phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Animal-Diseases

Habitat alteration can influence suitability, creating ecological traps where habitat preference and fitness are mismatched. Despite their importance, ecological traps are notoriously difficult to identify and their impact on host-pathogen dynamics remains largely unexplored. Here we assess individual bat survival and habitat preferences in the midwestern United States before, during, and after the invasion of the fungal pathogen that causes white-nose syndrome. Despite strong selection pressures, most hosts continued to select habitats where disease severity was highest and survival was lowest, causing continued population declines. However, some individuals used refugia where survival was higher. Over time, a higher proportion of the total population used refugia than before pathogen arrival. Our results demonstrate that host preferences for habitats with high disease-induced mortality can create ecological traps that threaten populations, even in the presence of accessible refugia.

Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Ascomycota; Chiroptera; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Fungi; Michigan; Nose; Population Dynamics; Survival; Temperature; Wisconsin

At least two-thirds of commercial antibiotics today are derived from

Topics: Actinobacteria; Animal Diseases; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Arizona; Ascomycota; Chiroptera; DNA, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microbiota; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Mycoses; North America; Nose; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Streptomyces

Hibernating bats have undergone severe recent declines across the eastern United States, but the cause of these regional-scale declines has not been systematically evaluated. We assessed the influence of white-nose syndrome (an emerging bat disease caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, formerly Geomyces destructans) on large-scale, long-term population patterns in the little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus), the northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis), and the tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus). We modeled population trajectories for each species on the basis of an extensive data set of winter hibernacula counts of more than 1 million individual bats from a 4-state region over 13 years and with data on locations of hibernacula and first detections of white-nose syndrome at each hibernaculum. We used generalized additive mixed models to determine population change relative to expectations, that is, how population trajectories differed with a colony's infection status, how trajectories differed with distance from the point of introduction of white-nose syndrome, and whether declines were concordant with first local observation of the disease. Population trajectories in all species met at least one of the 3 expectations, but none met all 3. Our results suggest, therefore, that white-nose syndrome has affected regional populations differently than was previously understood and has not been the sole cause of declines. Specifically, our results suggest that in some areas and species, threats other than white-nose syndrome are also contributing to population declines, declines linked to white-nose syndrome have spread across large geographic areas with unexpected speed, and the disease or other threats led to declines in bat populations for years prior to disease detection. Effective conservation will require further research to mitigate impacts of white-nose syndrome, renewed attention to other threats to bats, and improved surveillance efforts to ensure early detection of white-nose syndrome.

Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Ascomycota; Chiroptera; Conservation of Natural Resources; Hibernation; Mycoses; Nose; Population Dynamics; Seasons

In rats, rabbits, sheep, and goats experimentally infected with several strains of Trypanosoma brucei, the trypanosomes were observed to localise extravascularly in connective tissues. Focal inflammatory reactions were associated with the localisation of the parasites. Trypanosoma congolense in the same species of animals and T. vivax in sheep and goats, were not observed to localise outside blood vessels. On the basis of these observations it appears that the pathogenesis of the disease caused by T. brucei differs from that caused by T. congolense and T. vivax.

Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Blood Vessels; Goats; Myocardium; Nose; Pituitary Gland; Rabbits; Rats; Sheep; Trypanosomiasis

Topics: Africa; Animal Diseases; Animals; Disease Reservoirs; Nose; Strongyloidea

Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Chickens; Culture Media; Eye; Female; Goats; Hemagglutination Tests; Immune Sera; Lactation Disorders; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Nose; Pregnancy; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Species Specificity