phenazopyridine has been researched along with Methemoglobinemia in 45 studies
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.
phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.
Methemoglobinemia: The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and phenazopyridine are individually associated with methemoglobinemia through a series of altered reduction-oxidation reactions." | 8.31 | A Case That Will Take Your Breath Away: Acquired Methemoglobinemia Related to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole and Phenazopyridine Ingestion for Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection. ( Domagalski, J; Robertson, K; Sharma, V, 2023) |
| "A 19-year-old woman with no history of renal or hematologic dysfunction developed methemoglobinemia, muscle damage, rhabdomyolysis and severe acute renal failure after an overdose of phenazopyridine hydrochloride (pyridium)." | 7.67 | Methemoglobinemia, muscle damage and renal failure complicating phenazopyridine overdose. ( Gavish, D; Gottehrer, N; Israeli, A; Kleinman, Y; Knobler, H, 1986) |
| "Two patients developed symptomatic methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia after treatment with phenazopyridine." | 7.66 | Acquired methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia after usual doses of phenazopyridine. ( Hardy, WR; Jeffery, WH; Zelicoff, AP, 1982) |
| "An 18-year-old woman with no prior history of renal or hematologic dysfunction developed severe, acute methemoglobinemia after an overdose of phenazopyridine hydrochloride (Pyridium)." | 7.65 | Acute methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia with phenazopyridine: possible relation to acute renal failure. ( Bunn, HF; Nathan, DM; Siegel, AJ, 1977) |
| "Phenazopyridine is an azo dye, which exerts local anesthetic or analgesic action on urinary tract mucosa through an unknown mechanism." | 5.72 | Skin ulcers as a complication of short-term use of phenazopyridine in an old man: A case report. ( Elyasi, S; Tavanaee Sani, A; Zarei, B, 2022) |
| "Sulfhemoglobinemia is a rare dyshemoglobinemia that presents similarly to methemoglobinemia." | 5.62 | Case Report: Phenazopyridine-Induced Sulfhemoglobinemia in an 83-Year-Old Presenting with Dyspnea. ( Brown, W; Checinski, P; Morales, A; Walsh, R; Williams, SR, 2021) |
| "Phenazopyridine is a common, well-tolerated medication with minimal side effects." | 5.51 | Perioperative Hypoxia Secondary to Phenazopyridine-induced Methemoglobinemia in an Adolescent Patient Without Renal Insufficiency or Overdose: An Unusual Case. ( Kraft, KH; Shah, PK, 2019) |
| "Phenazopyridine is a commonly used urinary tract analgesic." | 5.28 | Methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia after phenazopyridine hydrochloride (Pyridium) administration in end-stage renal disease. ( Campbell, HT; Fincher, ME, 1989) |
| "Methemoglobinemia was suspected in this patient because of her intense central cyanosis, chocolate-colored blood, and minimal dyspnea." | 5.26 | Methemoglobinemia from overdose of phenazopyridine hydrochloride. ( Colohan, DP; Ghurabi, WH; Green, ED; Zimmerman, RC, 1980) |
| "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and phenazopyridine are individually associated with methemoglobinemia through a series of altered reduction-oxidation reactions." | 4.31 | A Case That Will Take Your Breath Away: Acquired Methemoglobinemia Related to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole and Phenazopyridine Ingestion for Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection. ( Domagalski, J; Robertson, K; Sharma, V, 2023) |
| "Pyridium (phenazopyridine HCl) is a commonly prescribed medication in the treatment of urinary tract infections and is known to cause methemoglobinemia in excessive doses." | 3.72 | Methemoglobinemia due to ingestion of at most three pills of pyridium in a 2-year-old: case report and review. ( Bithoney, WG; Gold, NA, 2003) |
| "Phenazopyridine has been associated with methemoglobinemia in patients who have received an overdose, have decreased renal function, or are discovered to be unusually susceptible to the drug (ie, they may have an undetected NADH methemoglobin reductase deficiency)." | 3.68 | Acquired methemoglobinemia from multiple oxidants. ( Bailey, MK; Baker, JD; Conroy, JM; Dorman, BH; Martin, WJ, 1993) |
| "A 19-year-old woman with no history of renal or hematologic dysfunction developed methemoglobinemia, muscle damage, rhabdomyolysis and severe acute renal failure after an overdose of phenazopyridine hydrochloride (pyridium)." | 3.67 | Methemoglobinemia, muscle damage and renal failure complicating phenazopyridine overdose. ( Gavish, D; Gottehrer, N; Israeli, A; Kleinman, Y; Knobler, H, 1986) |
| "Two patients developed symptomatic methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia after treatment with phenazopyridine." | 3.66 | Acquired methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia after usual doses of phenazopyridine. ( Hardy, WR; Jeffery, WH; Zelicoff, AP, 1982) |
| "An 18-year-old woman with no prior history of renal or hematologic dysfunction developed severe, acute methemoglobinemia after an overdose of phenazopyridine hydrochloride (Pyridium)." | 3.65 | Acute methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia with phenazopyridine: possible relation to acute renal failure. ( Bunn, HF; Nathan, DM; Siegel, AJ, 1977) |
| "Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) is a commonly used urinary tract analgesic." | 2.43 | Acute renal failure due to phenazopyridine (Pyridium) overdose: case report and review of the literature. ( Abitbol, C; Berho, ME; Chandar, J; Espinoza, V; Onder, AM; Zilleruelo, G, 2006) |
| "This case report reviews the treatment of methemoglobinemia with methylene blue, activated charcoal, and exchange transfusion." | 2.39 | Life-threatening Pyridium Plus intoxication: a case report. ( Dallessio, JJ; Truman, TL; Weibley, RE, 1994) |
| "Phenazopyridine is an azo dye, which exerts local anesthetic or analgesic action on urinary tract mucosa through an unknown mechanism." | 1.72 | Skin ulcers as a complication of short-term use of phenazopyridine in an old man: A case report. ( Elyasi, S; Tavanaee Sani, A; Zarei, B, 2022) |
| "Sulfhemoglobinemia is a rare dyshemoglobinemia that presents similarly to methemoglobinemia." | 1.62 | Case Report: Phenazopyridine-Induced Sulfhemoglobinemia in an 83-Year-Old Presenting with Dyspnea. ( Brown, W; Checinski, P; Morales, A; Walsh, R; Williams, SR, 2021) |
| "Phenazopyridine is a common, well-tolerated medication with minimal side effects." | 1.51 | Perioperative Hypoxia Secondary to Phenazopyridine-induced Methemoglobinemia in an Adolescent Patient Without Renal Insufficiency or Overdose: An Unusual Case. ( Kraft, KH; Shah, PK, 2019) |
| "Drug-induced methemoglobinemia is a well-described entity but has not been previously associated with elevated troponins in the absence of cardiac symptoms." | 1.40 | Troponin leak associated with drug-induced methemoglobinemia. ( Cannon, RD; Jacoby, JL; Wagner, M, 2014) |
| "Phenazopyridine was proposed to be the likely aetiology of the methaemoglobinaemia, which the patient was not aware of." | 1.38 | Acquired methaemoglobinaemia related to phenazopyridine ingestion. ( Sattovia, S; Shahani, L, 2012) |
| "This case report reviews the treatment of methemoglobinemia with methylene blue, activated charcoal, and exchange transfusion." | 1.29 | Life-threatening Pyridium Plus intoxication: a case report. ( Dallessio, JJ; Truman, TL; Weibley, RE, 1995) |
| "Phenazopyridine is a commonly used urinary tract analgesic." | 1.28 | Methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia after phenazopyridine hydrochloride (Pyridium) administration in end-stage renal disease. ( Campbell, HT; Fincher, ME, 1989) |
| "Methemoglobinemia was suspected in this patient because of her intense central cyanosis, chocolate-colored blood, and minimal dyspnea." | 1.26 | Methemoglobinemia from overdose of phenazopyridine hydrochloride. ( Colohan, DP; Ghurabi, WH; Green, ED; Zimmerman, RC, 1980) |
| " Such products should be avoided in cats unless a safe, effective dosage for phenazopyridine can be established." | 1.26 | Phenazopyridine toxicosis in the cat. ( Harvey, JW; Kornick, HP, 1976) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 22 (48.89) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 7 (15.56) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 3 (6.67) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 10 (22.22) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 3 (6.67) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Zarei, B | 1 |
| Tavanaee Sani, A | 1 |
| Elyasi, S | 1 |
| Sharma, V | 1 |
| Robertson, K | 1 |
| Domagalski, J | 1 |
| Morales, A | 1 |
| Walsh, R | 1 |
| Brown, W | 1 |
| Checinski, P | 1 |
| Williams, SR | 1 |
| Atreya, MR | 1 |
| Al Jaberi, N | 1 |
| Claes, DJ | 1 |
| Volovelsky, O | 1 |
| Agrawal, A | 1 |
| Davis, N | 1 |
| Hsieh, R | 1 |
| Stallard, S | 1 |
| Shah, PK | 1 |
| Kraft, KH | 1 |
| Shatila, W | 1 |
| Clark, A | 1 |
| Cannon, RD | 2 |
| Wagner, M | 2 |
| Jacoby, JL | 2 |
| Senthilkumaran, S | 1 |
| Jena, NN | 1 |
| Ananth, C | 1 |
| Thirumalaikolundusubramanian, P | 1 |
| Banimahd, F | 1 |
| Loo, T | 1 |
| Amin, M | 1 |
| Ahadiat, OR | 1 |
| Chakravarthy, B | 1 |
| Lotfipour, S | 1 |
| Singh, NK | 1 |
| Mirza, N | 1 |
| Yu, CH | 1 |
| Wang, CH | 1 |
| Chang, CC | 1 |
| Shahani, L | 1 |
| Sattovia, S | 1 |
| Gold, NA | 1 |
| Bithoney, WG | 1 |
| SAND, RE | 1 |
| EDELMANN, CM | 1 |
| GREENBERG, MS | 1 |
| WONG, H | 1 |
| WANDER, HJ | 1 |
| PASCOE, DJ | 1 |
| CRAWFORD, SE | 1 |
| MOON, AE | 1 |
| PANOS, TC | 1 |
| HOOKS, CA | 1 |
| Onder, AM | 1 |
| Espinoza, V | 1 |
| Berho, ME | 1 |
| Chandar, J | 1 |
| Zilleruelo, G | 1 |
| Abitbol, C | 1 |
| Rule, KA | 1 |
| Biggs, AW | 1 |
| Daly, JS | 1 |
| Hultquist, DE | 1 |
| Rucknagel, DL | 1 |
| Hess, W | 1 |
| Eberlein, HJ | 1 |
| Pöthe, H | 1 |
| Jeffery, WH | 1 |
| Zelicoff, AP | 1 |
| Hardy, WR | 1 |
| Zimmerman, RC | 2 |
| Green, ED | 2 |
| Ghurabi, WH | 2 |
| Colohan, DP | 2 |
| Truman, TL | 2 |
| Dallessio, JJ | 2 |
| Weibley, RE | 2 |
| Conroy, JM | 1 |
| Baker, JD | 1 |
| Martin, WJ | 1 |
| Bailey, MK | 1 |
| Dorman, BH | 1 |
| Christensen, CM | 1 |
| Farrar, HC | 1 |
| Kearns, GL | 1 |
| Rausch-Madison, S | 1 |
| Mohsenifar, Z | 1 |
| Landman, J | 1 |
| Kavaler, E | 1 |
| Waterhouse, RL | 1 |
| Nathan, DM | 1 |
| Siegel, AJ | 1 |
| Bunn, HF | 1 |
| Harvey, JW | 1 |
| Kornick, HP | 1 |
| Randazzo, GP | 1 |
| Ford, EA | 1 |
| Glauser, FL | 1 |
| Kornowski, R | 1 |
| Averbuch, M | 1 |
| Jaffe, A | 1 |
| Schwartz, D | 1 |
| Levo, Y | 1 |
| O'Grady, S | 1 |
| Fincher, ME | 1 |
| Campbell, HT | 1 |
| Terrell, JR | 1 |
| Spruill, WJ | 1 |
| Parish, RC | 1 |
| Jenkins, FH | 1 |
| Chakraborty, TK | 1 |
| Filshie, RJ | 1 |
| Lee, MR | 1 |
| Sharon, M | 1 |
| Puente, G | 1 |
| Cohen, LB | 1 |
| Gavish, D | 1 |
| Knobler, H | 1 |
| Gottehrer, N | 1 |
| Israeli, A | 1 |
| Kleinman, Y | 1 |
| O'Mahony, S | 1 |
| Finucane, P | 1 |
| Hinds, D | 1 |
| Fraser, DG | 1 |
| Cohen, BL | 1 |
| Bovasso, GJ | 1 |
4 reviews available for phenazopyridine and Methemoglobinemia
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Acute renal failure due to phenazopyridine (Pyridium) overdose: case report and review of the literature.
Topics: Acetylcysteine; Acute Kidney Injury; Adolescent; Carnitine; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infectio | 2006 |
Life-threatening Pyridium Plus intoxication: a case report.
Topics: Atropine; Barbiturates; Central Nervous System Diseases; Drug Combinations; Drug Overdose; Exchange | 1994 |
Protracted methemoglobinemia after phenazopyridine overdose in an infant.
Topics: Adolescent; Anesthetics, Local; Antidotes; Drug Overdose; Humans; Infant; Methemoglobin; Methemoglob | 1996 |
Phenazopyridine hydrochloride toxicity: a cause of drug-induced methemoglobinemia.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adolescent; Aged; Aminopyridines; Anemia, Hemolytic; Animals; Chemical and Drug | 1979 |
41 other studies available for phenazopyridine and Methemoglobinemia
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Skin ulcers as a complication of short-term use of phenazopyridine in an old man: A case report.
Topics: Anemia, Hemolytic; Anesthetics, Local; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azo Compounds; Humans; Losartan; Male; | 2022 |
A Case That Will Take Your Breath Away: Acquired Methemoglobinemia Related to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole and Phenazopyridine Ingestion for Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection.
Topics: Aged; Eating; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Phenazopyridine; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Dru | 2023 |
Case Report: Phenazopyridine-Induced Sulfhemoglobinemia in an 83-Year-Old Presenting with Dyspnea.
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Cyanosis; Dyspnea; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene Blue; Oximetry; P | 2021 |
Case 6: Skin Discoloration, Methemoglobinemia, and Acute Interstitial Nephritis in a 15-year-old Girl.
Topics: Acute Disease; Acute Kidney Injury; Adolescent; Analgesics; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Nephr | 2017 |
Methemoglobinaemia with chronic phenazopyridine ingestion.
Topics: Eating; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Methemoglobinemia; Middle Aged; Patient Education as Topic; Phenazo | 2019 |
Perioperative Hypoxia Secondary to Phenazopyridine-induced Methemoglobinemia in an Adolescent Patient Without Renal Insufficiency or Overdose: An Unusual Case.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Hypoxia; Male; Methemoglobinemia; Phenazopyridine; Postoperative Complications | 2019 |
Unexplained hypoxia in a woman presenting with acute on chronic abdominal pain.
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Cystitis, Interstitial; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Methemog | 2013 |
Troponin leak associated with drug-induced methemoglobinemia.
Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Cystitis, Interstitial; Female; Humans; Methemog | 2014 |
Troponin leak-Janus face of polypharmacy.
Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Cystitis, Interstitial; Female; Humans; Methemog | 2014 |
Author's response to troponin leak-Janus face of polypharmacy.
Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Cystitis, Interstitial; Female; Humans; Methemog | 2014 |
A Rare but Important Clinical Presentation of Induced Methemoglobinemia.
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ceftriaxone; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Huma | 2016 |
Elderly woman with orange urine and purple hands.
Topics: Aged; Color; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hand; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Me | 2008 |
Chocolate-colored blood with normal artery oxygen: methemoglobinemia related to phenazopyridine.
Topics: Aged; Blood; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene Blue; Oxygen; Oxygen In | 2011 |
Acquired methaemoglobinaemia related to phenazopyridine ingestion.
Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Female; Humans; Methemoglobin; Methemoglobinemia; Phenazopyridine; Renal I | 2012 |
Methemoglobinemia due to ingestion of at most three pills of pyridium in a 2-year-old: case report and review.
Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Phenazopyridine | 2003 |
Pyridium-induced methemoglobinemia. Report of a case.
Topics: Azo Compounds; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Phenazopyridine; Pyridines | 1961 |
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA AND HEINZ BODY HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA DUE TO PHENAZOPYRIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE.
Topics: Anemia, Hemolytic; Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital; Azo Compounds; Chromium Isotopes; Erythrocytes; Gl | 1964 |
PHENYLAZOPYRIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE POISONING. REPORT OF CASE AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE.
Topics: Azo Compounds; Humans; Infant; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene Blue; Phenazopyridine; Poisoning; Pyridi | 1965 |
Methemoglobinemia associated with pyridium administration; report of a case.
Topics: Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Phenazopyridine | 1951 |
Transient renal failure following phenazopyridine overdose.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adolescent; Aminopyridines; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Phenazopyridine | 1984 |
Phenazopyridine induced methaemoglobinaemia associated with decreased activity of erythrocyte cytochrome b5 reductase.
Topics: Adult; Aminopyridines; Cytochrome Reductases; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; NADH Dehydrogenase; | 1983 |
[Cyanosis as a result of drug-induced methemoglobinemia. A case report].
Topics: Adult; Aminopyridines; Anesthesia, General; Blood Gas Analysis; Cyanosis; Humans; Male; Methemoglobi | 1983 |
Acquired methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia after usual doses of phenazopyridine.
Topics: Aged; Aminopyridines; Anemia, Hemolytic; Female; Humans; Hydroxylamines; Methemoglobinemia; Methylen | 1982 |
Methemoglobinemia from overdose of phenazopyridine hydrochloride.
Topics: Adolescent; Aminopyridines; Female; Humans; Methemoglobin; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene Blue; Phenaz | 1980 |
Life-threatening Pyridium Plus intoxication: a case report.
Topics: Atropine; Barbiturates; Central Nervous System Diseases; Charcoal; Cholinergic Antagonists; Drug Com | 1995 |
Acquired methemoglobinemia from multiple oxidants.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Blood Gas Analysis; Bupivacaine; Cytochrome-B(5 | 1993 |
Methodologic problems encountered with cooximetry in methemoglobinemia.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Dapsone; Diagnostic Errors; Female; Humans; Male; Methemoglobin; Methemoglobinemia; Oxi | 1997 |
Acquired methemoglobinemia possibly related to phenazopyridine in a woman with normal renal function.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Phenazopyridine | 1997 |
Acute methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia with phenazopyridine: possible relation to acute renal failure.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adolescent; Anemia, Hemolytic; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Phenazopyridi | 1977 |
Phenazopyridine toxicosis in the cat.
Topics: Anemia, Hemolytic; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Female; Heinz Bodies; Hematocrit; Jaundice; Male; Me | 1976 |
Methemoglobinemia caused by acute overdosage of phenazopyridine.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Male; Methemoglobinemia; Phenazopyridine; Pyridines; Substance-Related Disorders | 1975 |
[Sedural toxicity].
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Anemia, Hemolytic; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Phenazopyridine | 1991 |
What's wrong with this patient?
Topics: Aged; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Nursing Assessment; Phenazopyridine; Sul | 1989 |
Methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia after phenazopyridine hydrochloride (Pyridium) administration in end-stage renal disease.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aminopyridines; Anemia, Hemolytic; Hemolysis; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; | 1989 |
Phenazopyridine-induced methemoglobinemia.
Topics: Aged; Aminopyridines; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Phenazopyridine | 1988 |
Methaemoglobinaemia produced by phenazopyridine (Pyridium) in a man with chronic obstructive airways disease.
Topics: Aged; Aminopyridines; Carcinoma in Situ; Humans; Lung Diseases, Obstructive; Male; Methemoglobinemia | 1987 |
Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) poisoning: possible toxicity of methylene blue administration in renal failure.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Aminopyridines; Hemolysis; Humans; Male; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene Blue; Mid | 1986 |
Methemoglobinemia, muscle damage and renal failure complicating phenazopyridine overdose.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aminopyridines; Creatinine; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Muscles; | 1986 |
Phenazopyridine-induced methaemoglobinaemia.
Topics: Adult; Aminopyridines; Female; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Oxygen; Phenazopyridine | 1985 |
Suicide attempt with Azo Gantanol resulting in methemoglobinemia.
Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Azo Compounds; Humans; Male; Methemoglobinemia; Phenazopyridine; Pyridine | 1969 |
Acquired methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia following excessive pyridium (phenazopyridine hydrochloride) ingestion.
Topics: Analgesics; Anemia, Hemolytic; Anesthetics, Local; Azo Compounds; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant; M | 1971 |