phenobarbital and Pregnancy studies

Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.
phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.

Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" This paper aims to undertake a comprehensive review regarding the possible risks of four classical (phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and valproate) and two newer (lamotrigine and levetiracetam) AEDs during pregnancy."	9.12	Use of Phenytoin, Phenobarbital Carbamazepine, Levetiracetam Lamotrigine and Valproate in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Risk of Major Malformations, Dose-dependency, Monotherapy vs Polytherapy, Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Implications. ( Demir, O; Kaplan, YC, 2021)
"Forty-six pregnant women less than 35 weeks of gestation were enrolled in a prospective randomized controlled study evaluating the effects of antenatal phenobarbital on neonatal intracerebral hemorrhage."	9.06	Antenatal phenobarbital for the prevention of neonatal intracerebral hemorrhage. ( Bedard, MP; Bhatia, R; Cepeda, EE; Hassan, M; Ilagan, N; Mariona, F; Ostrea, E; Poland, RL; Shankaran, S, 1986)
"The aim of the study is to assess the correlation between maternal methadone dose and severity of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in infants that required pharmacological treatment for NAS."	8.12	Is Maternal Methadone Dose Associated with the Severity of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome? ( Adeniyi-Jones, S; Aghai, ZH; Boelig, RC; Carola, D; Greenspan, JS; Kraft, WK; Lafferty, M; Smith, J, 2022)
"This pilot study evaluated the relationship between maternal and neonatal R- and S-methadone and R- and S-2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) exposure and the severity of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)."	8.02	Stereoselective Analysis of Methadone and EDDP in Laboring Women and Neonates in Plasma and Dried Blood Spots and Association with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. ( Evrard, CA; Haas, DM; Haneline, LS; Jones, DR; Masters, AR; Metzger, IF; Quinney, SK; Thomas, AE, 2021)
"Bumetanide was suggested as an adjunct to phenobarbital for suppression of neonatal seizures."	8.02	A combination of phenobarbital and the bumetanide derivative bumepamine prevents neonatal seizures and subsequent hippocampal neurodegeneration in a rat model of birth asphyxia. ( Gailus, B; Gericke, B; Johne, M; Käufer, C; Löscher, W; Römermann, K, 2021)
"Despite phenobarbital (PB) being a key component in status epilepticus (SE) treatment algorithms for decades, it has fallen out of favor compared to newer nonsedating medications due to potential for respiratory suppression and prolonged sedation."	7.88	Parenteral phenobarbital in status epilepticus revisited: Mayo Clinic experience. ( Britton, J; Clark, S; Hocker, S, 2018)
"Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) due to prenatally exposure to citalopram can develop during the first days of life even with low dose of drug exposure."	7.85	Neonatal abstinence syndrome due to prenatally citalopram exposure: A case report. ( Bas, AY; Celik, IH; Demirel, N; Erol, S; Ozcan, B, 2017)
"When tramadol is used during pregnancy, there is a serious risk for neonatal abstinence syndrome."	7.79	[Neonatal abstinence syndrome after maternal use of tramadol]. ( de Wit, D; Koomen-Botman, I, 2013)
"We report a stillborn, GA/LMP = 37 weeks, delivered by an epileptic woman, who received in the first four months of pregnancy phenobarbital (PH) 0."	7.79	Sirenomelia after phenobarbital and carbamazepine therapy in pregnancy. ( Brailoiu, CG; Cernea, N; Tica, AA; Tica, OS; Tica, VI, 2013)
"This study suggests that a treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome with clonidine in omission of opiates is possible without causing short-term adverse cardiovascular effects."	7.76	Treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome with clonidine and chloral hydrate. ( Bastanier, C; Beske, F; Esmaeili, A; Keinhorst, AK; Schlösser, R; Schuster, T, 2010)
"The purpose of this study was to examine high-dose methadone in pregnant women and its effect on the duration of neonatal abstinence syndrome."	7.75	High-dose methadone in pregnant women and its effect on duration of neonatal abstinence syndrome. ( Cordero, L; Gardner, DK; Lim, S; Prasad, MR; Samuels, P, 2009)
" We studied congenital abnormalities following exposure to phenytoin, phenobarbital, and diazepam in early pregnancy, i."	7.74	Use of phenytoin, phenobarbital, or diazepam during pregnancy and risk of congenital abnormalities: a case-time-control study. ( Christensen, J; Czeizel, AE; Horvath-Puhó, E; Kjaer, D; Olsen, J; Sørensen, HT; Vestergaard, M, 2007)
" We report the case of a Gly71-->Arg/Tyr486-->Asp homozygous mother of East Asian descent, who was treated with phototherapy during embryogenesis and with phenobarbital during the rest of the pregnancy."	7.73	Successful photo-and phenobarbital therapy during pregnancy in a woman with Crigler-Najjar syndrome type II. ( Egberts, EH; Holstein, A; Lohse, P; Plaschke, A, 2005)
"We examined the pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital before and during pregnancy in rats."	7.69	Effect of pregnancy on plasma phenobarbital concentrations in rats. ( Domoto, H; Furuno, K; Gomita, Y; Kawasaki, H; Moriyama, M; Oishi, R; Yamashita, S, 1995)
"The effect of phenobarbital (PB) on serum hormones in late pregnancy was investigated."	7.67	The effect of phenobarbital on serum hormone levels and their diurnal variations in pregnancy. ( Heikkinen, JE; Luoma, PV; Ylöstalo, PR, 1984)
"The transplacental and elimination pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital administered antenatally was analyzed in both mothers and infants as part of a study evaluating the efficacy of antenatally administered phenobarbital in the prevention of neonatal intracerebral hemorrhage."	7.67	Pharmacokinetic basis for antenatal dosing of phenobarbital for the prevention of neonatal intracerebral hemorrhage. ( Cepeda, EE; Ilagan, N; Kauffman, RE; Shankaran, S, 1986)
"The effect of pregnancy on the hepatic metabolism of parathion was examined."	7.67	Influence of pregnancy on the hepatic metabolism of parathion. ( Lech, JJ; Vodicnik, MJ; Weitman, SD, 1986)
"The pharmacokinetics and the ratio between salivary and serum concentrations of phenobarbital (PB) were determined in 10 women undergoing treatment in late pregnancy."	7.66	Phenobarbital pharmacokinetics and salivary and serum concentrations in pregnancy. ( Heikkinen, JE; Luoma, PV; Ylöstalo, PR, 1982)
"Progesterone (P), 20 alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20 alpha-OHP), prolactin (PRL), LH and FSH in peripheral blood plasma were measured during the early stages of phenobarbital-induced pseudopregnancy (PHB-PSP; Furudate, 1975) and the changes in these hormone levels were compared with those during the 5-day estrous cycle and early stages of ordinary pseudopregnancy (PSP) induced by cervical stimulation."	7.66	Changes in plasma progestin, prolactin, LH and FSH at luteal activation with phenobarbital anesthesia in the rat. ( Kaneko, S, 1980)
"The authors studied antipyrine disposition before and after delivery in 4 epileptic women whose anticonvulsant plasma level per dosage ratio was lowered during pregnancy, and compared the results to those found in nonpregnant women undergoing antiepileptic treatment (N = 6) and healthy women (N = 6)."	7.66	Antipyrine disposition in relation to lowered anticonvulsant plasma level during pregnancy. ( Chiba, K; Ishizaki, T; Nakazawa, Y; Tabuchi, T; Wagatsuma, T, 1982)
"1 The effect of pregnancy on the binding of phenytoin and phenobarbitone to serum proteins was studied in normal women and in drug treated epileptic women."	7.66	Serum protein binding and free concentration of phenytoin and phenobarbitone in pregnancy. ( Chen, SS; Lee, JN; Perucca, E; Richens, A, 1982)
"Serum bile acid concentrations were followed in 29 patients with cholestasis of pregnancy treated for pruritus with either phenobarbital or cholestyramine."	7.66	Effect of cholestyramine and phenobarbital on pruritus and serum bile acid levels in cholestasis of pregnancy. ( Laatikainen, T, 1978)
"An epileptic patient whose seizures were controlled with carbamazepine and primidone was followed throughout pregnancy and lactation."	7.66	Carbamazepine levels in pregnancy and lactation. ( Blake, DA; Freeman, JM; Luff, RD; Niebyl, JR, 1979)
"Three families are described in which each of the mothers took trimethadione during pregnancy."	7.65	The fetal trimethadione syndrome. ( Hanson, JW; Mellman, WJ; Neiderer, B; Zackai, EH, 1975)
" Mice were treated with a teratogenic dose of primidone (100 mg/kg) by gastric intubation at three different times during pregnancy, viz."	7.65	Plasma level studies of primidone and its metabolites in the mouse at various stages of pregnancy. ( McElhatton, PR; Sullivan, FM; Toseland, PA, 1977)
"This study characterizes the circulatory changes associated with asphyxia in the newborn monkey and examines the effect of phenobarbital on asphyxia."	7.65	The effect of phenobarbital on asphyxia in the newborn monkey. ( Behrman, RE; Fisher, DE; Paton, JB, 1975)
"Plasma half-lives of amobarbital were determined in newborn children of 10 mothers who had been treated with barbiturates for hypertension in pregnancy for 6 to 42 days prior to delivery."	7.65	Maternal and neonatal elimination of amobarbital after treatment of the mother with barbiturates during late pregnancy. ( Clare, RA; Darling, M; Davies, DS; Dollery, CT; Draffan, GH; Hawkins, DF; Krauer, B; Sertel, H; Trudinger, BJ; Williams, FM, 1976)
"Phenobarbital was associated with a higher rate of drug withdrawal although there was no evidence to suggest that phenobarbital caused more adverse events compared to carbamazepine, valproic acid or phenytoin."	6.47	Side effects of phenobarbital in epilepsy: a systematic review. ( Li, YP; Zeng, LN; Zhang, LL, 2011)
" In the first experiment, the lower end of the malformation dose-response curves for diphenylhydantoin (DPH), trimethadione (TMD) and phenobarbital (PB) were established."	5.27	Fetal anticonvulsant syndrome in rats: dose- and period-response relationships of prenatal diphenylhydantoin, trimethadione and phenobarbital exposure on the structural and functional development of the offspring. ( Vorhees, CV, 1983)
"Phenobarbital may cause hyperactivity, behavioral problems, sedation, and even dementia; these effects are dose related to some extent."	5.27	Side effects of phenobarbital and phenytoin during long-term treatment of epilepsy. ( Iivanainen, M; Savolainen, H, 1983)
" These results suggest that the concentration of phenobarbital in the plasma, which is commonly used as a basis for adjusting phenobarbital dosage during pregnancy, is not an appropriate indicator of the dynamics of the drug."	5.27	Pregnancy increases reactivity of mice to phenobarbital. ( Boggan, WO; Middaugh, LD; Zemp, JW, 1983)
"Phenobarbital treatment slightly increased the Vmax to 0."	5.27	Coregulation of C3-hydroxyl versus C17-hydroxyl glucuronidation of beta-estradiol in pregnancy and after treatment with phenobarbital or ethinyl-estradiol. ( Connors, S; Vore, M, 1988)
"Phenobarbital appears to produce similar behavioral effects on mice and humans with excitation at low and sedation or depression at higher doses."	5.27	Phenobarbital during pregnancy in mouse and man. ( Middaugh, LD, 1986)
"The itching was relieved in five of the seven cases during the first week of treatment, but after that the symptom tended to reappear."	5.26	Serum bile acid levels in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy during treatment with phenobarbital or cholestyramine. ( Heikkinen, J; Jänne, O; Mäentausta, O; Ylöstalo, P, 1982)
" This paper aims to undertake a comprehensive review regarding the possible risks of four classical (phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and valproate) and two newer (lamotrigine and levetiracetam) AEDs during pregnancy."	5.12	Use of Phenytoin, Phenobarbital Carbamazepine, Levetiracetam Lamotrigine and Valproate in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Risk of Major Malformations, Dose-dependency, Monotherapy vs Polytherapy, Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Implications. ( Demir, O; Kaplan, YC, 2021)
" The mothers received methadone (n=22), slow-release oral morphine (n=17) or buprenorphine (n=14) throughout pregnancy."	5.12	Management of neonatal abstinence syndrome in neonates born to opioid maintained women. ( Baewert, A; Ebner, N; Fischer, G; Jagsch, R; Peternell, A; Rohrmeister, K; Thau, K; Winklbaur, B, 2007)
"The objective of this paper is to determine if phenobarbital exposure during pregnancy affects developmental outcome at age 2 years."	5.09	Does perinatal phenobarbital exposure affect developmental outcome at age 2? ( Belden, B; Hoffman, EL; Jones, AM; O'Connor, M; Thorp, JA, 1999)
"Forty-six pregnant women less than 35 weeks of gestation were enrolled in a prospective randomized controlled study evaluating the effects of antenatal phenobarbital on neonatal intracerebral hemorrhage."	5.06	Antenatal phenobarbital for the prevention of neonatal intracerebral hemorrhage. ( Bedard, MP; Bhatia, R; Cepeda, EE; Hassan, M; Ilagan, N; Mariona, F; Ostrea, E; Poland, RL; Shankaran, S, 1986)
"The effect of 100 mg of phenobarbital (PB) at bedtime for the last few wk of pregnancy on the incidence and severity of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was studied."	5.05	Effectiveness and safety of prenatal phenobarbital for the prevention of neonatal jaundice. ( Doxiadis, SA; Kipouros, K; Petmezaki, S; Solman, M; Valaes, T, 1980)
"A 37-year-old mother with CNS type II was treated with phenobarbital during her pregnancy and her bilirubin levels were monitored."	4.85	Pregnancy outcome in maternal Crigler-Najjar syndrome type II: a case report and systematic review of the literature. ( Koelbl, H; Kohlschmidt, N; Passuello, V; Puhl, AG; Skala, C; Steiner, E; Wirth, S, 2009)
"Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials of pregnant women established to have red cell isoimmunization in the current pregnancy during their antenatal testing and given phenobarbital alone or in combination with other drugs before birth."	4.84	Antenatal phenobarbital for reducing neonatal jaundice after red cell isoimmunization. ( Muller, P; Thomas, JT; Wilkinson, C, 2007)
"A comprehensive literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (1966-July 2002) using the following MeSH terms: pregnancy, itching, intrahepatic cholestasis, cholestyramine, ursodeoxycholic acid, and phenobarbital."	4.81	Treatment of itching associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. ( Boothby, LA; Jenkins, JK, 2002)
"Findings will provide timely information on the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of t-PA to treat moderate/severe COVID-19-induced ARDS, which can be rapidly adapted to a phase III trial (NCT04357730; FDA IND 149634)."	4.21	( Abbasi, S; Abd El-Wahab, A; Abdallah, M; Abebe, G; Aca-Aca, G; Adama, S; Adefegha, SA; Adidigue-Ndiome, R; Adiseshaiah, P; Adrario, E; Aghajanian, C; Agnese, W; Ahmad, A; Ahmad, I; Ahmed, MFE; Akcay, OF; Akinmoladun, AC; Akutagawa, T; Alakavuklar, MA; Álava-Rabasa, S; Albaladejo-Florín, MJ; Alexandra, AJE; Alfawares, R; Alferiev, IS; Alghamdi, HS; Ali, I; Allard, B; Allen, JD; Almada, E; Alobaid, A; Alonso, GL; Alqahtani, YS; Alqarawi, W; Alsaleh, H; Alyami, BA; Amaral, BPD; Amaro, JT; Amin, SAW; Amodio, E; Amoo, ZA; Andia Biraro, I; Angiolella, L; Anheyer, D; Anlay, DZ; Annex, BH; Antonio-Aguirre, B; Apple, S; Arbuznikov, AV; Arinsoy, T; Armstrong, DK; Ash, S; Aslam, M; Asrie, F; Astur, DC; Atzrodt, J; Au, DW; Aucoin, M; Auerbach, EJ; Azarian, S; Ba, D; Bai, Z; Baisch, PRM; Balkissou, AD; Baltzopoulos, V; Banaszewski, M; Banerjee, S; Bao, Y; Baradwan, A; Barandika, JF; Barger, PM; Barion, MRL; Barrett, CD; Basudan, AM; Baur, LE; Baz-Rodríguez, SA; Beamer, P; Beaulant, A; Becker, DF; Beckers, C; Bedel, J; Bedlack, R; Bermúdez de Castro, JM; Berry, JD; Berthier, C; Bhattacharya, D; Biadgo, B; Bianco, G; Bianco, M; Bibi, S; Bigliardi, AP; Billheimer, D; Birnie, DH; Biswas, K; Blair, HC; Bognetti, P; Bolan, PJ; Bolla, JR; Bolze, A; Bonnaillie, P; Borlimi, R; Bórquez, J; Bottari, NB; Boulleys-Nana, JR; Brighetti, G; Brodeur, GM; Budnyak, T; Budnyk, S; Bukirwa, VD; Bulman, DM; Burm, R; Busman-Sahay, K; Butcher, TW; Cai, C; Cai, H; Cai, L; Cairati, M; Calvano, CD; Camacho-Ordóñez, A; Camela, E; Cameron, T; Campbell, BS; Cansian, RL; Cao, Y; Caporale, AS; Carciofi, AC; Cardozo, V; Carè, J; Carlos, AF; Carozza, R; Carroll, CJW; Carsetti, A; Carubelli, V; Casarotta, E; Casas, M; Caselli, G; Castillo-Lora, J; Cataldi, TRI; Cavalcante, ELB; Cavaleiro, A; Cayci, Z; Cebrián-Tarancón, C; Cedrone, E; Cella, D; Cereda, C; Ceretti, A; Ceroni, M; Cha, YH; Chai, X; Chang, EF; Chang, TS; Chanteux, H; Chao, M; Chaplin, BP; Chaturvedi, S; Chaturvedi, V; Chaudhary, DK; Chen, A; Chen, C; Chen, HY; Chen, J; Chen, JJ; Chen, K; Chen, L; Chen, Q; Chen, R; Chen, SY; Chen, TY; Chen, WM; Chen, X; Chen, Y; Cheng, G; Cheng, GJ; Cheng, J; Cheng, YH; Cheon, HG; Chew, KW; Chhoker, S; Chiu, WN; Choi, ES; Choi, MJ; Choi, SD; Chokshi, S; Chorny, M; Chu, KI; Chu, WJ; Church, AL; Cirrincione, A; Clamp, AR; Cleff, MB; Cohen, M; Coleman, RL; Collins, SL; Colombo, N; Conduit, N; Cong, WL; Connelly, MA; Connor, J; Cooley, K; Correa Ramos Leal, I; Cose, S; Costantino, C; Cottrell, M; Cui, L; Cundall, J; Cutaia, C; Cutler, CW; Cuypers, ML; da Silva Júnior, FMR; Dahal, RH; Damiani, E; Damtie, D; Dan-Li, W; Dang, Z; Dasa, SSK; Davin, A; Davis, DR; de Andrade, CM; de Jong, PL; de Oliveira, D; de Paula Dorigam, JC; Dean, A; Deepa, M; Delatour, C; Dell'Aiera, S; Delley, MF; den Boer, RB; Deng, L; Deng, Q; Depner, RM; Derdau, V; Derici, U; DeSantis, AJ; Desmarini, D; Diffo-Sonkoue, L; Divizia, M; Djenabou, A; Djordjevic, JT; Dobrovolskaia, MA; Domizi, R; Donati, A; Dong, Y; Dos Santos, M; Dos Santos, MP; Douglas, RG; Duarte, PF; Dullaart, RPF; Duscha, BD; Edwards, LA; Edwards, TE; Eichenwald, EC; El-Baba, TJ; Elashiry, M; Elashiry, MM; Elashry, SH; Elliott, A; Elsayed, R; Emerson, MS; Emmanuel, YO; Emory, TH; Endale-Mangamba, LM; Enten, GA; Estefanía-Fernández, K; Estes, JD; Estrada-Mena, FJ; Evans, S; Ezra, L; Faria de, RO; Farraj, AK; Favre, C; Feng, B; Feng, J; Feng, L; Feng, W; Feng, X; Feng, Z; Fernandes, CLF; Fernández-Cuadros, ME; Fernie, AR; Ferrari, D; Florindo, PR; Fong, PC; Fontes, EPB; Fontinha, D; Fornari, VJ; Fox, NP; Fu, Q; Fujitaka, Y; Fukuhara, K; Fumeaux, T; Fuqua, C; Fustinoni, S; Gabbanelli, V; Gaikwad, S; Gall, ET; Galli, A; Gancedo, MA; Gandhi, MM; Gao, D; Gao, K; Gao, M; Gao, Q; Gao, X; Gao, Y; Gaponenko, V; Garber, A; Garcia, EM; García-Campos, C; García-Donas, J; García-Pérez, AL; Gasparri, F; Ge, C; Ge, D; Ge, JB; Ge, X; George, I; George, LA; Germani, G; Ghassemi Tabrizi, S; Gibon, Y; Gillent, E; Gillies, RS; Gilmour, MI; Goble, S; Goh, JC; Goiri, F; Goldfinger, LE; Golian, M; Gómez, MA; Gonçalves, J; Góngora-García, OR; Gonul, I; González, MA; Govers, TM; Grant, PC; Gray, EH; Gray, JE; Green, MS; Greenwald, I; Gregory, MJ; Gretzke, D; Griffin-Nolan, RJ; Griffith, DC; Gruppen, EG; Guaita, A; Guan, P; Guan, X; Guerci, P; Guerrero, DT; Guo, M; Guo, P; Guo, R; Guo, X; Gupta, J; Guz, G; Hajizadeh, N; Hamada, H; Haman-Wabi, AB; Han, TT; Hannan, N; Hao, S; Harjola, VP; Harmon, M; Hartmann, MSM; Hartwig, JF; Hasani, M; Hawthorne, WJ; Haykal-Coates, N; Hazari, MS; He, DL; He, P; He, SG; Héau, C; Hebbar Kannur, K; Helvaci, O; Heuberger, DM; Hidalgo, F; Hilty, MP; Hirata, K; Hirsch, A; Hoffman, AM; Hoffmann, JF; Holloway, RW; Holmes, RK; Hong, S; Hongisto, M; Hopf, NB; Hörlein, R; Hoshino, N; Hou, Y; Hoven, NF; Hsieh, YY; Hsu, CT; Hu, CW; 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Zhou, W; Zhou, XQ; Zhou, Z; Zhu, C; Zhu, H; Zhu, L; Zhu, Y; Zitzmann, N; Zou, L; Zou, Y, 2022)
"Usage during pregnancy of the antiseizure medication (ASM), phenobarbital (PB), carbamazepine (CBZ), and phenytoin (PHT), has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes."	4.12	Neuropsychological effects in children exposed to anticonvulsant monotherapy during gestation: Phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and phenytoin. ( Adams, J; Carlson, JM; Dhillon, R; Holmes, LB; Janulewicz, PA; Macklin, EA; Phillips, C; Schomer, DL; Tosches, WA, 2022)
"The aim of the study is to assess the correlation between maternal methadone dose and severity of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in infants that required pharmacological treatment for NAS."	4.12	Is Maternal Methadone Dose Associated with the Severity of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome? ( Adeniyi-Jones, S; Aghai, ZH; Boelig, RC; Carola, D; Greenspan, JS; Kraft, WK; Lafferty, M; Smith, J, 2022)
"This pilot study evaluated the relationship between maternal and neonatal R- and S-methadone and R- and S-2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) exposure and the severity of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)."	4.02	Stereoselective Analysis of Methadone and EDDP in Laboring Women and Neonates in Plasma and Dried Blood Spots and Association with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. ( Evrard, CA; Haas, DM; Haneline, LS; Jones, DR; Masters, AR; Metzger, IF; Quinney, SK; Thomas, AE, 2021)
"Bumetanide was suggested as an adjunct to phenobarbital for suppression of neonatal seizures."	4.02	A combination of phenobarbital and the bumetanide derivative bumepamine prevents neonatal seizures and subsequent hippocampal neurodegeneration in a rat model of birth asphyxia. ( Gailus, B; Gericke, B; Johne, M; Käufer, C; Löscher, W; Römermann, K, 2021)
"Despite phenobarbital (PB) being a key component in status epilepticus (SE) treatment algorithms for decades, it has fallen out of favor compared to newer nonsedating medications due to potential for respiratory suppression and prolonged sedation."	3.88	Parenteral phenobarbital in status epilepticus revisited: Mayo Clinic experience. ( Britton, J; Clark, S; Hocker, S, 2018)
"Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) due to prenatally exposure to citalopram can develop during the first days of life even with low dose of drug exposure."	3.85	Neonatal abstinence syndrome due to prenatally citalopram exposure: A case report. ( Bas, AY; Celik, IH; Demirel, N; Erol, S; Ozcan, B, 2017)
" Exposure to phenobarbital during this period has been associated with deficits in learning and memory, anxiety-like behavior, and social behavior, among other domains."	3.83	Comparison of the long-term behavioral effects of neonatal exposure to retigabine or phenobarbital in rats. ( Forcelli, PA; Frankel, S; Gutherz, S; Kondratyev, A; Kulick, C; Medvedeva, N, 2016)
"When tramadol is used during pregnancy, there is a serious risk for neonatal abstinence syndrome."	3.79	[Neonatal abstinence syndrome after maternal use of tramadol]. ( de Wit, D; Koomen-Botman, I, 2013)
"We report a stillborn, GA/LMP = 37 weeks, delivered by an epileptic woman, who received in the first four months of pregnancy phenobarbital (PH) 0."	3.79	Sirenomelia after phenobarbital and carbamazepine therapy in pregnancy. ( Brailoiu, CG; Cernea, N; Tica, AA; Tica, OS; Tica, VI, 2013)
"To analyze seizure control, dose adjustments, and other changes of antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment during pregnancy in a large cohort of women with epilepsy entering pregnancy on monotherapy with carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, or valproate."	3.79	Seizure control and treatment changes in pregnancy: observations from the EURAP epilepsy pregnancy registry. ( Battino, D; Bonizzoni, E; Craig, J; Lindhout, D; Perucca, E; Sabers, A; Tomson, T; Vajda, F, 2013)
"This study suggests that a treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome with clonidine in omission of opiates is possible without causing short-term adverse cardiovascular effects."	3.76	Treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome with clonidine and chloral hydrate. ( Bastanier, C; Beske, F; Esmaeili, A; Keinhorst, AK; Schlösser, R; Schuster, T, 2010)
"The purpose of this study was to examine high-dose methadone in pregnant women and its effect on the duration of neonatal abstinence syndrome."	3.75	High-dose methadone in pregnant women and its effect on duration of neonatal abstinence syndrome. ( Cordero, L; Gardner, DK; Lim, S; Prasad, MR; Samuels, P, 2009)
"Flupirtine appears more effective than either of two commonly used antiepileptic drugs, phenobarbital and diazepam, in preventing and suppressing seizures in both the kainic acid and flurothyl models of symptomatic neonatal seizures."	3.75	A KCNQ channel opener for experimental neonatal seizures and status epilepticus. ( Brooks-Kayal, AR; Cooper, EC; Keating, JG; Lapides, DA; Raol, YH, 2009)
"To study the effect of large doses of phenobarbital used for a suicide attempt during pregnancy for fetuses to estimate the teratogenic potential of phenobarbital."	3.75	Congenital abnormalities of 88 children born to mothers who attempted suicide with phenobarbital during pregnany: the use of a disaster epidemiological model for the evaluation of drug teratogenicity. ( Acs, N; Bánhidy, F; Czeizel, AE; Timmermann, G, 2009)
" We studied congenital abnormalities following exposure to phenytoin, phenobarbital, and diazepam in early pregnancy, i."	3.74	Use of phenytoin, phenobarbital, or diazepam during pregnancy and risk of congenital abnormalities: a case-time-control study. ( Christensen, J; Czeizel, AE; Horvath-Puhó, E; Kjaer, D; Olsen, J; Sørensen, HT; Vestergaard, M, 2007)
"Children exposed during pregnancy to the anticonvulsant drugs phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine as monotherapy and polytherapy have an increased frequency of midface and digit hypoplasia."	3.73	The correlation of deficits in IQ with midface and digit hypoplasia in children exposed in utero to anticonvulsant drugs. ( Coull, BA; Dorfman, J; Holmes, LB; Rosenberger, PB, 2005)
"In this retrospective study, we tested the following hypotheses: rates of severe intraventricular hemorrhage (SIVH) and early neonatal survival are similar among extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants treated with combination prophylaxis of phenobarbital and indomethacin compared with phenobarbital alone or no prophylaxis; and rates of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) are similar among indomethacin-exposed and nonexposed ELBW infants."	3.73	Combining phenobarbital and indomethacin to improve early neonatal outcomes in the extremely low birth weight infant. ( Ekekezie, II; Mundy, DC; Okah, FA, 2005)
" We report the case of a Gly71-->Arg/Tyr486-->Asp homozygous mother of East Asian descent, who was treated with phototherapy during embryogenesis and with phenobarbital during the rest of the pregnancy."	3.73	Successful photo-and phenobarbital therapy during pregnancy in a woman with Crigler-Najjar syndrome type II. ( Egberts, EH; Holstein, A; Lohse, P; Plaschke, A, 2005)
" injection of nitrosomethylurea (NMU) in 3-day-old rats orally treated with the pesticide mancozeb (MZ), the flavonoid quercetin (Q) or in combination (MZ-Q) induces hyperplasia, atypical acinar cell proliferation and carcinoma in situ (CIS) in the pancreas."	3.73	Effect of the co-administration of phenobarbital, quercetin and mancozeb on nitrosomethylurea-induced pancreatic tumors in rats. ( Barotto, NN; Bongiovanni, GA; Díaz, MP; Eynard, AR; Valentich, MA, 2006)
"To determine whether exposure during pregnancy to anticonvulsant drugs as monotherapy, and phenobarbital in particular, is associated with an increased risk of major malformations in comparison with unexposed controls."	3.72	The AED (antiepileptic drug) pregnancy registry: a 6-year experience. ( Holmes, LB; Lieberman, E; Wyszynski, DF, 2004)
"we describe a case of trigonocephaly in a six month-old girl, daughter of a young non-smoker couple, whose mother had used phenobarbital 100 mg daily and sodium valproate 500 mg twice daily during the whole pregnancy."	3.71	[Metopic suture craniosynostosis: sodium valproate teratogenic effect. Case report]. ( Abraham, R; Assencio-Ferreira, VJ; Santos, KC; Veiga, JC, 2001)
"A full-term baby was born to an epileptic mother treated with two anti-epileptic drugs, sodium valproate and phenobarbital, throughout the pregnancy."	3.70	[A case of fetal valproate syndrome with intractable wheezing due to submucosal tumor below the vocal cord]. ( Adachi, M; Ai, Y; Maeda, E, 1999)
"Exposed subjects were adult men born at the largest hospital in Copenhagen between 1959 and 1961 who were exposed to phenobarbital during gestation via maternal medical treatment and whose mothers had no history of a central nervous system disorder and no treatment during pregnancy with any other psychopharmacological drug."	3.69	In utero exposure to phenobarbital and intelligence deficits in adult men. ( Mortensen, EL; Reinisch, JM; Rubin, DB; Sanders, SA, 1995)
"We examined the pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital before and during pregnancy in rats."	3.69	Effect of pregnancy on plasma phenobarbital concentrations in rats. ( Domoto, H; Furuno, K; Gomita, Y; Kawasaki, H; Moriyama, M; Oishi, R; Yamashita, S, 1995)
"The effects of antiepileptic drugs (AED) on infants during pregnancy and delivery were studied in a total of 82 epileptic mothers on various monotherapies; 29 cases receiving valproic acid (VPA), 20 receiving phenytoin (PHT), 18 on carbamazepine (CBZ) and 15 on phenobarbital (PB)."	3.68	[Effects of antiepileptic drugs on delivery and early childhood--comparison among mono-therapies of valproic acid, phenytoin, carbamazepine and phenobarbital]. ( Ishikawa, S; Izumi, M; Okada, H; Takeda, A; Tanaka, H, 1991)
" Both of the mothers were on methadone maintenance for narcotic dependency prior to the diagnosis of pregnancy."	3.68	Diazepam abuse in pregnant women on methadone maintenance. Implications for the neonate. ( Hinderliter, SA; Sutton, LR, 1990)
"Time-mated Swiss-Webster mice were pretreated in separate experiments with phenobarbital (60 mg/kg X d sc on d 7-10 of pregnancy), SKF-525A (40 mg/kg ip on d 12 of pregnancy) or 3-methylcholanthrene (20 mg/kg X d on d 10-12 of pregnancy)."	3.67	Ethylenethiourea-induced hindpaw deformities in mice and effects of metabolic modifiers on their occurrence. ( Khera, KS, 1984)
"The effect of phenobarbital (PB) on serum hormones in late pregnancy was investigated."	3.67	The effect of phenobarbital on serum hormone levels and their diurnal variations in pregnancy. ( Heikkinen, JE; Luoma, PV; Ylöstalo, PR, 1984)
"Chromosome studies were carried out on the peripheral blood of 26 epilepsy patients treated with phenobarbital and/or diphenylhydantoin, on ten healthy controls and on eight untreated epileptic controls."	3.67	Chromosomal studies of peripheral blood from epileptic patients treated with phenobarbital and/or diphenylhydantoin. ( Ambani, LM; Kulkarni, PS; Mondkar, VP; Sonawalla, AB, 1984)
" The hypothesis is that the above mentioned chemicals can be responsible for a vitamin K deficiency in the babies resulting in a bleeding analogous with phenobarbital."	3.67	Dioxins and furans in the mother and possible effects on the fetus and newborn breast-fed baby. ( Koppe, JG, 1989)
"While cocaine is now used much more frequently than heroin by women of childbearing age, we have found that a significant number of mothers have abused both drugs during their pregnancy."	3.67	Perinatal outcome of infants exposed to cocaine and/or heroin in utero. ( Durand, DJ; Fulroth, R; Phillips, B, 1989)
" Administration of doses established as median therapeutic doses in humans of phenobarbital, valproate and clonazepam to pregnant rats during the last third of gestation produced sexually dimorphic alterations in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures as well as in non-convulsive (spontaneous alternation and cliff avoidance) behaviors in the offspring."	3.67	Prenatal antiepileptic drug exposure alters seizure susceptibility in rats. ( Nandedkar, AK; Sobrian, SK, 1986)
"Barbiturates, such as phenobarbital (PHB), are often used during pregnancy and early neonatal life to prevent epileptic seizures, hyperbilirubinemia and the stressful effects of labor."	3.67	The influence of prenatal phenobarbital exposure on the growth of dendrites in the rat hippocampus. ( Antolick, LL; Jacobson, CD; Scholey, R; Uemura, E, 1988)
"We report the case of a 19-year-old Laotian patient affected by fulminant hepatitis during the third trimester of her pregnancy after a 1-month administration of quinidine phenylethylbarbiturate."	3.67	Quinidine phenylethylbarbiturate-induced fulminant hepatitis in a pregnant woman. A case report. ( Benhamou, JP; Bernuau, J; Bourlière, M; Rueff, B, 1988)
"The elimination of caffeine from plasma and the excretion of the main metabolites of metamizol (noramidopyrinemethanesulphonate sodium) into the urine were determined in healthy pregnant women (weeks 30-38 of pregnancy) and in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnancy (weeks 28-39 of pregnancy)."	3.67	[The effect of intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnancy on various forms of cytochrome P-450-dependent biotransformation reactions]. ( Ortweiler, W; Peiker, G; Siegert, C; Splinter, FK; Traeger, A, 1987)
"The transplacental and elimination pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital administered antenatally was analyzed in both mothers and infants as part of a study evaluating the efficacy of antenatally administered phenobarbital in the prevention of neonatal intracerebral hemorrhage."	3.67	Pharmacokinetic basis for antenatal dosing of phenobarbital for the prevention of neonatal intracerebral hemorrhage. ( Cepeda, EE; Ilagan, N; Kauffman, RE; Shankaran, S, 1986)
"Female rats were given different doses of methadone for the whole duration of pregnancy."	3.67	Fetal addiction to methadone: postnatal abstinence syndrome and development of visual evoked potentials. ( Onofrj, M; Pinto, F; Pola, P; Tempesta, E; Torrioli, MG, 1986)
"Gravid Sprague-Dawley-derived rats were injected SC twice daily with either 20 or 40 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium (PT), sodium phenobarbital (PH), or the same volume of the saline vehicle on days 9-21 of pregnancy."	3.67	Maternal barbiturate administration and offspring response to shock. ( Chao, S; Grace, R; Mackler, B; Martin, DC; Martin, JC; Shores, P, 1985)
"The effect of pregnancy on the hepatic metabolism of parathion was examined."	3.67	Influence of pregnancy on the hepatic metabolism of parathion. ( Lech, JJ; Vodicnik, MJ; Weitman, SD, 1986)
"Mongrel rats of 12th day of pregnancy were administered sodium nitrite, amidopyrine, mixture of these substances and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as well as alpha-tocopherol + ascorbic acid with drinking water."	3.67	[Transplacental effect of sodium nitrite on rat lung cells with their subsequent culture in the medium with precursors of N-nitrosodimethylamine]. ( Osin'kovskaia, ND; Rubenchik, BL, 1985)
"Offspring of C57BL/6J mice injected daily with phenobarbital (20 or 40 mg/kg) for the last 6 or 7 days of pregnancy were compared with offspring of saline control mice on behavioral and neurochemical measures of brain function at 21 days of age."	3.66	Effects of prenatal maternal injections of phenobarbital on brain neurotransmitters and behavior of young C57 mice. ( Middaugh, LD; Simpson, LW; Thomas, TN; Zemp, JW, 1981)
"Progesterone (P), 20 alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20 alpha-OHP), prolactin (PRL), LH and FSH in peripheral blood plasma were measured during the early stages of phenobarbital-induced pseudopregnancy (PHB-PSP; Furudate, 1975) and the changes in these hormone levels were compared with those during the 5-day estrous cycle and early stages of ordinary pseudopregnancy (PSP) induced by cervical stimulation."	3.66	Changes in plasma progestin, prolactin, LH and FSH at luteal activation with phenobarbital anesthesia in the rat. ( Kaneko, S, 1980)
"Adult female offspring of C57BL/6J mice injected daily with phenobarbital for the last third of pregnancy were more active than control offspring during a 3-min test period in an open field arena, thus confirming previous reports of lasting effects of prenatal exposure to phenobarbital."	3.66	Prenatal maternal phenobarbital increases reactivity and retards habituation of mature offspring to environmental stimuli. ( Middaugh, LD; Simpson, LW; Thomas, TN; Zemp, JW, 1981)
"The authors studied antipyrine disposition before and after delivery in 4 epileptic women whose anticonvulsant plasma level per dosage ratio was lowered during pregnancy, and compared the results to those found in nonpregnant women undergoing antiepileptic treatment (N = 6) and healthy women (N = 6)."	3.66	Antipyrine disposition in relation to lowered anticonvulsant plasma level during pregnancy. ( Chiba, K; Ishizaki, T; Nakazawa, Y; Tabuchi, T; Wagatsuma, T, 1982)
"Pregnant mice were fed a phenobarbital-containing diet on days nine through 18 of pregnancy."	3.66	Prenatal phenobarbital treatment and temperature-controlling dopamine receptors. ( Kuprys, R; Tabakoff, B, 1983)
"1 The effect of pregnancy on the binding of phenytoin and phenobarbitone to serum proteins was studied in normal women and in drug treated epileptic women."	3.66	Serum protein binding and free concentration of phenytoin and phenobarbitone in pregnancy. ( Chen, SS; Lee, JN; Perucca, E; Richens, A, 1982)
"Two cases concerning newborn infants whose mothers used phencyclidine (PCP) during pregnancy are described."	3.66	Neonatal manifestations of maternal phencyclidine (PCP) abuse. ( Bosu, SK; Modaniou, HD; Strauss, AA, 1981)
"The effect of prenatal exposure to phenobarbital (40mg/Kg/day from day 12 to day 19 of pregnancy) on sexual development of male offspring was investigated."	3.66	Reproductive dysfunction in male rats following prenatal exposure to phenobarbital. ( Gupta, C; Shapiro, BH; Yaffe, SJ, 1980)
"Four groups of pregnant mice were fed milled food containing 3 g/kg phenobarbital, acid form, and water as their only nutritional source during various periods during pregnancy (days 9-18, 9-13, 13-16 or 16-18)."	3.66	Neuronal deficits in mice following phenobarbital exposure during various periods in fetal development. ( Bergman, A; Roselli-Austin, L; Yanai, J; Yedwab, G, 1980)
"The aim of the study was to compare the effect of phenobarbital given to pregnant rabbits and of epileptic seizures on the course of pregnancy, the physical state, and central nervous system development of newborns."	3.66	[Comparison of the transplacental effect of luminal and epileptic seizures in pregnant rabbits on the development of the fetal nervous system]. ( Bryłko-Chmielik, J; Dambska, M; Danielewicz-Kotowicz, A; Dydyk, L; Maślińska, D; Onyszkiewicz, J, 1979)
"Birth defects associated with phenytoin and phenobarbital taken during pregnancy include craniofacial and limb deformities."	3.66	Fetal hydantoin syndrome in triplets. A unique experiment of nature. ( Bustamante, SA; Stumpff, LC, 1978)
"Serum bile acid concentrations were followed in 29 patients with cholestasis of pregnancy treated for pruritus with either phenobarbital or cholestyramine."	3.66	Effect of cholestyramine and phenobarbital on pruritus and serum bile acid levels in cholestasis of pregnancy. ( Laatikainen, T, 1978)
"An epileptic patient whose seizures were controlled with carbamazepine and primidone was followed throughout pregnancy and lactation."	3.66	Carbamazepine levels in pregnancy and lactation. ( Blake, DA; Freeman, JM; Luff, RD; Niebyl, JR, 1979)
"Three families are described in which each of the mothers took trimethadione during pregnancy."	3.65	The fetal trimethadione syndrome. ( Hanson, JW; Mellman, WJ; Neiderer, B; Zackai, EH, 1975)
", raise the possibility that fetal damage previously attributed to phenytoin and other anticonvulsant drugs, principally phenobarbitone, may be due to epilepsy itself."	3.65	Anticonvulsants and parental epilepsy in the development of birth defects. ( Hartz, SC; Heinonen, OP; Mitchell, AA; Monson, RR; Rosenberg, L; Shapiro, S; Siskind, V; Slone, D, 1976)
"Plasma anticonvulsant levels were followed during pregnancy in 11 epileptic women taking phenytoin and/or phenobarbital or a drug metabolized in the body to phenobarbital."	3.65	Plasma anticonvulsant concentrations during pregnancy. ( Eadie, MJ; Edwards, VE; Lander, CM; Tyrer, JH, 1977)
" Mice were treated with a teratogenic dose of primidone (100 mg/kg) by gastric intubation at three different times during pregnancy, viz."	3.65	Plasma level studies of primidone and its metabolites in the mouse at various stages of pregnancy. ( McElhatton, PR; Sullivan, FM; Toseland, PA, 1977)
"This study characterizes the circulatory changes associated with asphyxia in the newborn monkey and examines the effect of phenobarbital on asphyxia."	3.65	The effect of phenobarbital on asphyxia in the newborn monkey. ( Behrman, RE; Fisher, DE; Paton, JB, 1975)
"Mature offspring of C57BL/6J mice (Mus musculus) injected daily with phenobarbital (40 mg/kg) for the last third of pregnancy differed from saline and untreated control animals on 3 measures of behavior."	3.65	Effects of phenobarbital given to pregnant mice on behavior of mature offspring. ( Middaugh, LD; Santos, CA; Zemp, JW, 1975)
"Plasma half-lives of amobarbital were determined in newborn children of 10 mothers who had been treated with barbiturates for hypertension in pregnancy for 6 to 42 days prior to delivery."	3.65	Maternal and neonatal elimination of amobarbital after treatment of the mother with barbiturates during late pregnancy. ( Clare, RA; Darling, M; Davies, DS; Dollery, CT; Draffan, GH; Hawkins, DF; Krauer, B; Sertel, H; Trudinger, BJ; Williams, FM, 1976)
"Infants with intracranial hemorrhage (23%) had significantly lower mental developmental index and psychomotor developmental index scores than infants with no intracranial hemorrhage, independent of antenatal phenobarbital exposure."	2.70	Neurodevelopmental outcome of premature infants after antenatal phenobarbital exposure. ( Donovan, EF; Ehrenkranz, RA; Fanaroff, AA; Korones, SB; Lemons, JA; Mele, L; Oh, W; Papile, LA; Shankaran, S; Stevenson, DK; Stoll, BJ; Verter, J; Wright, LL, 2002)
"Women in preterm labor ( < 35 weeks' gestation) were assigned to control and treatment groups."	2.68	Antenatal phenobarbital therapy and neonatal outcome. I: Effect on intracranial hemorrhage. ( Bedard, MP; Cepeda, E; Johnson, S; Kazzi, SN; Mariona, F; Muran, G; Poland, R; Shankaran, S, 1996)
"Maternal demographics, pregnancy complications, antenatal management, and route of delivery did not differ between the phenobarbital group (n = 50) and the placebo group (n = 60)."	2.67	Antenatal phenobarbital for the prevention of periventricular and intraventricular hemorrhage: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multihospital trial. ( Hale, K; Kaempf, JW; Molina, R; Pantoja, AF; Porreco, R; Rosenberg, AA, 1990)
" Further, this scoring system has been used by relating it to the dosage schedule of phenobarbital or paregoric as part of an ongoing research project designed to test the comparative usefulness of recommended treatments for neonates with abstinence symptoms."	2.64	Assessment and treatment of abstinence in the infant of the drug-dependent mother. ( Connaughton, JF; Emich, JP; Finnegan, LP; Kron, RE, 1975)
"When opioid misuse rises in the United States, pregnant women and their neonates are affected."	2.61	Analgesia, Opioids, and Other Drug Use During Pregnancy and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. ( Jones, HE; Kraft, WK, 2019)
"Seizures and intracranial hemorrhage are possible medical diseases that any obstetrician may encounter."	2.49	Seizures and intracranial hemorrhage. ( Alexander, JM; Wilson, KL, 2013)
"Phenobarbital was associated with a higher rate of drug withdrawal although there was no evidence to suggest that phenobarbital caused more adverse events compared to carbamazepine, valproic acid or phenytoin."	2.47	Side effects of phenobarbital in epilepsy: a systematic review. ( Li, YP; Zeng, LN; Zhang, LL, 2011)
"Her first pregnancy was complicated by premature labour, which led to delivery at 30 weeks' gestation."	2.41	Antenatal phenobarbital for prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants. ( Klinger, G; Koren, G, 2000)
"In this respect the clinical problem of neonatal jaundice has many similarities with the problem of hemorrhagic disease of the newborn."	2.38	Pharmacologic approaches to the prevention and treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. ( Harvey-Wilkes, K; Valaes, TN, 1990)
"Only trimethadione has been convincingly linked to fetal malformation."	2.36	The pregnant epileptic: a review and recommendations. ( Fenichel, GM; McLain, LW; Montouris, GD, 1979)
"Anticonvulsant therapy was among the first areas to benefit from clinical pharmacokinetic studies."	2.35	Clinical pharmacokinetics of anticonvulsants. ( Dam, M; Hvidberg, EF, 1976)
"Planned pregnancy was the only independent factor significantly associated with decreased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes (OR, 0."	1.72	Effects of antiepileptic drugs polytherapy on pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy: An observation study in northwest China. ( Jiang, W; Jiang, Y; Ma, L; Shi, X; Song, C; Wang, Y; Xia, L; Zhang, Y; Zhao, J, 2022)
"Neonatal seizures are significant cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity."	1.72	Prevalence and predictors of adverse outcomes in neonatal seizures. ( Aggarwal, A; Banerjee, BD; Batra, P; Famra, K, 2022)
"Evidence for the comparative teratogenic risk of antiepileptic drugs is insufficient, particularly in relation to the dosage used."	1.48	Comparative risk of major congenital malformations with eight different antiepileptic drugs: a prospective cohort study of the EURAP registry. ( Battino, D; Bonizzoni, E; Craig, J; Lindhout, D; Perucca, E; Sabers, A; Thomas, SV; Tomson, T; Vajda, F, 2018)
"Infant delirium is an under-recognized clinical entity in neonatal intensive care, and earlier identification and treatment could minimize morbidities associated with this condition."	1.46	A case of infant delirium in the neonatal intensive care unit. ( Bidegain, M; Cotten, CM; Edwards, LE; Hornik, CD; Hutchison, LB; Smith, PB, 2017)
"The seizures were confirmed using amplitude-integrated electroencephalography, and other possible causes of neonatal seizures were excluded."	1.40	Myoclonic seizures in a preterm baby: is this a presentation of venlafaxine withdrawal? ( Ansary, A; Ibhanesebhor, S; Manjunatha, C, 2014)
"A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed based on 372 PG plasma concentrations from 62 (pre)term neonates (birth weight (bBW) 630-3980 g, postnatal age (PNA) 1-30 days) using NONMEM 6."	1.39	Developmental pharmacokinetics of propylene glycol in preterm and term neonates. ( Allegaert, K; Danhof, M; De Cock, RF; de Hoon, J; Knibbe, CA; Kulo, A; Verbesselt, R, 2013)
"Phenobarbital levels were higher in symptomatic infants than asymptomatic infants, although the difference was not statistically significant."	1.37	Infants born to mothers under phenobarbital treatment: correlation between serum levels and clinical features of neonates. ( Antichi, E; Cardiello, V; Carducci, C; Catenazzi, P; D'Antuono, A; Piras, A; Pozzoli, G; Romagnoli, C; Scorrano, A; Zuppa, AA, 2011)
"Diazepam was the most frequently used anticonvulsant (50."	1.35	[Eclampsia at a teaching hospital in Ivory Coast: management, outcome and prognostic factors]. ( Amonkou, AA; Brouh, Y; Ndjeundo, PG; Pete, Y; Tetchi, YD; Yapobi, Y, 2008)
"Treatment with phenobarbital resulted in substantial improvement in the number of seizure episodes, however fine seizure-like movement continued in both of the hands, feet and in the tongue until the five-month follow-up."	1.35	Prenatal diagnosis of fetal seizure: a case report. ( Huh, CY; Jung, E; Lee, BY, 2008)
"The risks of preeclampsia (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1."	1.35	Maternal exposure to folic acid antagonists and placenta-mediated adverse pregnancy outcomes. ( Fraser, W; Olatunbosun, O; Walker, M; Wen, SW; Yang, Q; Zhou, J, 2008)
" Carbamazepine (CBZ) and phenobarbital (PHB) during pregnancy should be used at the lowest dosage compatible with maternal disease."	1.34	Unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney in infants exposed to antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. ( Carta, M; Cimador, M; Corsello, G; De Grazia, E; Di Pace, MR; Giuffrè, M; Sergio, M, 2007)
"Symptoms of the neonatal withdrawal syndrome are excitation of the central nervous system, the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory tract."	1.33	[A multidisciplinary approach is necessary in the neonatal withdrawal syndrome]. ( Clement-de Boers, A; de Vries, MC; Leeuwenburgh-Pronk, WG, 2006)
" Experimental studies in pregnant rabbits using Primatene in both low and high dosage resulted in limb reduction defects and other malformations in a significant number of the offspring compared with controls."	1.31	Association of sympathomimetic drugs with malformations. ( Drut, RM; Gilbert-Barness, E, 2000)
"Pretreatment with phenobarbital, which induces CYP enzymes that detoxify IQ, decreased adducts in maternal liver and possibly placenta, but not in fetal tissues."	1.31	DNA adducts of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) in fetal tissues of patas monkeys after transplacental exposure. ( Anderson, LM; Grady, JJ; Jones, AB; Josyula, S; Lu, LJ; Nerurkar, PV; Salazar, JJ; Snyderwine, EG, 2000)
"With the diagnosis of neonatal Graves' disease established, both twins were treated with propranolol (2 mg/kg."	1.30	[Neonatal Basedow's disease in twins from a mother with severe T3 hyperthyroidism]. ( Grüters, A; Hüfner, M; Lakomek, M; Roth, C; Siggelkow, H, 1997)
"The dose-response characteristics of initiation of hepatocarcinogenesis by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was investigated in the neonatal female rat by means of the quantitative stereologic estimation of altered hepatic foci (AHF) expressing multiple markers."	1.29	The effect of the dose of diethylnitrosamine on the initiation of altered hepatic foci in neonatal female rats. ( Dragan, YP; Pitot, HC; Xu, YH, 1993)
"05), compared with mice dosed with CBZ alone (1,000 mg/kg/day)."	1.29	Effect of treatment with phenobarbital and stiripentol on carbamazepine-induced teratogenicity and reactive metabolite formation. ( Amore, BM; Bajpai, M; Bennett, GD; Finnell, RH; Levy, RH; Slattery, JT, 1995)
"Heroin exposure was accomplished by injecting dams during the same gestational period."	1.29	Neural grafting as a tool for the study and reversal of neurobehavioral birth defects. ( Abu-Roumi, M; Silverman, WF; Steingart, RA; Yanai, J, 1996)
"Thanatophoric dwarfism is not as rare as once thought."	1.28	Thanatophoric dwarfism; drugs and antenatal diagnosis; a case report. ( Meehan, FP; Rafla, NM, 1991)
"Maternal drug addiction has increased in an alarming way over the last ten years."	1.28	[Newborn infant of drug-addicted mother: maternal, perinatal, neonatal aspects, and neonatal abstinence syndrome]. ( Arcas Cruz, R; Comas Mastmitja, L; Cruz Hernández, M; Figueras Aloy, J; Jiménez González, R; Vilanova Juanola, JM, 1991)
"Phenobarbital (PhB) was administered to pregnant mice during days 9-18 of gestation."	1.28	Effect of prenatal and neonatal chronic exposure to phenobarbital on central and peripheral benzodiazepine receptors. ( Fares, F; Gavish, M; Pick, CG; Weizman, A; Yanai, J, 1990)
"15 mumol/kg body weight on day 1 after birth) followed by chronic administration of phenobarbital-sodium (PB; 0."	1.28	Phenobarbital enhances the formation of reactive oxygen in neoplastic rat liver nodules. ( Kunz, W; Scholz, W; Schütze, K; Schwarz, M, 1990)
" Comparison with the single dosing showed no marked alterations in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion."	1.28	Pharmacokinetics of 4-acetylaminophenylacetic acid. 2nd communication: tissue accumulation and enzyme induction in rats after repeated administration, and placental and milk transfer after single dosing. ( Iida, S; Morino, A; Nomura, A; Sugihara, K; Sugiyama, M, 1990)
"Phenobarbital induction was used as a tool to examine the changes in the plasma protein profile."	1.28	Comparison of propranolol-binding plasma proteins in sheep with those in humans, dogs and rats. ( Abramson, FP; Briscoe, PR; Hill, MD, 1989)
"Nervous system tumors were induced only in animals exposed to ENU."	1.28	Phenobarbital lacks promoting activity for neurogenic tumors in F344 rats transplacentally exposed to ethylnitrosourea. ( Swenberg, JA; Walker, VE, 1989)
" Pharmacokinetic interactions between antiepileptic drugs may lead to considerable fluctuation in plasma drug concentration, and monotherapy is often preferable."	1.27	Pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs. ( Neuvonen, PJ; Tokola, RA, 1983)
" In the first experiment, the lower end of the malformation dose-response curves for diphenylhydantoin (DPH), trimethadione (TMD) and phenobarbital (PB) were established."	1.27	Fetal anticonvulsant syndrome in rats: dose- and period-response relationships of prenatal diphenylhydantoin, trimethadione and phenobarbital exposure on the structural and functional development of the offspring. ( Vorhees, CV, 1983)
"Only when the epilepsy is uncontrolled despite high plasma concentrations which cannot be raised because of side effects, a second drug should be given."	1.27	[Pharmacotherapy of epilepsy--current problems and controversies]. ( Schmidt, D, 1983)
"Phenobarbital may cause hyperactivity, behavioral problems, sedation, and even dementia; these effects are dose related to some extent."	1.27	Side effects of phenobarbital and phenytoin during long-term treatment of epilepsy. ( Iivanainen, M; Savolainen, H, 1983)
"Sixty-three infants with neonatal seizures were studied in terms of etiology, seizure type, electroencephalograms, and outcome."	1.27	Neonatal seizures: a reappraisal. ( Nogen, AG, 1984)
"Percentage of recurrences in phenobarbital treated cases (4 +/- 0,6 mg/Kg/d) was 18,67%, versus 55,89% in untreated children (p less than 0."	1.27	[Efficacy and failure of phenobarbital in the prevention of febrile convulsions. Importance of familial antecedents]. ( Blanco, A; Cilleruelo, ML; Palencia, R; Tresierra, F, 1983)
"In addition to the phospholipidosis in utero, drug exposure results in toxicity to the offspring; newborn rats die within 48 h of birth."	1.27	Newborn response to cationic amphiphilic drugs. ( Kacew, S; Reasor, MJ, 1985)
"Phenobarbital (PB) was administered to pregnant mice during days 9-21 of gestation."	1.27	Effects of prenatal phenobarbital on benzodiazepine receptor development. ( Garrett, KM; Tabakoff, B, 1986)
"Phenobarbital pretreatment of the dams (previously shown to reduce VPA serum concentrations and induce the omega- and omega-1 oxidation pathways) reduced the embryotoxicity of VPA."	1.27	Valproic acid teratogenicity in mice after various administration and phenobarbital-pretreatment regimens: the parent drug and not one of the metabolites assayed is implicated as teratogen. ( Nau, H, 1986)
" Most of the adverse effects of this dose of phenobarbitone in the gerbil can thus be seen to be associated either with reproductive impairment or with exposure during sensitive periods of early development."	1.27	Phenobarbitone: adverse effects on reproductive performance and offspring development in the Mongolian gerbil, (Meriones unguiculatus). ( Chapman, JB; Cutler, MG, 1988)
"Phenobarbital treatment slightly increased the Vmax to 0."	1.27	Coregulation of C3-hydroxyl versus C17-hydroxyl glucuronidation of beta-estradiol in pregnancy and after treatment with phenobarbital or ethinyl-estradiol. ( Connors, S; Vore, M, 1988)
"To study the effects of SKF-525A, an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450, and of sodium phenobarbital (PB), a drug-metabolizing enzyme inducer, on the teratogenicity of thiabendazole (TBZ), pregnant mice were given ip either a single dose of 40 mg SKF-525A/kg 1 hr before oral dosing with 250 or 500 mg TBZ/kg or a dose of 75 mg PB/kg/day on three consecutive days before oral administration of a dose of 500 or 1000 mg TBZ/kg."	1.27	Effects of pretreatment with SKF-525A or sodium phenobarbital on thiabendazole-induced teratogenicity in ICR mice. ( Imamichi, T; Ogata, A; Sasaki, M; Suzuki, K; Yoneyama, M, 1987)
"Phenobarbital was found to have a significant teratogenic potential in mice, resulting in skeletal, cardiac, renal, neural, and urogenital defects in a dose-related fashion."	1.27	Strain differences in phenobarbital-induced teratogenesis in mice. ( Chernoff, GF; Finnell, RH; Shields, HE; Taylor, SM, 1987)
"Phenobarbital appears to produce similar behavioral effects on mice and humans with excitation at low and sedation or depression at higher doses."	1.27	Phenobarbital during pregnancy in mouse and man. ( Middaugh, LD, 1986)
"The effects of pregnancy on seizure excitability as well as antiepileptic drug disposition and efficacy were studied in the mouse during late gestation."	1.27	Effects of pregnancy on seizure threshold and the disposition and efficacy of antiepileptic drugs in the mouse. ( Kuhnz, W; Löscher, W; Nau, H, 1985)
" The mechanisms responsible for these effects have not been elucidated and possibly include decreased bioavailability or compliance, increased metabolic clearance, or decreased plasma protein binding."	1.27	Effects of pregnancy on antiepileptic drug utilization. ( Levy, RH; Yerby, MS, 1985)
"Pretreatment with phenobarbital resulted in the precocious onset of PB-B in fetal and neonatal rat liver accompanied by an increase in classically associated monooxygenase activities."	1.27	Cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme content and monooxygenase activities in rat liver: effect of ontogenesis and pretreatment by phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene. ( Beaune, P; Celier, C; Cresteil, T; Guengerich, FP; Leroux, JP, 1986)
"Phenobarbital pretreatment caused marked increases in hepatic mRNA for both P-450s as early as 22 days after conception."	1.27	Regulation of cytochrome P-450b and P-450e mRNA expression in the developing rat. Hybridization to synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes. ( Giachelli, CM; Omiecinski, CJ, 1986)
"Pregnancies complicated by severe preeclampsia in the second trimester are associated with a high incidence of perinatal morbidity and mortality."	1.27	Maternal and perinatal outcome of conservative management of severe preeclampsia in midtrimester. ( Abdella, TN; Anderson, GD; Brooks, TF; Sibai, BM; Spinnato, JA; Taslimi, M, 1985)
"Status epilepticus is a serious emergency that rarely complicates the management of the pregnant patient with seizure disorders."	1.27	Status epilepticus in pregnancy. A case report. ( Fougner, AC; Seltzer, VL; Wilson, SJ, 1985)
"Phenobarbital pretreatment appears to be effective as an inducing agent for all the enzymes studied, but only after birth."	1.26	Perinatal development of cytochrome P-450, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and ethoxycoumarin deethylase in rat liver nuclear membranes. ( Assael, BM; Clos, V; Romano, M; Salmona, M, 1982)
"Phenobarbital pretreatment increased the activation of cyclophosphamide to mutagenic metabolites by maternal liver microsomes 10-fold and liver cytochrome P-450 content 1."	1.26	Modification of the mutagenicity and teratogenicity of cyclophosphamide in rats with inducers of the cytochromes P-450. ( Hales, BF, 1981)
" for therapeutic reasons, the elimination kinetics appeared to follow a two-compartment open model, with a significant difference in the therminal plasma half-life between premature (26."	1.26	Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in neonates. ( Broquaire, M; Legagneur, M; Morselli, PL; Vert, P, 1982)
"In chlorpromazine-treated animals the specific length of blood vessels was most severely reduced in the Purkinje cell layer."	1.26	The effects of chlorpromazine and phenobarbital on vasculogenesis in the cerebellar cortex. ( Hannah, RS; Roth, SH; Spira, AW, 1982)
"The itching was relieved in five of the seven cases during the first week of treatment, but after that the symptom tended to reappear."	1.26	Serum bile acid levels in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy during treatment with phenobarbital or cholestyramine. ( Heikkinen, J; Jänne, O; Mäentausta, O; Ylöstalo, P, 1982)
"All had central sleep apnea, three had hypoventilation, and none had obstructive apnea observed on polygraphic recordings."	1.26	Episodic complete airway obstruction in infants. ( Kelly, DH; Shannon, DC, 1981)
"However, the seizure rate of NB mice was three times higher than controls (37%, p less than 0."	1.26	Audiogenic seizures and neuronal deficits following early exposure to barbiturate. ( Bergman, A; Shafer, R; Tabakoff, B; Yanai, J; Yedwab, G, 1981)
" MMI and ETU were dosed simultaneously, one hour after dosing with SKF."	1.26	Effects of pretreatment with SKF-525A, N-Methyl-2-thioimidazole, sodium phenobarbital, or methyl cholanthrene on ethylenethiourea-induced teratogenicity in rats. ( Iverson, F; Khera, KS, 1981)
"22 patients with severe preeclampsia-eclampsia were treated in our Intensive Care Unit from 1972 to 1978."	1.26	[Intensive care of severe preeclampsia-eclampsia. A report on 22 cases (author's transl)]. ( Larsen, R; Radke, J; Turner, E, 1980)
"The bilirubin load was unaffected by administration of phenobarbital."	1.26	Development of bilirubin transport and metabolism in the newborn rhesus monkey. ( Gartner, LM; Lane, D; Lee, KS; Vaisman, S; Zarafu, I, 1977)
"The phenobarbital-treated infants had a slower postnatal rise of indirect bilirubin than did nontreated controls."	1.26	Indications for early exchange transfusion in patients with erythroblastosis fetalis. ( Depp, R; Heinrichs, WL; Wennberg, RP, 1978)
" Monitoring plasma concentrations may lead to adaptations of the choice of the drug and of the dosage regimen."	1.26	Kinetics of drug interactions in the treatment of epilepsy. ( Guelen, P; Knop, H; Schobten, F; van der Kleijn, E; Vree, T; Westenberg, H, 1978)
"Phenobarbital is known to reduce serum bilirubin concentration in the newborn infant, but optimal dosage is unknown."	1.26	Plasma concentrations of phenobarbital in mother and child after combined prenatal and postnatal administration for prophylaxis of hyperbilirubinemia. ( Boréus, LO; Jalling, B; Wallin, A, 1978)
" Injection of an ovulation-blocking dosage of phenobarbital at 1345 h blocked the FSH rise."	1.26	Simulation of the early phase of the proestrous follicle-stimulating hormone rise after infusion of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in phenobarbital-blocked rats. ( Blake, CA, 1976)
" It is suggested that reduction of methadone dosage in late pregnancy results in reduced incidence of withdrawal but must be carefully carried out."	1.26	Observation and treatment of neonatal narcotic withdrawal. ( Chappel, JN; Davis, R; Gumpel, J; Madden, JD; Mejia, A; Zuspan, F, 1977)
"Phenobarbital treatment antagonized THC-induced reduction of fetal body weight, but did not reduce resorption rate."	1.26	Alteration of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced teratogenicity by stimulation and inhibition of its metabolism. ( Harbison, RD; Lubin, DJ; Mantilla-Plata, B, 1977)
"Generalized motor seizures and myoclonic jerks were the predominant convulsive manifestations."	1.26	Neonatal seizures associated with narcotic withdrawal. ( Herzlinger, RA; Kandall, SR; Vaughan, HG, 1977)
"Phenobarbital-treated pups had higher opening pressures and fewer lamellar bodies than the control animals."	1.26	The inhibition of pulmonary maturation in the fetal rabbit by maternal treatment with phenobarbital. ( Cashore, WJ; Douglas, W; Karotkin, EH; Kido, M; Oh, W; Redding, R; Stern, L, 1976)
"A daily dosage of 100 mg phenobarbitone administered orally to pregnant women for three days or more immediately before delivery has reduced the various mortality rates for low-birth-weight infants by 50% or more."	1.26	Decrease in the mortality rates for low-birth-weight infants after phenobarbitone treatment. ( Trolle, D, 1976)
"Phenobarbital pretreatment of pregnant mice (ASH/TO strain) gave rise to approximately equal concentrations of phenobarbital in both maternal and fetal liver."	1.25	Delayed induction by phenobarbital of udp-glucuronyltransferase activity towards bilirubin in fetal liver. ( Burchell, B; Dutton, GJ, 1975)
"Phenobarbital treatment also increases the enzyme in late foetal and adult mice, abolishing the sex difference."	1.25	Induction of UDPglucose dehydrogenase during development, organ culture, and exposure to phenobarbital. Its relation to levels of UDPglucuronic acid and overall glucuronidation in chicken and mouse. ( Dutton, GJ; Fyffe, J, 1975)
"Phenobarbital was injected in two various doses: 1/10 LD50 and 1/20 LD50."	1.25	[Content of phenobarbital in some tissues of the fetus and mother (author's transl)]. ( Bojanek, J; Brylko, J, 1975)
" The dosage of the hormone, the time of the neonatal period, and differences in the animal strain, are considered influencing factors on this effect."	1.25	Some aspects of the mechanisms involved in steroid-induced sterility. ( Arai, Y, 1972)
"4."	1.25	Changes in drug-metabolizing activities in the livers of suckling rats as a result of treatment of the lactating mothers with phenobarbitone and chlorpromazine. ( Darby, FJ, 1971)

Research

Studies (922)

Authors

Clinical Trials (9)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Length of Hospitalization

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	706 (76.57)	18.7374
1990's	102 (11.06)	18.2507
2000's	65 (7.05)	29.6817
2010's	37 (4.01)	24.3611
2020's	12 (1.30)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Adams, J	1
Janulewicz, PA	1
Macklin, EA	1
Dhillon, R	1
Phillips, C	1
Schomer, DL	1
Tosches, WA	1
Carlson, JM	1
Holmes, LB	7
Shin, A	1
Waxman, DJ	1
Thomas, SV	2
Jeemon, P	1
Jose, M	1
Amrithum, LM	1
Bhaskar, D	1
Nair, MKC	1
George, B	1
Friedman, D	1
Zubair, N	1
Favara, MT	1
Lafferty, M	2
Carola, D	2
Adeniyi-Jones, S	2
Solarin, K	1
Aghai, ZH	2
Shi, X	1
Wang, Y	4
Zhang, Y	5
Song, C	1
Jiang, Y	1
Zhao, J	1
Xia, L	2
Ma, L	1
Jiang, W	2
Leferink, TM	1
van der Meer-Kappelle, LH	1
Feberwee, T	1
MacMillan, KDL	1
Metzger, IF	1
Thomas, AE	1
Evrard, CA	1
Jones, DR	1
Masters, AR	1
Haas, DM	1
Haneline, LS	1
Quinney, SK	1
Nese, M	1
Riboli, G	1
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Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Buprenorphine for the Treatment of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome[NCT00521248]	Phase 1	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2004-04-30	Completed
Prospective Randomized Blinded Trial to Shorten Pharmacologic Treatment of Newborns With Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (NOWS)[NCT04455802]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-10-01	Withdrawn (stopped due to termination of funding)
A Randomized, Active-Control, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy Clinical Trial Comparing Sublingual Buprenorphine And Morphine Solution For The Treatment Of Neonatal Opioid Abstinence Syndrome[NCT01452789]	Phase 3	63 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-11-30	Completed
The BrainDrugs-Epilepsy Study: A Prospective Open-label Cohort Precision Medicine Study in Epilepsy[NCT05450822]		550 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-02-18	Recruiting
Randomized Clinical Trial of Antenatal Phenobarbital in the Prevention of Neonatal Intracranial Hemorrhage[NCT00009620]	Phase 3	610 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1993-02-28	Completed
Follow-up Visit of High Risk Infants[NCT00009633]		68,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	1993-01-31	Recruiting
A Pilot Randomized Comparative Effectiveness Clinical Trial of Buprenorphine vs. Methadone for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence in Pregnancy.[NCT03098407]		55 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-04-20	Completed
Assessing the Effects of Auricular Acupressure on Newborn Behaviors and Withdrawal Signs in Newborns With Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: A Pilot Study[NCT03890562]		12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-09-04	Completed
Donor Human Milk for Infants With Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome[NCT02182973]		12 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-06-30	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

This endpoint will compare length of stay in the hospital (in days) using sublingual buprenorphine or morphine solution. (NCT01452789)
Timeframe: Duration of hospital stay is an expected average of 5 weeks.

Length of Treatment

Intervention	days (Median)
Sublingual Buprenorphine	21
Oral Morphine	33

This endpoint will compare length of treatment (in days) using sublingual buprenorphine or oral morphine solution. (NCT01452789)
Timeframe: Patients will be followed for the duration of hospital stay, an expected average of 5 weeks.

Number of Participants With Adverse Events as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability

Intervention	days (Median)
Sublingual Buprenorphine	15
Oral Morphine	28

Adverse events will be collected, graded by severity, and assessed for causality referent to study drug. (NCT01452789)
Timeframe: Patients will be followed for the duration of hospital stay, an expected average of 5 weeks.

Number of Patients Requiring Supplemental Phenobarbital Treatment.

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Sublingual Buprenorphine	7
Oral Morphine	8

This endpoint will compare requirement number of patients who require use of supplemental phenobarbital. (NCT01452789)
Timeframe: Patients will be followed for the duration of hospital stay, an expected average of 5 weeks.

Head Circumference Change at 2 Weeks

Intervention	participants (Number)
Sublingual Buprenorphine	5
Oral Morphine	7

Change in head circumference from day 1 to day 14 (cm/wk) (NCT02182973)
Timeframe: 2 weeks

Percentage of Infants Achieving a GI Subscore >2 Over the Study Period

Intervention	cm/wk (Mean)
Donor Human Milk	0.4
Historical Control	0.6

Minimum score:0; Maximum score 13. Higher scores mean more GI distress (NCT02182973)
Timeframe: 2 weeks

Weight Change at 2 Weeks

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Donor Human Milk	39
Historical Controls	61

Change in weight from study day 1 to study day 14 (grams/day) Weight day 14 - weight day 1 divided by 14 (NCT02182973)
Timeframe: 2 weeks

Article	Year
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Review of Epidemiology, Care Models, and Current Understanding of Outcomes. Clinics in perinatology, 2019, Volume: 46, Issue:4 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Breast Feeding; Buprenorphine; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant,	2019
Zeitschrift fur Gesundheitswissenschaften = Journal of public health, 2022, Volume: 30, Issue:2 Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; A Kinase Anchor Proteins; Acetates; Achilles Tendon; Acute Kidney Injury; Acute Pain;	2022
Use of Phenytoin, Phenobarbital Carbamazepine, Levetiracetam Lamotrigine and Valproate in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Risk of Major Malformations, Dose-dependency, Monotherapy vs Polytherapy, Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Implications. Current neuropharmacology, 2021, Volume: 19, Issue:11 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Breast Feeding; Carbamazepine; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Lamotrigine; Levetiracetam	2021
Analgesia, Opioids, and Other Drug Use During Pregnancy and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Clinics in perinatology, 2019, Volume: 46, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Breast Feeding; Buprenorphine; Buprenorphine	2019
Seizures and intracranial hemorrhage. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America, 2013, Volume: 40, Issue:1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Congenital Abnormalities; Eclampsia; Epilepsy; Female; Folic Acid; H	2013
Developmental neurotoxicity and anticonvulsant drugs: a possible link. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.), 2014, Volume: 48 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Breast Feeding; Carbamazepine; Cognition Disorders; Developmental Disabili	2014
[Preconceptional and perinatal challenges of pregnancy in women with epilepsy]. Orvosi hetilap, 2016, Apr-10, Volume: 157, Issue:15 Topics: Adult; Amines; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Carbamazepine; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Epileps	2016
Treating pregnant women dependent on opioids is not the same as treating pregnancy and opioid dependence: a knowledge synthesis for better treatment for women and neonates. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2008, Volume: 103, Issue:9 Topics: Buprenorphine; Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); Female; GABA Modulators; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Menta	2008
Pregnancy outcome in maternal Crigler-Najjar syndrome type II: a case report and systematic review of the literature. Fetal diagnosis and therapy, 2009, Volume: 26, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Bilirubin; Crigler-Najjar Syndrome; Female; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newbor	2009
Phenobarbital prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2010, Jan-20, Issue:1 Topics: Central Nervous System Agents; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cerebral Ventricles; Female; Humans; Infant, New	2010
Update on the pharmacologic management of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 2011, Volume: 31, Issue:11 Topics: Benzodiazepines; Buprenorphine; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant, Newborn;	2011
Side effects of phenobarbital in epilepsy: a systematic review. Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 2011, Volume: 13, Issue:4 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Cognition Disorders; Cohort Studies; Cross-Over Studies; Data	2011
[Withdrawal in newborns after exposure to psychotropic medications during pregnancy]. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 2012, Volume: 156, Issue:16 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome; Phenobarbital;	2012
Treatment of itching associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2002, Volume: 36, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Antipruritics; Cholagogues and Choleretics; Cholestasis, Intrahepatic; Female; Humans; Phenob	2002
Therapies administered to mothers at risk for preterm birth and neurodevelopmental outcome in their infants. Clinics in perinatology, 2002, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Developmental Disabilities; Excitatory Amino Acid A	2002
Phenobarbital prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2003, Issue:3 Topics: Central Nervous System Agents; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cerebral Ventricles; Female; Humans; Infant, New	2003
Mechanisms regulating toxicant disposition to the embryo during early pregnancy: an interspecies comparison. Birth defects research. Part C, Embryo today : reviews, 2004, Volume: 72, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Carbamazepine; Embryonic Development; Female; Humans; Maternal-Fetal	2004
Antenatal phenobarbital for reducing neonatal jaundice after red cell isoimmunization. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2007, Apr-18, Issue:2 Topics: Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Jaundice, Neonatal; Phenobarbita	2007
Antiepileptic drugs as human teratogens. Expert opinion on drug safety, 2008, Volume: 7, Issue:2 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Phenobarbital	2008
Post-resuscitation strategies to avoid ongoing injury following intrapartum hypoxia-ischemia. Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine, 2008, Volume: 13, Issue:6 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Blood Pressure; Female; Fetal Hypoxia; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hypogl	2008
[Advances in neonatology: vitamin K, intracranial hemorrhage, arterial pressure, hemolytic disease]. Anales espanoles de pediatria, 1984, Oct-15, Volume: 21, Issue:5 Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Erythroblastosis, Fetal;	1984
Long-lasting effects of early barbiturates on central nervous system and behavior. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 1983,Spring, Volume: 7, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Barbiturates; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Cell Differentiation; Drug Tolerance; Enzyme Inducti	1983
Theophylline reassessed. Annals of internal medicine, 1984, Volume: 101, Issue:1 Topics: Acidosis; Aging; Allopurinol; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Breast Feeding; Bronchodilator Agents;	1984
The effects of drugs on the distribution and metabolism of thyroid hormones. Pharmacological reviews, 1981, Volume: 33, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antithyroid Agents; Carbamazepine; Carcinogens; Female; Heparin; Hormones; Humans; Male; Ph	1981
Genetic factors in drug neuroteratogenicity. Substance and alcohol actions/misuse, 1983, Volume: 4, Issue:1 Topics: Acoustic Stimulation; Agonistic Behavior; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Cerebellum; D	1983
Hepatic drug metabolism in pregnancy. Quarterly reviews on drug metabolism and drug interactions, 1984, Volume: 5, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Biotransformation; Enzyme Induction; Female; Liver; Macaca mulatta; Microsomes, Liver; Phar	1984
The clinical pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs. Clinical neuropharmacology, 1984, Volume: 7, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Carbamazepine; Drug Interactions; Ethosuximide; Female; Hal	1984
Advances in pediatric pharmacology and toxicology. Advances in pediatrics, 1983, Volume: 30 Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Aspirin; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Biological A	1983
A role for hypothalamic catecholamines in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion. Recent progress in hormone research, 1984, Volume: 40 Topics: Animals; Brain; Castration; Catecholamines; Diestrus; Dopamine; Estradiol; Feedback; Female; Follicl	1984
Drug management of adult vascular headaches (migraine and cluster headache): Part II--Prevention and attacks. Iowa medicine : journal of the Iowa Medical Society, 1984, Volume: 74, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Amitriptyline; Belladonna Alkaloids; Cluster Headache; Cyproheptadine; Drug Combinations; Erg	1984
Clinical pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs in adults. Pharmacology & therapeutics, 1980, Volume: 10, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aging; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Clonazepam; Diazepam; Disease; Ethosuximide; Female; H	1980
The epileptic mother and her child. Epilepsia, 1982, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Breast Feeding; Carbamazepine; Epilepsy; Female; Fetal	1982
[Development of the mono-oxygenase system. Implications in perinatal pharmacotoxicology (author's transl)]. Annales de biologie clinique, 1980, Volume: 38, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Androgens; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Enzym	1980
[Dissolution of gallstones: reality and prospects]. Klinicheskaia meditsina, 1980, Volume: 58, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Bile; Bile Acids and Salts; Chenodeoxycholic Acid; Cholelithiasis; Cholesterol; Female; Human	1980
Cardioversion and defibrillation. American heart journal, 1980, Volume: 100, Issue:6 Pt 1 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Atrial Fibrillation; Atrial Flutter; Cardiac Catheterization; Diazepa	1980
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An overview of perinatal clinical pharmacology. Clinics in laboratory medicine, 1981, Volume: 1, Issue:2 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Analgesics; Bupivacaine; Carbamazepine; Chloramphenicol; Diazepam; Digo	1981
Drug abuse in pregnancy: fetal ad neonatal effects. Drug therapeutics, 1982 Topics: Alcoholism; Birth Weight; Chlorpromazine; Diazepam; Female; Fetus; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant,	1982
[Intraventricular hemorrhage in a newborn]. Revista de neurologia, 1995, Volume: 23 Suppl 3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cerebral Ventricles; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Obstetri	1995
Pregnancy, teratogenesis, and epilepsy. Neurologic clinics, 1994, Volume: 12, Issue:4 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Female; Fetus; Humans; Infant, Newb	1994
Mouse models of emotional postpartum disorders. Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita, 1993, Volume: 29, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Benzodiazepines; Disease Models, Animal; Emotions; Female; Hormones; Humans; Male; Maternal	1993
Preparing the fetus for preterm birth. Bailliere's clinical obstetrics and gynaecology, 1993, Volume: 7, Issue:3 Topics: Chorioamnionitis; Female; Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Infa	1993
Treatment options for drug-exposed infants. NIDA research monograph, 1995, Volume: 149 Topics: Female; GABA Modulators; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Naloxone; Narcotic Antagonists; Narcotics; Neonata	1995
Hereditary cholestasis with lymphoedema (Aagenaes syndrome, cholestasis-lymphoedema syndrome). New cases and follow-up from infancy to adult age. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology, 1998, Volume: 33, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Cholestasis; Consanguinity; Female; Follow-Up Studies; G	1998
Meta-analysis of phenobarbital usage for prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants: factors related to variation in outcome. Clinical trials and meta-analysis, 1994, Volume: 29, Issue:2-3 Topics: Birth Weight; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cerebral Ventricles; Double-Blind Method; Female; Gestational Age	1994
Phenobarbital prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2000, Issue:2 Topics: Central Nervous System Agents; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Prematu	2000
Antenatal phenobarbital for prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien, 2000, Volume: 46 Topics: Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cerebral Ventricles; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant, Newborn;	2000
Phenobarbital following phototherapy for Crigler-Najjar syndrome type II with good fetal outcome: a case report. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research, 2001, Volume: 27, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Crigler-Najjar Syndrome; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Phenobarbital; Pho	2001
Phenobarbital prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2001, Issue:2 Topics: Central Nervous System Agents; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cerebral Ventricles; Female; Humans; Infant, New	2001
[Fetal barbiturate effects]. Ryoikibetsu shokogun shirizu, 2001, Issue:33 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Phenobarbital; Pregnancy	2001
Premature labour. Canadian Medical Association journal, 1976, Apr-17, Volume: 114, Issue:8 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Albuterol; Amnion; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteri	1976
Interaction of chemical carcinogens and drug-metabolizing enzymes in primary cultures of hepatic cells from the rat. The American journal of pathology, 1976, Volume: 85, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Carcinogens; Cells, Cultured; Collagen; Cytochrome P-450 Enz	1976
[Dysmorphisms and psychomotor retardation in infants of mothers treated with anticonvulsants in pregnancy]. Minerva pediatrica, 1979, Sep-15, Volume: 31, Issue:17 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic; Female; Fetus; Humans;	1979
The pharmacological treatment of epilepsy. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 1979, Oct-06, Volume: 56, Issue:15 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child, Preschool; Clonazepam; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsies,	1979
Disturbances of bile acid metabolism in cholestasis. Clinics in gastroenterology, 1977, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Bile Acids and Salts; Bile Ducts; Cholestasis; Cholestyramine Resin; Deoxycholic Acid; Disease Model	1977
[Metabolism of bile acids. General review and peculiarities in pediatrics]. Pediatrie, 1977, Volume: 32, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bile Acids and Salts; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Child	1977
The effect of maternal narcotic addiction on the newborn infant. Psychological medicine, 1977, Volume: 7, Issue:4 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Breast Feeding; Female; Fertility; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Infant Mo	1977
[Antiepileptics during pregnancy and lactation. Pharmacokinetic data]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 1979, Jun-01, Volume: 104, Issue:22 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Bromides; Carbamazepine; Clonazepam; Diazepam; Ethosuximide; Female; Fetus; Humans;	1979
Effect of drugs on intrauterine growth. Clinics in perinatology, 1979, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Ethanol; Female; Fetal Growth Retardation; Fetus; Growth; Huma	1979
The pregnant epileptic: a review and recommendations. Archives of neurology, 1979, Volume: 36, Issue:10 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Female; Fetus; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Kine	1979
Fetal and neonatal development of the microsomal monooxygenase system. Drug metabolism reviews, 1976, Volume: 5, Issue:1 Topics: Aging; Aminopyrine N-Demethylase; Aniline Hydroxylase; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cytochrome P-450 E	1976
Effects of drugs on the metabolism of bilirubin and other normal body constituents. Birth defects original article series, 1976, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Bilirubin; DDT; Estrogens; Female; Glucuronates; Humans; Hydroxylation; Infant; Infant, New	1976
Clinical pharmacokinetics of anticonvulsants. Clinical pharmacokinetics, 1976, Volume: 1, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Aging; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Clonazepam	1976
Induction of the drug-metabolizing enzymes. Basic life sciences, 1975, Volume: 6 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adrenal Glands; Animals; Barbiturates; Benzopyrene Hydroxylase; Benzopyrene	1975
Haemolytic anaemia in the newborn infant. Clinics in haematology, 1975, Volume: 4, Issue:1 Topics: ABO Blood-Group System; Amniocentesis; Antibodies; Blood Group Incompatibility; Blood Transfusion, I	1975
Drug metabolism in the human neonate. Life sciences, 1975, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Animals; Barbiturates; Caffeine; Epoxy Compounds; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Labor, Obs	1975
The enzymatic formation of bilirubin. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1975, Apr-15, Volume: 244 Topics: Animals; Benzopyrenes; Bile Pigments; Bilirubin; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Female; Heme; Human	1975
[Findings in newborn infants following drug abuse or drug weaning in the mother]. Der Gynakologe, 1991, Volume: 24, Issue:6 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Female; Fetal Growth Retardation; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Inf	1991
Antenatal therapy to minimize neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 1991, Volume: 34, Issue:2 Topics: Cerebral Hemorrhage; Female; Humans; Indomethacin; Infant, Newborn; Phenobarbital; Pregnancy; Prenat	1991
Pharmacologic approaches to the prevention and treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Clinics in perinatology, 1990, Volume: 17, Issue:2 Topics: Bilirubin; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Jaundice, Neonatal; Phenobarbital; Pregnancy	1990
[Problems of neurological drug therapy in pregnancy]. La Clinica terapeutica, 1989, Apr-30, Volume: 129, Issue:2 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Antiparkinson Agents; Carbamazepine; Chelating Agents;	1989
Efficacy and adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs. Pediatric clinics of North America, 1989, Volume: 36, Issue:2 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Phenobarbital	1989
[Pathogenesis of bilirubin encephalopathy and subsequent therapeutic consequences]. Zentralblatt fur Gynakologie, 1989, Volume: 111, Issue:15 Topics: Blood-Brain Barrier; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Jaundice, Neonatal; Kernicterus; Phenobarbital	1989
Neural and behavioral alterations after early exposure to phenobarbital. Neurotoxicology, 1989,Fall, Volume: 10, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain Chemistry; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Nervous System	1989
Gender dimorphism in brain. NIDA research monograph, 1986, Volume: 65 Topics: Androgens; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Aromatase; Birds; Brain; Cricetinae; Dronabinol; Female; Ferre	1986
Antiepileptic drugs in adolescents. Journal of adolescent health care : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 1987, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Clonazepam; Dru	1987
[Eclamptic fits: etiologic mechanisms, clinical aspects and therapy]. Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis = Revue suisse de medecine Praxis, 1986, Jun-17, Volume: 75, Issue:25 Topics: Animals; Calcium Gluconate; Cardiac Catheterization; Critical Care; Diazepam; Dogs; Eclampsia; Elect	1986
Induction of microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzymes: the first Bernard B. Brodie lecture at Pennsylvania State University. Life sciences, 1986, Dec-29, Volume: 39, Issue:26 Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids; Animals; Benzo(a)pyrene; Biotransformation; Cytochrome P-450 Enzym	1986
Utility of clinical chemical determinations of drug concentrations in biological fluids. Clinical chemistry, 1971, Volume: 17, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Allopurinol; Antipyrine; Ataxia; Chemistry, Clinical; Chromatography, Gas; Coffee; Desipramin	1971
Effects of environmental chemicals on the metabolism of drugs, carcinogens, and normal body constituents in man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1971, Jul-06, Volume: 179 Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Alcohols; Androstanes; Animals; Antipyrine; Azo Compounds; Benzopyrenes; Bilirubin;	1971
Enzyme adaptation as a biochemical probe of development and aging. Advances in enzyme regulation, 1972, Volume: 10 Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Blood Glucose; Diet; Dihydrolipoamide	1972
[Progress in diagnostic enzymology]. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte innere Medizin und ihre Grenzgebiete, 1973, Aug-15, Volume: 28, Issue:16 Topics: Alcoholism; Aminopeptidases; Amylases; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Cholinesterases; Creatine Kinase	1973
[Phenobarbital in the pharmacotherapy of neonatal jaundices (a review of the literature)]. Voprosy okhrany materinstva i detstva, 1973, Volume: 18, Issue:9 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Animals; Bilirubin; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Erythroblast	1973
Developmental studies on some enzymes associated with 'detoxication'. Enzyme, 1973, Volume: 15, Issue:1 Topics: Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Animals; Biotransformation; Chick Embryo; Cytosol; Enzyme Induction; Female	1973
The yellow baby. New York state journal of medicine, 1974, Volume: 74, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Amniocentesis; Animals; Barbiturates; Bile; Bilirubin; Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine;	1974
Developmental pharmacology: a review of its application to clinical and basic science. Annual review of pharmacology, 1972, Volume: 12 Topics: Aging; Androgens; Aniline Compounds; Animals; Estrogens; Ethanol; Female; Fetus; Fluorosis, Dental;	1972
Protection by catatoxic steroids against cyclophosphamide-induced organ lesions. Virchows Archiv. A, Pathology. Pathologische Anatomie, 1970, Volume: 351, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Body Weight; Bone Marrow; Cyclophosphamide; Desoxycorticosterone; Enzyme In	1970
Adverse hematologic effects of drugs. Pediatric clinics of North America, 1972, Volume: 19, Issue:4 Topics: Anemia, Hemolytic; Anemia, Macrocytic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anticonvulsants; Antidepressive Agents	1972
Neonatal jaundice--prevention & management. Disease-a-month : DM, 1972 Topics: Albumins; Bilirubin; Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine; Erythrocytes; Exchange Transfusion, Whole Bloo	1972
Bilirubin; on understanding and influencing its metabolism in the newborn infant. Pediatric clinics of North America, 1972, Volume: 19, Issue:2 Topics: Bile Pigments; Bilirubin; Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood; Female; Fetus; Heme; Humans; Hyperbilir	1972
[Effects of drugs and other biological and physical factors on bilirubin metabolism in man]. Polski tygodnik lekarski (Warsaw, Poland : 1960), 1973, May-20, Volume: 28, Issue:21 Topics: Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Bilirubin; Depression, Chemical; Enzyme Induction; Fasting; Female; Fe	1973
Photochemical and biochemical basis of the treatment of neonatal jaundice. Progress in liver diseases, 1972, Volume: 4 Topics: Animals; Bile; Bile Acids and Salts; Bilirubin; Erythroblastosis, Fetal; Eye Injuries; Female; Fetal	1972
[Stimulation of the microsomal enzyme system as a therapeutic principle in the newborn infant]. Medizinische Klinik, 1974, May-24, Volume: 69, Issue:21 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Enzyme Induction; Female; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia,	1974
Narcotic poisoning of children (1) through accidental ingestion of methadone and (2) in utero. Pediatrics, 1974, Volume: 54, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Apgar Score; Birth Weight; Child; Child Care; Female; Gestational Age; Heroin	1974
The use of drugs in influencing human fetal metabolism. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 1974, Volume: 17, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenocortical Hyperfunction; Animals; Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine; Congenital Hypothyroidism; E	1974
Drug distribution. The Medical clinics of North America, 1974, Volume: 58, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Binding Sites; Cell Membrane Permeability; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Diffusi	1974
Anticonvulsant drugs. II. Clinical pharmacological and therapeutic aspects. Drugs, 1972, Volume: 4, Issue:3 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Cerebellum; Drug Interact	1972
[6 Beta-hydroxycortisol]. Horumon to rinsho. Clinical endocrinology, 1967, Volume: 15, Issue:8 Topics: 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adrenal Glands; Animals; Chemical Phenomena; Che	1967
Phenobarbital in the perinatal period. Pediatrics, 1969, Volume: 43, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bilirubin; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Drug Antagonism; Drug	1969
DDT and juvenile jaundice. Clinical toxicology, 1971, Volume: 4, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Breast Feeding; DDT; Enzyme Induction; Female; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia; Infant Food; Inf	1971
Changing concepts regarding exchange transfusions and neonatal jaundice. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 1971, Volume: 14, Issue:2 Topics: Bilirubin; Erythroblastosis, Fetal; Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood; Female; Hemoglobins; Humans;	1971
What to do when the infant is jaundiced. Medical times, 1971, Volume: 99, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Bilirubin; Diagnosis, Differential; Erythroblastosis, Fetal; Erythropoiesis; Exchange Trans	1971
In utero disease and the newborn infant. Advances in pediatrics, 1970, Volume: 17 Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Acidosis; Amniotic Fluid; Animals; Bilirubin; Birth Weight; Electrocardiograp	1970

Article	Year
Zeitschrift fur Gesundheitswissenschaften = Journal of public health, 2022, Volume: 30, Issue:2 Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; A Kinase Anchor Proteins; Acetates; Achilles Tendon; Acute Kidney Injury; Acute Pain;	2022
[Observation on therapeutic effect of acupuncture on hyperemesis gravidarum]. Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion, 2009, Volume: 29, Issue:12 Topics: Acupuncture Points; Acupuncture Therapy; Adult; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Female; Humans; Hyperemesis G	2009
Revised dose schema of sublingual buprenorphine in the treatment of the neonatal opioid abstinence syndrome. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2011, Volume: 106, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Sublingual; Adult; Birth Weight; Buprenorphine; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Dose-Res	2011
Revised dose schema of sublingual buprenorphine in the treatment of the neonatal opioid abstinence syndrome. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2011, Volume: 106, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Sublingual; Adult; Birth Weight; Buprenorphine; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Dose-Res	2011
Revised dose schema of sublingual buprenorphine in the treatment of the neonatal opioid abstinence syndrome. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2011, Volume: 106, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Sublingual; Adult; Birth Weight; Buprenorphine; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Dose-Res	2011
Revised dose schema of sublingual buprenorphine in the treatment of the neonatal opioid abstinence syndrome. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2011, Volume: 106, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Sublingual; Adult; Birth Weight; Buprenorphine; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Dose-Res	2011
Revised dose schema of sublingual buprenorphine in the treatment of the neonatal opioid abstinence syndrome. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2011, Volume: 106, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Sublingual; Adult; Birth Weight; Buprenorphine; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Dose-Res	2011
Revised dose schema of sublingual buprenorphine in the treatment of the neonatal opioid abstinence syndrome. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2011, Volume: 106, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Sublingual; Adult; Birth Weight; Buprenorphine; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Dose-Res	2011
Revised dose schema of sublingual buprenorphine in the treatment of the neonatal opioid abstinence syndrome. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2011, Volume: 106, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Sublingual; Adult; Birth Weight; Buprenorphine; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Dose-Res	2011
Revised dose schema of sublingual buprenorphine in the treatment of the neonatal opioid abstinence syndrome. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2011, Volume: 106, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Sublingual; Adult; Birth Weight; Buprenorphine; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Dose-Res	2011
Revised dose schema of sublingual buprenorphine in the treatment of the neonatal opioid abstinence syndrome. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2011, Volume: 106, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Sublingual; Adult; Birth Weight; Buprenorphine; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Dose-Res	2011
Neurodevelopmental outcome of premature infants after antenatal phenobarbital exposure. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2002, Volume: 187, Issue:1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Central Nervous System; Child Development; Female; Fetus; Humans; Infant; Infant, N	2002
Neurodevelopmental outcome of premature infants after antenatal phenobarbital exposure. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2002, Volume: 187, Issue:1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Central Nervous System; Child Development; Female; Fetus; Humans; Infant; Infant, N	2002
Neurodevelopmental outcome of premature infants after antenatal phenobarbital exposure. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2002, Volume: 187, Issue:1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Central Nervous System; Child Development; Female; Fetus; Humans; Infant; Infant, N	2002
Neurodevelopmental outcome of premature infants after antenatal phenobarbital exposure. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2002, Volume: 187, Issue:1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Central Nervous System; Child Development; Female; Fetus; Humans; Infant; Infant, N	2002
Effects of phenobarbital and multiple-dose corticosteroids on developmental outcome at age 7 years. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2003, Volume: 101, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Child; Child Behavior; Child Development; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;	2003
Management of neonatal abstinence syndrome in neonates born to opioid maintained women. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2007, Mar-16, Volume: 87, Issue:2-3 Topics: Adult; Apgar Score; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Methadone; Morphine; Neo	2007
Neonatal methadone withdrawal. Effect of two treatment regimens. American journal of diseases of children (1960), 1983, Volume: 137, Issue:12 Topics: Blood Pressure; Carbon Dioxide; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentra	1983
Effectiveness and safety of prenatal phenobarbital for the prevention of neonatal jaundice. Pediatric research, 1980, Volume: 14, Issue:8 Topics: Bilirubin; Child; Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant, Newb	1980
Combined antenatal vitamin K and phenobarbital therapy for preventing intracranial hemorrhage in newborns less than 34 weeks' gestation. Obstetrics and gynecology, 1995, Volume: 86, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Algorithms; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination;	1995
Antepartum vitamin K and phenobarbital for preventing intraventricular hemorrhage in the premature newborn: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Obstetrics and gynecology, 1994, Volume: 83, Issue:1 Topics: Cerebral Hemorrhage; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseas	1994
Antenatal phenobarbital therapy and neonatal outcome. I: Effect on intracranial hemorrhage. Pediatrics, 1996, Volume: 97, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Birth Weight; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Female; Gestational	1996
Antenatal phenobarbital therapy and neonatal outcome. II: Neurodevelopmental outcome at 36 months. Pediatrics, 1996, Volume: 97, Issue:5 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Body Height; Body Weight; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Child Development; Child, Preschool;	1996
Antiepileptic drug treatment in pregnancy: drug side effects in the neonate and neurological outcome. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 1996, Volume: 85, Issue:6 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Child; Drug Monitoring; Epilepsy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Nervous System	1996
[Delayed effects of prenatal exposure to phenobarbital on intelligence--Phenemal]. Ugeskrift for laeger, 1996, Nov-11, Volume: 158, Issue:46 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests; Male;	1996
Maternal oxygen desaturation with intravenous magnesium therapy. Obstetrics and gynecology, 1997, Volume: 89, Issue:6 Topics: Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Magnesium Sulfate; Oxygen; Phenobarbital; Pregnancy; Pregna	1997
The effect of antenatal phenobarbital therapy on neonatal intracranial hemorrhage in preterm infants. The New England journal of medicine, 1997, Aug-14, Volume: 337, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, D	1997
The effect of antenatal phenobarbital therapy on neonatal intracranial hemorrhage in preterm infants. The New England journal of medicine, 1997, Aug-14, Volume: 337, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, D	1997
The effect of antenatal phenobarbital therapy on neonatal intracranial hemorrhage in preterm infants. The New England journal of medicine, 1997, Aug-14, Volume: 337, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, D	1997
The effect of antenatal phenobarbital therapy on neonatal intracranial hemorrhage in preterm infants. The New England journal of medicine, 1997, Aug-14, Volume: 337, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, D	1997
Use of prenatal phenobarbital in the prevention of subependymal/intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants. Archives of medical research, 1998,Autumn, Volume: 29, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cerebral Ventricles; Double-Blind Method; Female; Gestational Age; Human	1998
Does perinatal phenobarbital exposure affect developmental outcome at age 2? American journal of perinatology, 1999, Volume: 16, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Central Nervous System Depressants; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Chi-Square Distribu	1999
Preterm infant behavioral and heart rate responses to antenatal phenobarbital. Research in nursing & health, 1999, Volume: 22, Issue:6 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant Behavior; Infant,	1999
[Evaluation of antiepileptic therapy during pregnancy]. Ginekologia polska, 2002, Volume: 73, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Apgar Score; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Phenobarbi	2002
A potentially toxic drug interaction between pethidine (meperidine) and phenobarbitone. Lancet (London, England), 1977, Feb-19, Volume: 1, Issue:8008 Topics: Adult; Brain Neoplasms; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Half-Life; Humans; Meperi	1977
A randomized controlled trial of bed rest and sedation or normal activity and non-sedation in the management of non-albuminuric hypertension in late pregnancy. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 1977, Volume: 84, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Bed Rest; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Hypertension; Hypnotics	1977
[How to stimulate ovulation?]. Toko-ginecologia practica, 1977, Volume: 36, Issue:409 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Epimestrol; Female; Fertility Agents, Female; Humans; Infertility, Female;	1977
Effects of prenatal fenoterol, phenobarbitone and dexamethasone administration on the total phospholipid content of amniotic fluid. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 1978, Dec-30, Volume: 54, Issue:27 Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dexamethasone; Ethanolamines; Female; Fenoterol; Humans; H	1978
Assessment and treatment of abstinence in the infant of the drug-dependent mother. International journal of clinical pharmacology and biopharmacy, 1975, Volume: 12, Issue:1-2 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Opium; Phenoba	1975
Critical periods of neuroendocrine development: effects of prenatal xenobiotics. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1991, Volume: 296 Topics: Animals; Double-Blind Method; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Estrus; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Ge	1991
Antenatal phenobarbital for the prevention of periventricular and intraventricular hemorrhage: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multihospital trial. The Journal of pediatrics, 1990, Volume: 117, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Apgar Score; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cerebral Ventricles; Colorado; Double-Blind Method; Female;	1990
Maternal toxemia and neonatal germinal matrix hemorrhage in intubated infants less than 1751 g. Obstetrics and gynecology, 1988, Volume: 72, Issue:4 Topics: Cerebral Hemorrhage; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, New	1988
Antenatal phenobarbital and bilirubin metabolism in the very low birth weight infant. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1988, Volume: 159, Issue:6 Topics: Bilirubin; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant	1988
Antenatal phenobarbital in preventing intraventricular hemorrhage in premature newborns. Fetal therapy, 1988, Volume: 3, Issue:4 Topics: Cerebral Hemorrhage; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature;	1988
Antenatal phenobarbital for the prevention of neonatal intracerebral hemorrhage. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1986, Volume: 154, Issue:1 Topics: Cerebral Hemorrhage; Drug Evaluation; Female; Fetal Blood; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn	1986
Prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants by maternally administered phenobarbital. Obstetrics and gynecology, 1986, Volume: 68, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Female; Fetal Monitoring; Fetal Organ Maturity; Humans; I	1986
Phenobarbitone in rhesus haemolytic disease. A controlled trial. Lancet (London, England), 1970, Nov-07, Volume: 2, Issue:7680 Topics: Bilirubin; Birth Weight; Clinical Trials as Topic; Erythroblastosis, Fetal; Exchange Transfusion, Wh	1970
Phenobarbitone in rhesus haemolytic disease. Lancet (London, England), 1970, Dec-05, Volume: 2, Issue:7684 Topics: Bilirubin; Erythroblastosis, Fetal; Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood; Female; Humans; Infant, Newbo	1970
Controlled trials of phenobarbitone therapy of neonatal jaundice. Lancet (London, England), 1969, May-10, Volume: 1, Issue:7602 Topics: Bilirubin; Birth Weight; Clinical Trials as Topic; Erythroblastosis, Fetal; Female; Humans; Infant,	1969
Reflections on paediatric prescribing. The Medical journal of Australia, 1972, Sep-30, Volume: 2, Issue:14 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug and Narcotic Control; Drug Industry; Drug Therapy; Enzyme Induction;	1972
[Critical study of the post-partum pain by means of a clinical pharmacology experiment]. Bollettino chimico farmaceutico, 1972, Volume: 111, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Aspirin; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Methylphenidate; Pain; Phenobarbital; Plac	1972
[Comparative study of a psychostimulating drug in the treatment of post-partum pain]. Minerva ginecologica, 1973, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Aspirin; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Methylphenidate; Pain; Phenoba	1973
Treatment of neonatal jaundice with phenobarbitone. Gut, 1969, Volume: 10, Issue:5 Topics: Bilirubin; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Jaundice, N	1969
Effect on neonatal hyperbilirubinemia of phenobarbital during pregnancy or after birth: practical value of the treatment in a population with high risk of unexplained severe neonatal jaundice. Birth defects original article series, 1970, Volume: 6, Issue:2 Topics: ABO Blood-Group System; Administration, Oral; Age Factors; Bilirubin; Birth Weight; Clinical Trials	1970
The effect of phenobarbital given to toxaemic and normal parturients on the serum bilirubin concentration of newborn infants. Annals of clinical research, 1970, Volume: 2, Issue:3 Topics: Bilirubin; Enzyme Induction; Female; Fetus; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Liver; Maternal-Fetal Exchange;	1970

phenobarbital and Pregnancy