar

Eyelid position and the electromyographic activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle were recorded unilaterally in rabbits during reflex and conditioned blinks. Air-puff-evoked blinks consisted of a fast downward phase followed sometimes by successive downward sags. The reopening phase had a much longer duration and slower peak velocity. Onset latency, maximum amplitude, peak velocity, and rise time of reflex blinks depended on the intensity and duration of the air puff-evoking stimulus. A flashlight focused on the eye also evoked reflex blinks, but not flashes of light, or tones. Both delayed and trace classical conditioning paradigms were used. For delayed conditioning, animals were presented with a 350-ms, 90-dB, 600-Hz tone, as conditioned stimulus (CS). For trace conditioning, animals were presented with a 10-ms, 1-k/cm(2) air puff, as CS. The unconditioned stimulus (US) consisted of a 100-ms, 3-k/cm(2) air puff. The stimulus interval between CS and US onsets was 250 ms. Conditioned responses (CRs) to tones were composed of downward sags that increased in number through the successive conditioning sessions. The onset latency of the CR decreased across conditioning at the same time as its maximum amplitude and its peak velocity increased, but the time-to-peak of the CR remained unaltered. The topography of CRs evoked by short, weak air puffs as the CS showed three different components: the alpha response to the CS, the CR, and the reflex response to the US. Through conditioning, CRs showed a decrease in onset latency, and an increase in maximum amplitude and peak velocity. The time-to-peak of the CR remained unchanged. A power spectrum analysis of reflex and conditioned blink acceleration profiles showed a significant approximately 8-Hz oscillation within a broadband of frequencies between 4 and 15 Hz. Nose and mandible movements presented power spectrum profiles different from those characterizing reflex and conditioned blinks. It is concluded that eyelid reflex responses in the rabbit present significant differences from CRs in their profiles and metric properties, suggesting different neural origins, but that a common approximately 8-Hz neural oscillator underlies lid motor performance. According to available data, the frequency of this putative oscillator seems to be related to the species size.

Topics: Air Movements; Animals; Blinking; Body Weight; Conditioning, Classical; Conditioning, Eyelid; Electromyography; Eyelids; Facial Muscles; Kinetics; Mandible; Mastication; Motor Neurons; Nose; Odorants; Physical Stimulation; Rabbits; Reflex

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is common in middle-aged men and may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We investigated the effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment on levels of soluble cell adhesion molecules-which have been shown to be associated with the development of atherosclerosis-in these patients.. We studied 23 patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome diagnosed by polysomnography who were treated with nasal CPAP. Serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels were measured before nasal CPAP was started, and after 3 or 4 days (n = 19), 1 month (n = 23), or 6 months (n = 11) of treatment.. After 3 to 4 days of nasal CPAP therapy, the mean (+/- SD) soluble E-selectin level had decreased from 89 +/- 44 ng/mL to 69 +/- 28 ng/mL (P = 0.002). After 1 month, the soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 level had decreased from 311 +/- 116 ng/mL to 249 +/- 74 ng/mL (P = 0.02). After 6 months, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels had not changed significantly, while the mean soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 level (212 +/- 59 ng/mL) had decreased further (P = 0.02). Before treatment, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels and the apnea and hypopnea index were correlated (r = 0.43, P = 0.04).. Obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea have a significant adverse effect on serum soluble cell adhesion molecule-1 levels that may be reduced by nasal CPAP treatment.

Topics: Adult; Body Weight; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Cholesterol; E-Selectin; Humans; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Polysomnography; Positive-Pressure Respiration; Risk; Risk Factors; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Sleep Stages; Time Factors; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1

Strobel's formula (Esophageal length = 5 + 0.252 x Height) is frequently used as a guide for determining the distance from the nares to the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in term infants. The aim of this study was to examine this relationship in premature infants.. The distance from nares to LES was manometrically determined in 156 premature infants (26-40 weeks' postmenstrual age; body weights of 610-3050 g). The ability of body weight, height (body length), head circumference, and postmenstrual age to predict the manometrically determined LES position was evaluated with linear and non-linear regression analyses.. Body weight and body length were the most predictive of distance from nares to LES (r(2) = 0.848 and 0.802, respectively). These relationships were non-linear and, in the case of body length, deviated substantially from Strobel's model.. In premature neonates, a different formula is needed for prediction of the distance between nares and LES than that applied to term infants and children.

Topics: Anthropometry; Body Height; Body Weight; Cephalometry; Esophagogastric Junction; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Male; Nose

Nitric oxide (NO) is detectable in the exhaled gas of adults during spontaneous respiration and, according to current knowledge, mainly originates from the paranasal sinuses. We studied total NO excretion rates by chemiluminescence in preterm infants whose paranasal sinuses are known to be only partially pneumatized. NO excretion was 7.15 +/- 1.13 nl/min (mean +/- SD, range 6.33-9.36 nl/min) measured from spontaneously exhaled nasal gas (n = 6) and 0.3 +/- 0.05 nl/min (range 0.26-0.36 nl/min) measured from the lower airways in intubated individuals (n = 3). These values are considerably lower than those reported for older children and adults. Body weight-related amounts of NO excretion, however, seem comparable between infants and adults.

Topics: Body Weight; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Intubation, Intratracheal; Luminescent Measurements; Nitric Oxide; Nose; Respiration

In intranasal vaccination it is important that the adjuvant does not have any toxic effect on the sensitive nasal mucosa. In this study a histological and clinical evaluation of the effects of two different adjuvants in a vaccine containing detoxified diphtheria (DT) and tetanus toxoid (TT) in guinea pigs was done. The guinea pigs were divided in four groups and treated daily for 14 days with different formulations. Group I with saline, Groups 2 and 3 with the vaccines in a non-ionic surfactant formulation containing glycerides and Group 4 with tetraethyleneglycol formulation containing glycofurol. The guinea pigs in Groups 1, 2 and 4 were sacrificed on day 15 and Group 3, 1 week later and the tissues processed for histological examination. The animals remained healthy during the treatment and minor clinical signs, such as nose-blowing, decreased with time. The histological appearance, including the development of lymphoid tissue, was comparable in all groups. A specific toxic effect on the nasal mucosa by the different vaccine and adjuvant formulations was not observed.

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Body Weight; Female; Guinea Pigs; Inflammation; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Lymphoid Tissue; Nasal Cavity; Nasal Mucosa; Nasal Septum; Nose; Sneezing; Time Factors; Turbinates; Vaccination

Hydrazine (N2H4) is used as a fuel for missiles and standby power systems of operational military aircraft. Maintenance of missiles and aircraft may result in accidental human exposure to high concentrations for brief periods of time. The purposes of this study were to assess the oncogenic potential of N2H4 in rats and male hamsters exposed to a high concentration of N2H4 for repeated short exposures and to investigate the relationships of acute and subchronic effects of N2H4 to nasal tumorigenesis. In phase 1 (acute and subchronic) and Phase 2 (lifetime experiments, groups of male and female Fischer 344 rats and male Syrian golden hamsters were exposed by inhalation to 0, 75 (Phase 2 only), or 750 ppm N2H4 for 1 (acute) or 10 (subchronic) 1-hr weekly exposures. Rodents were euthanized 24 hr after exposures 1 and 10 and 24 to 30 months poststudy initiation. Significant reductions in body weight were observed in N2H4-treated rodents compared to controls during the exposure interval. No hydrazine-induced mortality was detected. Histopathologic examination after the acute and subchronic exposures revealed degeneration and necrosis of transitional, respiratory, and olfactory epithelia in the anterior nose and, in rats exposed subchronically, squamous metaplasia of the transitional epithelium. Minimal to mild rhinitis resulted from N2H4 exposures. Apoptosis was observed in olfactory and squamous metaplastic transitional epithelium. Lesions occurred at sites reportedly having high air-flow and generally appeared to be more severe in the anterior portion of the nose. By 24 months, the squamous metaplastic transitional epithelium reverted back to normal-appearing transitional epithelium. By 24+ months, low incidences (sexes combined) of hyperplasia (5/194, 2.6%) and neoplasia (11/194, 5.7%) were detected, principally in the transitional epithelium of the 750 ppm N2H4-treated rats. A similar incidence of hyperplasia (2/94, 2%) and neoplasia (5/94, 5.3%) was detected in the high-exposure group of hamsters. The location and type of N2H4-induced proliferative lesions were similar to those reported in a chronic N2H4-exposure study (5.0 ppm x 6 hr/day x 5 days/week for 1 year) conducted in our laboratory, but the chronic study had much higher incidences (rats, sexes combined: hyperplasia 15.5% vs 2.6% and polypoid adenoma 44.6% vs 5.2%). The product (CD) of concentration + time was the same (750 ppm hours) for the high-dose groups for both studies, but the duration of

Topics: Adenomatous Polyps; Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Atrophy; Body Weight; Carcinogens; Cricetinae; Epithelium; Female; Hydrazines; Hyperplasia; Male; Mesocricetus; Metaplasia; Nasal Mucosa; Necrosis; Nose; Nose Neoplasms; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of low masticatory function on the craniofacial growth pattern in rats fed a low calcium and vitamin D deficient diet. Male growing rats were divided randomly into three groups: the Normal Hard Diet group, the Deficient Soft Diet group, and the Deficient Hard Diet Group. Lateral cephalograms were taken at days 0, 14 and at the end of the experiment, day 28. The craniofacial growth pattern was altered by an upwards rotation of the viscerocranium (orthocranialization) in the Deficient groups and, the total skull lengths were shorter than in the Normal Hard Diet group. The viscerocranium in the Deficient Soft Diet group was in an even more orthocranial position than in the Deficient Hard Diet group and the antegonial notch was shallower. This indicates that an induced disturbance of craniofacial morphology due to metabolic bone disease during growth is accentuated by a low masticatory function.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cephalometry; Diet; Hypocalcemia; Incisor; Male; Mandible; Mastication; Masticatory Muscles; Maxilla; Maxillofacial Development; Nose; Odontometry; Palate; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Skull; Vitamin D Deficiency

Hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen bromide (HBr), and hydrogen chloride (HCl) gases can be generated during the pyrolysis of a variety of materials and they may be encountered in numerous industrial settings. Although injury to the respiratory tract has been characterized following the inhalation of halide gases via the nasal route, essentially no experimental information is currently available about their injurious effects when they are inhaled during mouth breathing. In this study, we simulated mouth breathing by using a pseudo-mouth-breathing (MB) rat model in order to: (1) characterize the profiles and magnitudes of respiratory tract injury that result from the acute inhalation of relatively high mass concentrations of the above halides when the upper airway is bypassed, and (2) assess the relative toxicities of HF, HBr, and HCl when inhaled by way of either the nasal or the oral pathways. Tracheal tubes connected to mouthpieces were inserted into temporarily anesthetized rats, i.e., mouth breathers. Awake rats were placed into whole body flow plethysmographs for pulmonary ventilation studies while they were exposed either to air or to 1300 ppm of HF, HBr, or HCl for 30 min. Similarly pretreated rats were also exposed but without the mouthpiece, i.e., nose breathers (NB). The animals were euthanized 24 hr after exposure for histopathologic analyses of their upper and lower respiratory tracts and for lung gravimetric measurements. Tissue injury following NB exposure to the halides was confined to the nasal region, e.g., epithelial and submucosal necrosis, accumulations of inflammatory cells, exudates, and the extravasation of erythrocytes. MB exposure caused higher mortality rates and major tissue disruption in the trachea, including epithelial, submucosal, glandular, and cartilage necrosis, and accumulations of inflammatory cells and exudates. More peripheral lung damage was manifested by lung gravimetric increases and histopathologic changes primarily in the larger conducting airways. The results of this study demonstrate that the injurious response profiles to HF, HBr, and HCl markedly differ as a function of the route by which they are inhaled. Furthermore, examinations of the magnitudes of injury caused by exposure to the halides during nose or mouth breathing in conjunction with animal ventilatory data obtained during exposure to the halides suggest that HF, HBr, and HCl are quantitatively similar in their toxic effects in the respiratory tract.

Topics: Acids; Animals; Body Weight; Hydrobromic Acid; Hydrochloric Acid; Hydrofluoric Acid; Intubation, Intratracheal; Lung; Lung Diseases; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Respiratory Function Tests; Trachea; Tracheal Diseases

The long-term goal of this research is to define the dimensions of nasal airway adequacy in children. Nasal airway size and variables associated with growth were assessed in 138 healthy children aged 7-15 years. The pressure-flow technique (Warren, 1984) was used to calculate the smallest cross-sectional area of the nasal airway. Mean nasal area was 0.38 +/- 0.12 cm2 for 7-9-year-olds, 0.40 +/- 0.13 cm2 for 10-12-year-olds, and 0.46 +/- 0.16 cm2 for 13-15-year-old children, the effect of age being statistically significant. Nasal airway size did not vary systematically with body size nor was there any clear difference between girls and boys. We conclude that age should always be considered when assessing the status of the nasal airway in children and adolescents.

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Body Constitution; Body Height; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Child; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Manometry; Nose; Pressure; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Rheology; Sex Factors

Snorers represent a heterogenous group that require adequate assessment before recommending surgical treatment. There are unfortunately no specific features either in the history or physical examination that might predict those chronic snorers with obstructive sleep apnoea. We have used trained observation together with pulse oximetry ('sleep screening') and fibreoptic nasendoscopy with Muller manoeuvre in our unit to assess snorers. This combination is a reliable means of distinguishing apnoeic patients from simple snorers and determining the level of the obstructing segment. We report our experience in using these methods in the management of 71 chronic snorers. We stress the value of conservative management, and emphasize that obesity, habitual alcohol ingestion and nasal obstruction should be corrected before embarking on pharyngeal surgery.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Body Weight; Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Snoring

Thirty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups, including 1 control and 2 experimental groups, in order to compare the efficacy of using cortisone acetate alone or in addition to intranasal inoculation of Pneumocystis carinii organisms for the purpose of inducing acute P. carinii pneumonia. The presence of P. carinii was monitored in nasal secretions on a weekly basis and in lungs at autopsy. Titers of IgG antibody were also monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No rat receiving cortisone acetate injections alone and only 2 of the rats receiving both cortisone and intranasal inoculation of P. carinii organisms showed Pneumocystis organisms in the lungs. However, Pneumocystis cysts did appear in the nasal secretions of 3 of the 5 control rats, all 8 rats receiving cortisone acetate injections only, and 12 of 18 rats receiving both cortisone acetate injections and an intranasal inoculum. IgG titers of both cortisonized groups remained less than 1:4 throughout the course of the experiment. The titer of the control group increased from negative to 13 (geometric mean).

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Protozoan; Body Weight; Cortisone; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Lung; Male; Nose; Pneumocystis; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

Four groups of 15 male and 15 female Sprague-Dawley-derived (CD) rats each were exposed to aqueous hexamethylenediamine (HMD) aerosols for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks at mean analytical concentrations of 0, 12.8, or 51 mg/m3. Because of exposure-related deaths in a group of male and female rats similarly exposed to 215 mg/m3 HMD, this group was terminated during the seventh week of the study. Signs of respiratory and conjunctival irritation were observed in rats at both the 51 and 215 mg/m3 HMD test levels. Body weight gain was significantly reduced in both sexes exposed to 215 mg/m3 HMD. At the 5-week study interval, slight hemopoietic stimulation of peripheral blood parameters was observed in rats of both sexes exposed to 215 mg/m3 HMD. Treatment-related microscopic lesions were seen only in rats exposed to 215 mg/m3 MD and were confined to the trachea, nasal passages, and lungs. The no-effect level in this study is considered to be 12.8 mg/m3 HMD.

Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Body Weight; Diamines; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Lung; Male; Nose; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trachea

Groups of 10 male and 10 female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 2, 4, 10, 20, or 40 ppm of formaldehyde vapor 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks. Clinical abnormalities (dyspnea, listlessness, and hunched posture), significant mortality, and body weight loss were observed in the 40 ppm groups. Pathologic changes were observed in the nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi of treated males and females and in the uterus and ovaries of treated females. Squamous metaplasia and inflammation were present in the nasal tissues of male and female mice in the 10, 20, and 40 ppm groups and in the larynx of males and females in the 20 and 40 ppm groups. The trachea had squamous metaplasia and hyperplasia of the epithelium in addition to submucosal fibrosis and inflammation in the 20 and 40 ppm groups. In some mice, epithelial-lined, irregular connective tissue bands spanned the tracheal lumen. Metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium was confined to the 40 ppm exposure groups. These effects on the respiratory system were more prevalent in male than in female mice. Hypoplasia of the uterus and ovaries, probably secondary to body weight loss, was confined to the 40 ppm exposure group. In conclusion, 13-week inhalation exposures of B6C3F1 mice to 10, 20, and 40 ppm of formaldehyde vapor induced histologic lesions in the upper respiratory system and concentrations of 40 ppm were lethal to those mice.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Female; Formaldehyde; Larynx; Male; Metaplasia; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Nose; Time Factors; Trachea; Volatilization

The respiration of naive F344 rats confined in nose-only inhalation exposure tubes was measured to obtain data for normal adult rats of different ages and to evaluate the tubes for exposures lasting several hours. Exposure tubes were modified for use as volume-displacement plethysmographs. Respiration of 10 male and 10 female rats at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months of age was measured in the tubes during simulated exposures of up to 6 h duration. Measurements included respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute volume and body surface temperature. The mean respiratory frequencies of 3, 6, 12 and 24 month old rats during the first hour of exposure were 172, 152, 123 and 136 breaths min-1, respectively. Minute volumes were 1.40, 0.89, 0.67 and 0.82 ml g-1 body weight, respectively. Both frequency and minute volumes g-1 body weight were significantly greater for the youngest group, declined with age to 12 months and then increased at 24 months. Minute volumes g-1 body weight were similar for males and females. Minute volume and respiratory frequency of 3 and 12 month old rats declined progressively between 1 and 6 h of confinement in the tubes. Surface temperature did not increase after the first hour. The age and sex-specific data provide a basis for predicting respiration of naive tube-confined rats during inhalation exposures to non-irritating materials.

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Female; Immobilization; Lung Volume Measurements; Male; Nose; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Rats, Inbred Strains; Respiration; Respiratory Function Tests; Sex Factors; Tidal Volume

21 day old male rats undergoing peripheral deafferentation of the vomeronasal system (Accessory Olfactory System) show a decrease of the accessory sex organ weight as well as lower LH and testosterone plasmatic levels 30 days later when compared with intact or sham operated rats.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Denervation; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Nose; Olfactory Pathways; Organ Size; Pheromones; Prostate; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Seminiferous Tubules; Testis; Testosterone

Nasopharyngeal airways have been assessed in the management of infants with severe Pierre Robin syndrome. In 12 such infants the positioning and subsequent maintenance of these tubes were found to be important in ensuring adequate relief of the airway obstruction. In five infants measurements of lung mechanics demonstrated the benefits of NP tube placement and confirmed the observed improvements in cyanotic episodes, heart failure, electrocardiograms, and arterial gas tensions. In a retrospective survey of 40 infants with PRS, failure to thrive was found to be significantly correlated with the severity of the airflow obstruction. This failure to thrive was reversed in the infants managed with NP tubes in comparison with an age-matched groups nursed while prone. The lack of significant complications with the NP airway and its acceptability to nursing staff, patients, and their parents suggest that this method deserves more widespread use in PRS and perhaps in other situations in which high upper respiratory tract obstruction is predominant.

Topics: Airway Obstruction; Body Weight; Female; Humans; Infant; Intubation; Male; Nose; Pharynx; Pierre Robin Syndrome; Posture; Retrospective Studies; Work of Breathing

Topics: Body Weight; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intubation, Intratracheal; Nose

Recent reports indicate that nasoduodenal feeding is a suitable technique for high risk newborns, in particular those with a low birth weight. In the period between February 1975 and June 1976, 100 high risk newborns, divided into four cohorts on the basis of birth weight in 500 g divisions, were fed by nasoduodenal tube. The effect of nasoduodenal feeding has been measured in several ways, but particularly consideration has been given to weight gain, its caloric cost, the mortality rates observed in the Unit before and after the introduction of this nutritional regime and complications. The use of nasoduodenal feeding abolished the physiological loss of weight which normally occurs during the first week of life and was associated with a subsequent rate of weight gain equal to or better than that observed in infants fed by other routes. The mean caloric intake was greater in smaller infants than in larger ones and it was accompanied by a steady decrease in weight gain per unit of caloric intake with increasing birth weight. In 1974 the overall mortality rate in the Unit was 18% and in 1975 following the introduction of nasoduodenal feeding fell to 11.4%. No serious complications were observed associated with nasoduodenal feeding. The conclusion is that this form of feeding is particularly suitable for infants with a birth weight of 1 500 g or less.

Topics: Body Weight; Duodenum; Energy Intake; Enteral Nutrition; Humans; Infant Food; Infant Mortality; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature; Nose; Risk

(1) There are considerable differences in body constitution in different strains of rats, ranging from very robust to very gracile forms. The differences are greater in the larger males than in the smaller females. (2)Craniofacial and postcranial proportions of the trunk in domesticated strains of rats differ either uniformly or mosaically from the wild form. (3)Nasal shape differs greatly in rats ranging from extreme leptorrhine to extreme platyrrhine forms, giving a total range greater than in human populations. (4)Fisher 344 rats have long tails and extremities and Buffalo and GRL short tails and extremities. (5)Wistar and ACI rats have longer tails than wild rats but do not differ significantly from wild rats in the relative length of their other extremities. (6)The relationship between tail and extremity length is under genetic control which is concordant in Fisher, Buffalo and GRL rats, but discordant in the Lewis, Wistar and ACI strains. (7)There is no connection between relative extremity length and total body constitution since short-limbed strains occupy both the highest (Buffalo) and lowest (GRL) levels o f robusticity, and strains that do not differ in relative extremity length from wild rats differ greatly from each other in constitutional type (Wistar and ACI). (8)Differences of relative extremity length and nasal shape in rats have their parallels in human populations. But in human populations they follow Allen's ecological "rule" and can be duplicated experimentally. In rats here used, however, they do not result from any known ecological pressures, but from the genetic factors acting in breeding isolates.

Topics: Animals; Body Constitution; Body Weight; Extremities; Female; Male; Nose; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sex Factors; Skull; Species Specificity; Tail

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Female; Male; Nasal Cavity; Nose; Olfactory Bulb; Olfactory Mucosa; Rats; Smell; Sucking Behavior; Therapeutic Irrigation; Zinc

Topics: Adolescent; Anemia; Arm; Australia; Bacteria; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Ear, External; Eosinophilia; Health Surveys; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; Nose; Protein-Energy Malnutrition; Residence Characteristics

Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats, a fed a rapeseed protein diet (containing 0.2 mg glucosinolates/g protein concentrate) from day 0, showed no teratological effects on the 18th day. However, rats which were permitted to deliver, developed anorexia and weight loss after day 18. A reddish discharge, not blood, from the nose stained the fur of most animals fed rapeseed protein. A similar discharge developed in dams fed on lab chow but fasted after day 18. At delivery, dams would neglect the newborn during the first 24 h but would then resume their diet and litter care. Surviving litters of rapeseed-fed animals were comparable to controls in weight after 3 weeks. Vitamin supplementation did not prevent these effects. Force feeding the diet by gavage aggravated these toxic effects and prolonged the gestation period. No toxic effects were seen until day 18 of gestation when the rapeseed protein diet was fed to rats 3--6 weeks before mating. Control rats given glucosinolates by gavage did not show any adverse effects. The rapeseed protein diet had no effect on NMRI mice during pregnancy and on litter care up to 3 weeks.

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Anorexia; Body Weight; Caseins; Dietary Proteins; Eye; Female; Growth; Mice; Nose; Plant Proteins; Pregnancy; Rats; Seeds; Teratogens

Topics: Adult; Air; Airway Resistance; Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; Biological Transport; Body Weight; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Health; Galvanic Skin Response; Humans; Humidity; Male; Mucus; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Perception; Physical Exertion; Resins, Plant; Spirometry; Technetium; Thermosensing; Water Loss, Insensible

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bone Development; Cephalometry; Dentition; Electrocoagulation; Incisor; Male; Maxillofacial Development; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Nasal Mucosa; Nose; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Odontometry; Rats

Topics: Adult; Anthropometry; Arm; Body Constitution; Body Height; Body Surface Area; Body Weight; Cephalometry; Face; Female; Foot; Humans; Israel; Jews; Leg; Male; Nose; Pigmentation; Pregnancy; Sampling Studies; Sex Factors; Skin; Skinfold Thickness; Thorax

Fifteen steers were vaccinated after shipment with a modified live virus vaccine containing infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine virus diarrhea (BVD), and bovine myxovirus parainfluenza-3 (PI3), and 16 unvaccinated steers were kept as controls. Geometric mean titers one month after vaccination were highest to BVD, followed by PI3 and IBR. Weight gains were higher during 30 days after vaccination in the controls. One case of acute respiratory disease developed in one vaccinated calf. Revaccination 79 days after the first dose increased antibody to PI3 and BVD virus but not IBR. In a second trial, no clinical respiratory disease developed after shipment of 13 heifers that received an antibacterial-antiviral antiserum or in the 12 controls. Weight gains 30 days after shipment were identical in both groups.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Immunity, Active; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Mycoplasma; Nose; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pasteurella; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respirovirus; RNA Viruses; Vaccination

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Arthritis; Bacterial Infections; Body Weight; Culture Media; Denmark; Female; Jejunum; Moraxella; Nose; Parity; Pneumonia; Pregnancy; Seasons; Spleen; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Birth Weight; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Weight; Calorimetry; Dietary Proteins; Enteral Nutrition; Gestational Age; Glucose; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Jejunum; Methods; Monitoring, Physiologic; Nose; Time Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Australia; Bacteria; Body Height; Body Weight; Cephalometry; Child; Child, Preschool; Ear; Ear Diseases; Ethnicity; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Nose

Antimicrobial agents were added to the feed of swine for three weeks to determine the interrelationships of potentially pathogenic agents in the nasal tract, turbinate atrophy and weight gains. Bordetella bronchiseptica was not isolated from the groups fed the combination of chlortetracycline, penicillin and sulfamethazine. B. bronchiseptica was found in some pigs after the feeding trail, but this organism was not significantly associated with turbinate atrophy at the time of slaughter.Mycoplasma hyorhinis was not found in the nasal passages of the pigs that received feed containing high concentration chlortetracycline but was found in pigs that received other diets. Hemophilus suis was not significantly reduced by any of the treatments used. The organisms studied in the pigs were not isolated from the personnel handling the pigs.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Body Weight; Bordetella; Chlortetracycline; Diet; Food Additives; Haemophilus; Mycoplasma; Nose; Oleandomycin; Oxytetracycline; Pasteurella; Penicillin G Procaine; Streptococcus; Streptomycin; Sulfamethazine; Swine

Topics: Adolescent; Age Determination by Skeleton; Age Factors; Altitude; Anthropometry; Arm; Body Height; Body Surface Area; Body Weight; Bone Development; Cephalometry; Child; Child, Preschool; Ethiopia; Female; Growth; Humans; Male; Menarche; Nose; Puberty; Sex Factors; Skinfold Thickness; Tooth Eruption; White People

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Estrus; Female; Growth; Housing, Animal; Male; Mice; Nose; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Smell; Urine; Vaginal Smears

Topics: Anthropometry; Body Height; Body Weight; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intubation, Intratracheal; Nose; Postnatal Care; Resuscitation; Trachea

Topics: Airway Obstruction; Airway Resistance; Animals; Body Weight; Cicatrix; Dogs; Intubation, Intratracheal; Lung Compliance; Mouth Breathing; Nose; Plethysmography, Whole Body; Pressure; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Respiratory Function Tests; Spirometry

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Height; Body Weight; Female; Genotype; Male; Mandible; Nose; Palate; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Skull; Weaning; Zygoma

Topics: ABO Blood-Group System; Adolescent; Adult; Altitude; Anthropometry; Body Height; Body Weight; Cephalometry; Child; Chile; Electrophoresis, Starch Gel; Face; Female; Gene Frequency; Genetic Variation; Haptoglobins; Humans; Indians, South American; Male; Nose; Serotyping

Topics: Age Factors; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Atropine; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Cyclopropanes; Diphenhydramine; Eye Diseases; Halothane; Humans; Infant; Methods; Nose; Pentobarbital; Pharynx; Piperidines; Trichloroethylene

Topics: Adult; Anthropometry; Body Height; Body Weight; Brazil; Cephalometry; Computers; Face; Female; Geography; Humans; Indians, South American; Lip; Male; Mandible; Nose; Polymorphism, Genetic; Sex Factors; Thorax

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Body Height; Body Surface Area; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intubation, Intratracheal; Nose; Radiography; Trachea

Topics: Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Dwarfism; Female; Fingers; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Male; Mouth; Nails, Malformed; Nose; Toes

Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Animals; Body Weight; Cautery; Female; Humans; Labor, Obstetric; Lidocaine; Muscle Contraction; Nose; Organ Size; Ovary; Pregnancy; Rats; Uterus; Vaginal Smears

Topics: Animals; Beak; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Chickens; Epithelium; Female; Male; Manometry; Nerve Degeneration; Nervous System; Nose; Periosteum; Spinal Canal; Vitamin A Deficiency

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; DDT; Diet; Fishes; Kidney; Lipids; Liver; Nose; Species Specificity

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cephalometry; Face; Malocclusion; Mastication; Maxillofacial Development; Nasal Septum; Nasopharyngeal Diseases; Nose; Prognathism; Rabbits; Suppuration; Tooth Eruption

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Nose; Osteogenesis; Radiography; Swine; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Birds; Blood Volume; Body Weight; Charadriiformes; Chlorides; Nose; Physiology; Potassium; Research; Salt Gland; Sensory Receptor Cells; Sodium; Sodium Chloride; Water-Electrolyte Balance