Page last updated: 2024-08-23

phenyl acetate and Alcohol Drinking

phenyl acetate has been researched along with Alcohol Drinking in 45 studies

Research

Studies (45)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	16 (35.56)	18.7374
1990's	15 (33.33)	18.2507
2000's	3 (6.67)	29.6817
2010's	6 (13.33)	24.3611
2020's	5 (11.11)	2.80

Authors

Authors	Studies
Chen, P; Chu, H; Embree, M; Galzerani, DD; Gao, B; Gengatharan, JM; Knight, R; Lee, KC; Lekbua, A; Martino, C; Metallo, CM; Neal, M; Parker, SJ; Schnabl, B; Tarasova, J; Tsukamoto, H; Wang, Y; Zaramela, LS; Zengler, K	1
Ding, H; Ding, J; Duan, H; Fang, L; Guo, R; Han, C; Huo, L; Knuuti, J; Lin, X; Liu, S; Shang, F; Shi, X; Wu, X; Xing, H; Zhang, R; Zhao, X	1
Gillard, BK; Gotto, AM; Pownall, HJ; Rosales, C	1
Sinusas, AJ; Stendahl, JC	1
Azizov, V; Zaiss, MM	1
Chen, YX; Gao, YS; Tao, SC; Xu, ZL; Yin, JH; Yin, WJ; Zhang, CQ; Zhang, YL	1
Brown, MS; Burnham, EL; Glueck, DH; Hoffman, PL; Sutton, B; Tabakoff, B; Tanabe, J; Yamamoto, DJ	1
Chen, YC; Lai, CL; Peng, GS; Wang, MF; Yin, SJ	1
Kanegae, T; Matsumura, S; Nagoya, T; Sato, Y; Shimamura, M; Sudo, T; Teraoka, A; Tominaga, Y; Tsukamoto, S; Yoshida, M	1
Hoek, JB; Maxwell, CR; Oshinsky, ML; Silberstein, SD; Spangenberg, RJ	1
Chen, C; Shi, X; Yao, D	1
Azanchi, R; Heberlein, U; Kaun, KR; Mohammed, H; Shohat-Ophir, G	1
ALVARADO, R; CAMPOS, I; GONZALEZ, G; MARDONES, J; SEGOVIA-RIOUELME, N; SOLODKOWSKA, W	1
Caslavska, J; Krivánková, L; Mrázková, M; Thormann, W	1
Fujimiya, T; Kakizaki, E; Kozawa, S; Liu, J; Shimamoto, A; Yukawa, N	1
Burbes, E; Coper, H; Fuchs, V	1
Forsander, O; Lindros, K; Suokas, A	1
Brown, KS; Fabsitz, RR; Feinleib, M; Hubert, HB	2
Higashino, K; Moriwaki, Y; Suda, M; Takahashi, S; Yamamoto, T	2
Cozzone, PJ; Davin, A; Vion-Dury, J; Viout, P	1
Bazakis, AM; Beresford, TP; Gross, MD; Hariharan, M; Lucey, MR; Schwartz, JA; Speed, NM	1
Bunout, D; González, C; Hirsch, S; Petermann, M; Pía de la Maza, M	1
Fujioka, S; Fujioka, T; Imamura, Y; Kanegae, T; Kitazawa, M; Mieda, Y; Nagoya, T; Shimamura, M; Tsukamoto, S; Uchigasaki, S	1
Kawachi, M; Kono, N; Kuwajima, M; Matsuzawa, Y; Mineo, I; Nakajima, H; Nishimura, T; Ono, A; Shimizu, T	1
Calvo, MD; Girela, E; Hernández-Cueto, C; Luna, JD; Villanueva, E	1
Chatterjee, CR; Ringold, AL	1
Batt, RD	2
Hull, EW; Paseman, FH	1
Majchrowicz, E	1
Kataja, V; Kellokoski, J; Syrjänen, K; Syrjänen, S; Yliskoski, M	1
Cintorino, M; Kellokoski, J; Leoncini, P; Syrjänen, K; Syrjänen, S; Tosi, P	1
Lands, WE	1
Akanji, AO; Hockaday, TD	1
Korri, UM	1
Barli-Kovach, M; Carter, EA; Elmaleh, D; Livni, E; Strauss, HW	1
Muto, T; Nagoya, T; Saito, M; Shimamura, M; Tainaka, H; Tsukamoto, S	1
Adamo, S; Azzurro, M; Carrara, M; Dl Lisa, F; Ghidini, O; Sartori, G; Siliprandi, N; Vita, G	1
Baraona, E; Guivernau, M; Lieber, CS	1
Harada, H; Maeiwa, M; Shimizu, H	1
Kuriyama, K; Rawat, AK	1
Hayes, WN; Katkin, ES; Pruitt, DG; Teger, AI	1
Ferneau, EW; Lowenstein, LM; Nathan, PE; Zare, NC	1

Reviews

3 review(s) available for phenyl acetate and Alcohol Drinking

Article	Year
The Alcohol-High-Density Lipoprotein Athero-Protective Axis. Biomolecules, 2020, 07-01, Volume: 10, Issue:7 Topics: Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Atherosclerosis; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Lipoproteins, HDL	2020
Alcohol Consumption in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Path through the Immune System. Nutrients, 2021, Apr-16, Volume: 13, Issue:4 Topics: Acetaldehyde; Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Ethanol; Humans; Immune System; Protective Agents	2021
Metabolic correlates of ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetate and methanol in humans and animals. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1975, Volume: 56 Topics: Acetaldehyde; Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Animals; Biogenic Amines; Brain; Carbon Dioxide; Ethanol; Female; Glucose; Humans; Liver; Male; Methanol; Organ Specificity; Oxygen Consumption; Sex Factors; Species Specificity; Time Factors	1975

Trials

2 trial(s) available for phenyl acetate and Alcohol Drinking

Article	Year
The formation of acetate from ethanol with and without prior chlorpropamide intake in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. African journal of medicine and medical sciences, 1991, Volume: 20, Issue:2 Topics: Acetates; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Chlorpropamide; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Ethanol; Female; Flushing; Humans; Male	1991
Effect of L-carnitine on ethanol and acetate plasma levels after oral administration of ethanol in humans. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, 1988, Volume: 12, Issue:5 Topics: Acetates; Acetylcarnitine; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Carnitine; Ethanol; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Male	1988

Other Studies

40 other study(ies) available for phenyl acetate and Alcohol Drinking

Article	Year
Acetate reprograms gut microbiota during alcohol consumption. Nature communications, 2022, 08-08, Volume: 13, Issue:1 Topics: Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Animals; Ethanol; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Liver Diseases; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL	2022
Myocardial tissue and metabolism characterization in men with alcohol consumption by cardiovascular magnetic resonance and 11C-acetate PET/CT. Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 2020, 04-16, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Acetates; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Carbon; Cardiomyopathy, Alcoholic; Case-Control Studies; Contrast Media; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardium; Observer Variation; Oxidation-Reduction; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Predictive Value of Tests; Radiopharmaceuticals; Reproducibility of Results	2020
Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, 2022, Volume: 29, Issue:1 Topics: Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Heart; Humans; Oxygen Consumption; Positron-Emission Tomography; Tomography, X-Ray Computed	2022
Novel Akt activator SC-79 is a potential treatment for alcohol-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Oncotarget, 2017, May-09, Volume: 8, Issue:19 Topics: Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Animals; Benzopyrans; beta Catenin; Biopsy; Disease Models, Animal; Femur Head Necrosis; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; Humans; Male; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Osteogenesis; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Rats; Signal Transduction; X-Ray Microtomography	2017
Effects of Alcohol and Acetate on Cerebral Blood Flow: A Pilot Study. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, 2019, Volume: 43, Issue:10 Topics: Acetates; Administration, Intravenous; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Brain; Central Nervous System Depressants; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Pilot Projects; Thalamus; Young Adult	2019
ALDH22 but not ADH1B2 is a causative variant gene allele for Asian alcohol flushing after a low-dose challenge: correlation of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic findings. Pharmacogenetics and genomics, 2014, Volume: 24, Issue:12 Topics: Acetaldehyde; Acetates; Alcohol Dehydrogenase; Alcohol Drinking; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; Asian People; Ethanol; Humans; Male; Young Adult	2014
Measurement of free and bound alcohol metabolites and methanol in human biological samples--free and bound alcohol metabolites and methanol in acute alcohol administration. Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai zasshi = Japanese journal of alcohol studies & drug dependence, 2009, Volume: 44, Issue:1 Topics: Acetaldehyde; Acetates; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholism; Biomarkers; Chromatography, Gas; Ethanol; Humans; Male; Methanol; Oxidation-Reduction	2009
Acetate causes alcohol hangover headache in rats. PloS one, 2010, Dec-31, Volume: 5, Issue:12 Topics: Acetaldehyde; Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Analgesia; Animals; Chronic Disease; Ethanol; Headache; Hypersensitivity; Inflammation; Male; Nociceptors; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Touch	2010
Identification of N-acetyltaurine as a novel metabolite of ethanol through metabolomics-guided biochemical analysis. The Journal of biological chemistry, 2012, Feb-24, Volume: 287, Issue:9 Topics: Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Animals; Biomarkers; Central Nervous System Depressants; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; Disease Models, Animal; Ethanol; Liver; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic; Male; Metabolomics; Mice; Mice, 129 Strain; Mice, Mutant Strains; Taurine; Tritium	2012
Sexual deprivation increases ethanol intake in Drosophila. Science (New York, N.Y.), 2012, Mar-16, Volume: 335, Issue:6074 Topics: Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Animals; Behavior, Addictive; Behavior, Animal; Cohort Studies; Conditioning, Psychological; Cues; Drosophila melanogaster; Drosophila Proteins; Ethanol; Female; Ion Channels; Male; Neurons; Neuropeptides; Oleic Acids; Pheromones; Receptors, Neuropeptide; Reward; Sexual Behavior, Animal; TRPA1 Cation Channel; TRPC Cation Channels	2012
Metabolism of labeled ethanol, acetate, pyruvate, and butyrate in "drinker" and "nondrinker" rats. The Journal of biological chemistry, 1962, Volume: 237 Topics: Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholism; Animals; Butyrates; Ethanol; Pyruvates; Pyruvic Acid; Rats	1962
Effects of lactate and acetate on the determination of serum ethyl glucuronide by CZE. Electrophoresis, 2006, Volume: 27, Issue:23 Topics: Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Ethanol; Glucuronates; Humans; Kinetics; Lactates; Substance Abuse Detection	2006
Effect of chronic ethanol administration on disposition of ethanol and its metabolites in rat. Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.), 2007, Volume: 41, Issue:2 Topics: Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Animals; Area Under Curve; Biotransformation; Central Nervous System Depressants; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Tolerance; Ethanol; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Models, Biological; Oxidation-Reduction; Rats; Rats, Wistar	2007
The influence of haloperidol and aminooxyacetic acid on etonitazene, alcohol, diazepam and barbital consumption. Drug and alcohol dependence, 1984, Volume: 14, Issue:2 Topics: Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Aminooxyacetic Acid; Animals; Barbital; Barbiturates; Benzimidazoles; Brain; Diazepam; Female; Haloperidol; Humans; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, Dopamine; Receptors, GABA-A; Self Administration; Substance-Related Disorders	1984
Distribution and utilization of alcohol-derived acetate in the rat. Journal of studies on alcohol, 1984, Volume: 45, Issue:5 Topics: Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcoholism; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethanol; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Liver; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Myocardium; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains	1984
Olfactory sensitivity in humans: genetic versus environmental control. Science (New York, N.Y.), 1980, May-09, Volume: 208, Issue:4444 Topics: Acetates; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Butyrates; Cyclohexanones; Environment; Female; Genes; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Sensory Thresholds; Skinfold Thickness; Smell; Smoking; Twins; Twins, Dizygotic; Twins, Monozygotic	1980
Olfactory sensitivity in twins. Progress in clinical and biological research, 1981, Volume: 69 Pt C Topics: Acetates; Acetic Acid; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Body Weight; Butyrates; Cyclohexanones; Female; Genetic Variation; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Sensory Thresholds; Smell; Smoking; Twins; Twins, Dizygotic; Twins, Monozygotic	1981
Ethanol as a xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitor. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1995, Volume: 44, Issue:6 Topics: Acetates; Acetic Acid; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Ethanol; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Inosine; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Purines; Pyrazinamide; Pyruvates; Pyruvic Acid; Xanthine Dehydrogenase	1995
Rapid evaluation of ethanol content and metabolism in human plasma using quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 1994, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetates; Acetone; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholism; Biomarkers; Ethanol; Humans; Hydroxybutyrates; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Spectrophotometry	1994
Acute effects of alcohol administration on regional cerebral blood flow: the role of acetate. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, 1993, Volume: 17, Issue:6 Topics: Acetates; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Brain; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethanol; Humans; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Middle Aged; Organotechnetium Compounds; Oximes; Regional Blood Flow; Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon	1993
Leucine and glucose turnover in chronic alcoholics during early abstinence and after an ethanol load. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, 1993, Volume: 17, Issue:6 Topics: Acetaldehyde; Acetates; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium; Alcoholism; Blood Glucose; Ethanol; Humans; Leucine; Liver Function Tests; Male	1993
Changes in free and bound alcohol metabolites in the urine during ethanol oxidation. Arukoru kenkyu to yakubutsu izon = Japanese journal of alcohol studies & drug dependence, 1993, Volume: 28, Issue:6 Topics: Acetaldehyde; Acetates; Acetone; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Ethanol; Flushing; Humans; Male; Methanol; Oxidation-Reduction	1993
Influence of daily drinking habits on ethanol-induced hyperuricemia. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:6 Topics: Acetates; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Humans; Hypoxanthine; Hypoxanthines; Lactates; Male; Time Factors; Uric Acid; Xanthine; Xanthines	1994
[Acetate metabolism: experimental study]. Revista espanola de fisiologia, 1993, Volume: 49, Issue:2 Topics: Acetates; Alcohol Dehydrogenase; Alcohol Drinking; Animals; Ethanol; Half-Life; Liver; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Oxidation-Reduction; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Time Factors	1993
Effect of ethanol ingestion on nucleotides and glycolytic intermediates in erythrocytes and purine bases in plasma and urine: acetaldehyde-induced erythrocyte purine degradation. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1993, Volume: 42, Issue:9 Topics: Acetaldehyde; Acetates; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Ammonia; Enzymes; Erythrocytes; Ethanol; Glycolysis; Humans; Hypoxanthine; Hypoxanthines; Male; Nucleotides; Osmolar Concentration; Purines	1993
A case report of reduction in alcohol craving and protection against alcohol withdrawal by gabapentin. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 1999, Volume: 60, Issue:9 Topics: Acetates; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholism; Amines; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Comorbidity; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Drug Administration Schedule; Ethanol; Gabapentin; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Humans; Male; Mice; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome	1999
Hazardous drinking. The New Zealand medical journal, 1979, Sep-12, Volume: 90, Issue:643 Topics: Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholism; Ethanol; Humans; New Zealand	1979
Ethanol-host interactions determined by radiorespirometry of 14C glucoses. Clinical biochemistry, 1977, Volume: 10, Issue:2 Topics: Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Animals; Carbon Radioisotopes; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethanol; Female; Glucose; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Water	1977
Acetowhite staining and its significance in diagnosis of oral mucosal lesions in women with genital HPV infections. Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 1990, Volume: 19, Issue:6 Topics: Acetates; Acetic Acid; Adult; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; DNA Probes; DNA, Viral; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Menstrual Cycle; Middle Aged; Mouth Diseases; Papillomaviridae; Prospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Smoking; Staining and Labeling; Tumor Virus Infections	1990
Cytokeratin pattern in normal and HPV infected oral mucosa in women with genital HPV infections. Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 1991, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Acetates; Acetic Acid; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Blotting, Southern; Condylomata Acuminata; DNA, Viral; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Keratins; Mouth Mucosa; Papillomaviridae; Smoking; Staining and Labeling; Tumor Virus Infections	1991
Acetate metabolism: new mysteries from old data. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, 1991, Volume: 15, Issue:3 Topics: Acetates; Adenosine; Alcohol Drinking; Energy Metabolism; Ethanol; Humans; Metabolic Clearance Rate	1991
The effect of glucocorticoids, beta-2-adrenoceptor agonists, theophylline and propranolol on the rate of ethanol elimination and blood acetate concentration in humans. Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 1990, Volume: 25, Issue:5 Topics: Acetates; Adolescent; Adult; Albuterol; Alcohol Drinking; Ethanol; Humans; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Prednisone; Propranolol; Theophylline	1990
Acute alcohol ingestion reduces fatty acid extraction of the heart, liver, and small intestine. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, 1990, Volume: 14, Issue:5 Topics: Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Animals; Ethanol; Fatty Acids; Female; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Lactates; Lactic Acid; Liver; Myocardium; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains	1990
Determinations of ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetate in blood and urine during alcohol oxidation in man. Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 1989, Volume: 24, Issue:2 Topics: Acetaldehyde; Acetates; Acetic Acid; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethanol; Flushing; Humans; Male; Oxidation-Reduction	1989
Relationship between ethanol, HDL, and vascular prostacyclin production. Transactions of the Association of American Physicians, 1987, Volume: 100 Topics: 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; Acetaldehyde; Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholism; Animals; Aorta; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Ethanol; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Lipoproteins, HDL; Male; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Prostaglandin Endoperoxides; Prostaglandins H; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains	1987
1H-NMR of human saliva. An application of NMR spectroscopy in forensic science. Forensic science international, 1987, Volume: 34, Issue:3 Topics: Acetates; Adult; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; Blood Glucose; Chromatography, Gas; Diabetes Mellitus; Ethanol; Female; Glucose; Glycated Hemoglobin; Glycosuria; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactates; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Middle Aged; Saliva	1987
Contribution of "substrate shuttles" in the transport of extramitochondrial reducing equivalents by hepatic mitochondria from chronic alcohol-fed mice. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 1972, Volume: 152, Issue:1 Topics: Acetates; Alcohol Drinking; Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Biological Transport; Ethanol; Glycerophosphates; Hydrazines; Hydroxylamines; Liver; Malate Dehydrogenase; Male; Mice; Microsomes, Liver; Mitochondria, Liver; NAD; Subcellular Fractions; Succinate Dehydrogenase	1972
The biochemistry of alcohol. The New Zealand medical journal, 1974, Jan-09, Volume: 79, Issue:506 Topics: Acetaldehyde; Acetates; Acidosis; Alcohol Drinking; Chromatography, Gas; Cytochromes; Ethanol; Humans; Lactates; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Metabolic Clearance Rate; NAD; New Zealand; Oxaloacetates; Physical Exertion	1974
Effects of alcoholic beverages differing in congener content on psychomotor tasks and risk taking. Quarterly journal of studies on alcohol, 1970, Volume: 5 Topics: Acetates; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Beverages; Alcohols; Decision Making; Ethanol; Gambling; Humans; Male; Motor Skills; Psychological Tests; Reaction Time; Time Factors	1970
Effects of congener differences in alcoholic beverages on the behavior of alcoholics. Quarterly journal of studies on alcohol, 1970, Volume: 5 Topics: Acetaldehyde; Acetates; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Beverages; Alcoholism; Alcohols; Anxiety; Ataxia; Behavior; Depression; Formates; Hostility; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystagmus, Pathologic; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Reinforcement, Psychology; Social Behavior; Social Isolation	1970