phenylephrine has been researched along with Blood Poisoning in 41 studies
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 5 (12.20) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 10 (24.39) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 9 (21.95) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 15 (36.59) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 2 (4.88) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
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Bosch, NA; Law, AC; Peterson, D; Walkey, AJ | 1 |
Jatoi, HN; Ochani, RK; Ratnani, I; Shaikh, A | 1 |
Li, H; Lu, D; Tang, X; Wang, H; Xing, Y; Yang, D | 1 |
Dai, XM; Li, HM; Li, KY; Lu, DX; Tang, XX; Wang, HD; Xing, Y; Yang, DM | 1 |
Alves, I; Duburcq, T; Favory, R; Guerry, MJ; Lemyze, M; Mathieu, D; Parmentier-Decrucq, E; Poissy, J | 1 |
Aytac, HO; Iskit, AB; Sayek, I | 1 |
Ammar, D; Arruda, TB; Assreuy, J; de Oliveira, SK; Nardi, GM; Scheschowitsch, K | 1 |
Fink, MP | 1 |
Bellomo, R; Booth, LC; Evans, RG; Kosaka, J; Lankadeva, YR; May, CN; Quintin, L | 1 |
Dünser, MW; Gradwohl-Matis, I | 1 |
Crestani, S; da Rosa Maggi Sant'Helena, B; da Silva-Santos, JE; de Souza, P; Guarido, KL | 1 |
Arvapalli, R; Asano, S; Blough, ER; Ma, B; Manne, ND; Nandyala, G; Rice, KM; Selvaraj, V | 1 |
Geloën, A; Quintin, L | 1 |
Guomei, R; Hahn, RG; Li, Y; Qiannan, D; Xiaozhu, Z | 1 |
Kathirvel, K; Kuntamallappanavar, G; Leo, MD; Mishra, SK; Subramani, J; Uttam Singh, T | 1 |
Assreuy, J; Fernandes, D; Sordi, R | 1 |
Clemens, MG; Culberson, CR; Narasimhan, S; Norris, EJ | 1 |
Bailey, M; Bellomo, R; Ishikawa, K; May, CN; Morimatsu, H | 1 |
Bollaert, PE; Levy, B; Longrois, D; Mallié, JP; Mansart, A; Seguin, C | 1 |
Boylan, JF; Laffey, JG; Loughrey, JP; Lynch, F; McLoughlin, P; Moore, BJ | 1 |
Garrison, RN; Harris, PD; Kawabe, T; Zakaria, EL | 1 |
BOOKRAJIAN, EN | 1 |
BIDDLE, M; SHUBIN, H; WEIL, MH | 1 |
Brookes, ZL; Hall, E | 1 |
Chiao, CW; Lee, SS; Su, MJ; Wu, CC | 1 |
Chen, J; Huang, YY; Jing, L; Wang, FZ | 1 |
Bachetoni, A; D'Alessandro, M; Dünser, M; Ertmer, C; Guarracino, F; Lange, M; Morelli, A; Pietropaoli, P; Rehberg, S; Traber, DL; Van Aken, H; Westphal, M | 1 |
Bose, R; Cheng, ZQ; Jacobs, H; Kasian, K; Light, RB; Mink, SN; Santos Martinez, LE | 1 |
Baue, AE; Chaudry, IH; Clemens, MG; McDermott, PH | 1 |
Oshumi, H; Shimada, Y; Taenaka, N; Takezawa, J; Yamazaki, T; Yoshiya, I | 1 |
Fox, GA; McCormack, DG; Paterson, NA | 2 |
Bose, D; Jacobs, H; Jha, P; Light, RB; Mink, SN; Wang, R; Yang, J | 1 |
Heesen, BJ; Hotchkiss, RS; Karl, IE | 1 |
Clemens, MG; Paidas, CN | 1 |
Choban, P; Dasta, J; Dick, M; Flancbaum, L; Sinha, R | 1 |
Cameron, EM; Fink, MP; Sellke, FW; Wang, SY | 1 |
Barzilai, B; Courtois, MR; Hotchkiss, RS; Karl, IE; Kovacs, A; Ludbrook, PA | 1 |
Garrison, RN; Harris, PD; Price, SA; Spain, DA; Wilson, MA | 1 |
Baker, CJ; Sastry, RV | 1 |
Clemens, MG; Ohtake, Y | 1 |
1 review(s) available for phenylephrine and Blood Poisoning
Article | Year |
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Vasoplegia: A Review.
Topics: Epinephrine; Humans; Norepinephrine; Phenylephrine; Sepsis; Vasoplegia | 2023 |
4 trial(s) available for phenylephrine and Blood Poisoning
Article | Year |
---|---|
Activated protein C improves macrovascular and microvascular reactivity in human severe sepsis and septic shock.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Arterial Pressure; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; Male; Microcirculation; Middle Aged; Phenylephrine; Prospective Studies; Protein C; Sepsis; Shock, Septic; Skin; Vasoconstrictor Agents | 2013 |
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase and its interaction with soluble guanylate cyclase is a key factor for the vascular dysfunction of experimental sepsis.
Topics: Animals; Aorta; Arterial Pressure; Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Guanylate Cyclase; Hypotension; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; Norepinephrine; Phenylephrine; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sepsis; Vasoconstrictor Agents | 2014 |
Short-term effects of phenylephrine on systemic and regional hemodynamics in patients with septic shock: a crossover pilot study.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Blood Pressure; Catecholamines; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Norepinephrine; Phenylephrine; Pilot Projects; Prospective Studies; Sepsis; Shock, Septic; Treatment Outcome | 2008 |
A dose-response study of phenylephrine in critically ill, septic surgical patients.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Aged; APACHE; Critical Care; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypotension; Male; Middle Aged; Oxygen Consumption; Phenylephrine; Prospective Studies; Sepsis; Surgical Procedures, Operative | 1997 |
36 other study(ies) available for phenylephrine and Blood Poisoning
Article | Year |
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Comparison of Heart Rate After Phenylephrine vs Norepinephrine Initiation in Patients With Septic Shock and Atrial Fibrillation.
Topics: Atrial Fibrillation; Bradycardia; Heart Rate; Humans; Norepinephrine; Phenylephrine; Sepsis; Shock, Septic; Vasoconstrictor Agents | 2022 |
Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Phenylephrine Inhibits Sepsis-Induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis and Cardiac Dysfunction via Activating ERK1/2 Signal Pathway.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists; Animals; Apoptosis; bcl-2-Associated X Protein; Blotting, Western; Caspases; Cytochromes c; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Myocytes, Cardiac; NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Phenylephrine; Phosphorylation; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sepsis; Signal Transduction; Troponin T; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | 2019 |
Phenylephrine Attenuated Sepsis-Induced Cardiac Inflammation and Mitochondrial Injury Through an Effect on the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Inflammation Mediators; Isolated Heart Preparation; Male; Mitochondria, Heart; Mitochondrial Dynamics; Mitochondrial Proteins; Myocarditis; Myocytes, Cardiac; Peroxidase; Phenylephrine; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sepsis; Signal Transduction; Stroke Volume; Ventricular Function, Left | 2019 |
Dexamethasone effects on vascular flow and organ injury in septic mice.
Topics: Animals; Dexamethasone; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Female; Glucocorticoids; Malondialdehyde; Mesenteric Arteries; Mice; Phenylephrine; Regional Blood Flow; Sepsis; Vasoconstrictor Agents | 2014 |
Nitric oxide synthase and vascular dysfunction in sepsis: should we target nitric oxide synthase 1, nitric oxide synthase 2, both, or neither?
Topics: Animals; Female; Guanylate Cyclase; Hypotension; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; Norepinephrine; Phenylephrine; Sepsis; Vasoconstrictor Agents | 2014 |
Clonidine Restores Pressor Responsiveness to Phenylephrine and Angiotensin II in Ovine Sepsis.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Angiotensin II; Animals; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Female; Hypotension; Kidney; Phenylephrine; Sepsis; Sheep; Sympathetic Nervous System; Vasoconstrictor Agents | 2015 |
Reverse Physiology: Applying an Antihypertensive Drug to Increase Arterial Blood Pressure in Septic Shock.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Angiotensin II; Animals; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Female; Hypotension; Phenylephrine; Sepsis; Sympathetic Nervous System; Vasoconstrictor Agents | 2015 |
Reduction in renal blood flow following administration of norepinephrine and phenylephrine in septic rats treated with Kir6.1 ATP-sensitive and KCa1.1 calcium-activated K+ channel blockers.
Topics: Animals; Blood Flow Velocity; KATP Channels; Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel alpha Subunits; Male; Norepinephrine; Phenylephrine; Potassium Channel Blockers; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Renal Circulation; Sepsis | 2015 |
Cecal inoculum peritonitis: An alternative model for sepsis vascular dysfunction study.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Cecum; Enzyme Inhibitors; KATP Channels; Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels; Ligation; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Muscle Contraction; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Peritonitis; Phenylephrine; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sepsis; Vascular Diseases; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Vasodilator Agents | 2015 |
Reverse Physiology, i.e., Cellular Versus Integrative Versus Comparative Physiology? α-2 Agonists and Septic Shock.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Angiotensin II; Animals; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Female; Hypotension; Phenylephrine; Sepsis; Sympathetic Nervous System; Vasoconstrictor Agents | 2016 |
Effects of vasoactive drugs on crystalloid fluid kinetics in septic sheep.
Topics: Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists; Animals; Cardiotonic Agents; Crystalloid Solutions; Dopamine; Hemodynamics; Isotonic Solutions; Male; Norepinephrine; Phenylephrine; Propanolamines; Ringer's Lactate; Sepsis; Sheep; Sodium Chloride; Vasoconstrictor Agents | 2017 |
Atorvastatin restores the impaired vascular endothelium-dependent relaxations mediated by nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors but not hypotension in sepsis.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Aorta; Atorvastatin; Biological Factors; Blood Cell Count; Blood Pressure; Calcium Channel Blockers; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; Disease Models, Animal; Endothelium, Vascular; Gene Expression; Heptanoic Acids; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Hypotension; Indomethacin; Male; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; Nitrites; Nitroprusside; Phenylephrine; Pulmonary Artery; Pyrroles; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sepsis; Vasodilation | 2009 |
Differential involvement of potassium channel subtypes in early and late sepsis-induced hyporesponsiveness to vasoconstrictors.
Topics: 4-Aminopyridine; Animals; Apamin; Blood Pressure; Female; Glyburide; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Peptides; Phenylephrine; Potassium Channel Blockers; Potassium Channels; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sepsis; Tetraethylammonium; Time Factors; Vasoconstrictor Agents | 2010 |
The liver as a central regulator of hydrogen sulfide.
Topics: Animals; Cecum; Hydrogen Sulfide; In Vitro Techniques; Liver; Male; Oxygen Consumption; Phenylephrine; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sepsis | 2011 |
The systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of phenylephrine in sheep under normal conditions and during early hyperdynamic sepsis.
Topics: Animals; Cardiac Output; Coronary Circulation; Disease Models, Animal; Escherichia coli; Female; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics; Hypotension; Infusions, Intravenous; Phenylephrine; Regional Blood Flow; Renal Circulation; Sepsis; Sheep; Splanchnic Circulation; Time Factors; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Vasodilation | 2012 |
Hemodynamic effects of early versus late glucocorticosteroid administration in experimental septic shock.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Animals; Catecholamines; Cyclic AMP; Dexamethasone; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Epinephrine; Glucocorticoids; Hemodynamics; Isoproterenol; Lactic Acid; Male; Myocardium; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Nitrites; Norepinephrine; Phenylephrine; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; Receptors, Catecholamine; Sepsis; Shock, Septic; Signal Transduction; Time Factors | 2003 |
Interleukin-1 beta rapidly inhibits aortic endothelium-dependent relaxation by a DNA transcription-dependent mechanism.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Animals; Aorta, Thoracic; Dactinomycin; Disease Models, Animal; DNA; Endothelium, Vascular; In Vitro Techniques; Interleukin-1; Male; Nitroprusside; Phenylephrine; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sepsis; Transcription, Genetic; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Vasodilation; Vasodilator Agents | 2003 |
Sepsis alters vessel contraction by adrenoceptor-induced nitric oxide and prostanoid.
Topics: Animals; Aorta; Bacteroides Infections; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Enzyme Inhibitors; Escherichia coli Infections; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Models, Animal; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Phenylephrine; Prostaglandin Antagonists; Prostaglandins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1; Sepsis; Thromboxane A2; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Vasodilation; Vasodilator Agents | 2003 |
SEPTIC ABORTION WITH BACTEREMIC SHOCK.
Topics: Abortion, Septic; Chloramphenicol; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Metaraminol; Norepinephrine; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Oxytocin; Penicillins; Phenylephrine; Pregnancy; Sepsis; Shock; Shock, Septic; Streptomycin; Water-Electrolyte Balance | 1963 |
SHOCK CAUSED BY GRAM-NEGATIVE MICROORGANISMS. ANALYSIS OF 169 CASES.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; California; Child; Endotoxins; Escherichia coli Infections; Geriatrics; Humans; Klebsiella; Metaraminol; Methoxamine; Norepinephrine; Phenylephrine; Proteus Infections; Salmonella Infections; Sepsis; Shock; Shock, Traumatic; Statistics as Topic | 1964 |
Angiopoietin-1 increases arteriolar vasoconstriction to phenylephrine during sepsis.
Topics: Angiopoietin-1; Animals; Arterioles; In Vitro Techniques; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Mesentery; Phenylephrine; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sepsis; Vasoconstriction; Vasoconstrictor Agents | 2005 |
N-Allylsecoboldine as a novel agent prevents acute renal failure during endotoxemia.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Animals; Aorta, Thoracic; Aporphines; Blood Flow Velocity; Blood Pressure; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endotoxemia; Hypoglycemia; In Vitro Techniques; Kidney; Kidney Cortex; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Norepinephrine; Phenylephrine; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sepsis; Survival Rate; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Vasoconstriction; Vasoconstrictor Agents | 2006 |
[Role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in septic shock-induced cardiovascular dysfunction: experiment with rats].
Topics: Animals; Aorta; Blood Pressure; Blotting, Western; Cardiovascular System; Dexamethasone; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Echocardiography; Female; Glucocorticoids; Heart; In Vitro Techniques; Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; Male; Myocardium; Phenylephrine; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sepsis; Vasoconstrictor Agents | 2007 |
Lysozyme, a mediator of sepsis that produces vasodilation by hydrogen peroxide signaling in an arterial preparation.
Topics: Aminoquinolines; Animals; Carotid Artery, Internal; Catalase; Cyclic GMP; Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Ethanol; Free Radical Scavengers; Guanylate Cyclase; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydroquinones; In Vitro Techniques; Indomethacin; Mannitol; Mesenteric Artery, Superior; Methylene Blue; Muramidase; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; omega-N-Methylarginine; Oxadiazoles; Phenylephrine; Prostaglandins; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Quinoxalines; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; Sepsis; Signal Transduction; Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase; Thionucleotides; Time Factors; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Vasodilation | 2008 |
Regulation of glucose production from lactate in experimental sepsis.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Gluconeogenesis; Glucose; In Vitro Techniques; Lactates; Lactic Acid; Liver; Lysine; Male; Oxygen Consumption; Perfusion; Phenylephrine; Rats; Sepsis | 1983 |
Circulatory responses to afterloading with phenylephrine in hyperdynamic sepsis.
Topics: Aged; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output; Female; Heart; Heart Diseases; Hemodynamics; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phenylephrine; Sepsis; Stroke Volume | 1982 |
Effect of inhibition of NO synthase on vascular reactivity in a rat model of hyperdynamic sepsis.
Topics: Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; Animals; Arginine; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output; Hemodynamics; Hypoxia; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Phenylephrine; Pulmonary Artery; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reference Values; Sepsis; Vascular Resistance | 1994 |
Effect of continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration combined with systemic vasopressor therapy on depressed left ventricular contractility and tissue oxygen delivery in canine Escherichia coli sepsis.
Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Dogs; Escherichia coli Infections; Hematocrit; Hemofiltration; Myocardial Contraction; Oxygen; Phenylephrine; Sepsis; Ventricular Function, Left | 1995 |
Sepsis decreases phenylephrine- and KCl-induced aortic ring contraction and decreases the frequency of oscillations in active wall tension.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Aorta, Thoracic; Cecum; Endothelium, Vascular; Female; In Vitro Techniques; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Oscillometry; Phenylephrine; Potassium Chloride; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reference Values; Sepsis; Time Factors | 1994 |
Hormone effects on hepatic substrate preference in sepsis.
Topics: Alanine; Animals; Energy Metabolism; Gluconeogenesis; Hormones; Lactates; Lactic Acid; Liver; Male; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen Consumption; Peritonitis; Phenylephrine; Pyruvates; Pyruvic Acid; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sepsis; Substrate Specificity; Urea | 1994 |
Cyclooxygenase inhibition and vascular reactivity in a rat model of hyperdynamic sepsis.
Topics: Animals; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Dinoprostone; Hemodynamics; Hypoxia; Male; Meclofenamic Acid; Phenylephrine; Pulmonary Artery; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sepsis; Thromboxane B2; Vasoconstriction; Vasoconstrictor Agents | 1996 |
Mesenteric and skeletal muscle microvascular responsiveness in subacute sepsis.
Topics: Angiotensin II; Animals; Blood Vessels; Disease Models, Animal; Hemodynamics; Male; Microcirculation; Microscopy, Video; Muscle, Skeletal; Peritonitis; Phenylephrine; Prazosin; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sepsis; Splanchnic Circulation; Staurosporine; Vascular Resistance | 1998 |
Reversal of hypocalcemia and decreased afterload in sepsis. Effect on myocardial systolic and diastolic function.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Animals; Calcium; Cardiac Catheterization; Diastole; Disease Models, Animal; Echocardiography; Heart; Hypocalcemia; Male; Myocardial Contraction; Phenylephrine; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sepsis; Stroke Volume; Systole; Ventricular Function, Left; Ventricular Pressure | 1998 |
Subacute sepsis impairs vascular smooth muscle contractile machinery and alters vasoconstrictor and dilator mechanisms.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Animals; Bacteroides fragilis; Bacteroides Infections; Escherichia coli Infections; Male; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Phenylephrine; Potassium Chloride; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha; Sepsis; Vasoconstriction; Vasodilation; Vasodilator Agents | 1999 |
Endophthalmitis associated with Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteremia and meningitis.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Ampicillin; Atropine; Chloramphenicol; Cyclopentolate; Dexamethasone; Endophthalmitis; Female; Gentamicins; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Meningitis, Haemophilus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Ophthalmic Solutions; Phenylephrine; Polymyxin B; Prednisone; Scopolamine; Sepsis | 1979 |
Interrelationship between hepatic ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis in early sepsis.
Topics: Alanine; Ammonium Chloride; Animals; Gluconeogenesis; Glutamine; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Lactates; Liver; Male; Perfusion; Peritonitis; Phenylephrine; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reference Values; Sepsis; Urea | 1991 |