peroxynitric acid has been researched along with Innate Inflammatory Response in 44 studies
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 31 (70.45) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 13 (29.55) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 0 (0.00) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
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Alvarez, S; Boveris, A; Navarro, A | 1 |
Beckman, JS; Kelly, DR; Kooy, NW; Royall, JA; Ye, YZ | 1 |
Hotchkiss, JH; Liu, RH | 1 |
Antonini, JM; Reasor, MJ; Van Dyke, K; Wu, L; Ye, Z | 1 |
Ghio, AJ; Oury, TD; Piantadosi, CA; Tatro, L | 1 |
Szabó, C | 2 |
Ames, BN; Blount, BC; Christen, S; Lee, HH; Shigenaga, MK; Shigeno, ET; Yip, H | 1 |
Hock, CE; Liu, P; Nagele, R; Wong, PY | 1 |
Van Dyke, K | 1 |
Lin, KT; Wong, PY; Xue, JY | 1 |
Cuzzocrea, S; Gilad, E; Hake, P; Salzman, AL; Szabó, C; Zingarelli, B | 1 |
Cuzzocrea, S; Hake, P; Salzman, AL; Szabó, C; Zingarelli, B | 1 |
Ohshima, H; Szabó, C | 1 |
Clark, DA; Miller, MJ; Muanza, DN; Ronzio, RA; Sandoval, M | 1 |
Arai, Y; Cheng, X; Egashira, K; Fukuyama, N; Momii, H; Nakazawa, H; Oyama, Ji; Shimokawa, H; Takeshita, A | 1 |
Currie, MG; Highkin, MK; Manning, PT; Misko, TP; Salvemini, D; Stern, MK; Veenhuizen, AW | 1 |
Cross, AH; Keeling, RM; Manning, PT; Misko, TP; Schmidt, RE | 1 |
Dawson, VL; Szabó, C | 1 |
Akaike, T; Maeda, H | 1 |
Weinberg, JB | 1 |
Rubbo, H | 1 |
Johnson, D; Mayers, I | 1 |
Charbonnet, RM; Clark, DA; Liu, X; Mannick, EE; Miller, MJ; Sadowska-Krowicka, H; Sandoval-Chacón, M; Thompson, JH; Zhang, XJ | 1 |
Jutila, KL; Nelson, LK; Quinn, MT; Rohn, TT; Sipes, KM; Swain, SD | 1 |
Felts, PA; Kapoor, R; Smith, KJ | 1 |
Miller, MJ; Sandoval, M | 1 |
Calingasan, NY; Gibson, GE; Kristal, BS; Lindsay, JG; Park, LC; Sheu, KF; Zhang, H | 1 |
Darley-Usmar, VM; Freeman, BA; Jo, H; McAndrew, J; Patel, RP; Sellak, H; White, CR | 1 |
Caputi, AP; Costantino, G; Cuzzocrea, S; Zingarelli, B | 1 |
Kastenbauer, S; Koedel, U; Pfister, HW | 1 |
Guérin, M; Salman-Tabcheh, S; Torreilles, F; Torreilles, J | 1 |
Kitzmiller, JA; Salzman, AL; Southan, GJ; Szabó, C; Wilmott, RW | 1 |
Hake, P; Salzman, AL; Scott, GS; Szabo, C; Zingarelli, B | 1 |
Carbonell, T; Mitjavila, MT; Ródenas, J | 1 |
Frangos, JA; Suzuki, R | 1 |
Du, L; Hong, JS; Liu, B | 1 |
Ambrus, I; Danial, H; Ferdinandy, P; Rothery, RA; Schulz, R | 1 |
Fukuyama, N; Hayashi, Y; Matsuda, H; Nakazawa, H; Nishimura, M; Sawa, Y; Tojo, SJ | 1 |
Lee, C; Liu, X; Miura, K; Zweier, JL | 1 |
Center, DM; Cruikshank, WW; Farber, HW; Fenton, MJ; Klings, ES; Strohmeier, GR; Walsh, JH | 1 |
Kolb-Bachofen, V; Kröncke, KD; Suschek, CV | 1 |
Kelpke, S; Reiff, DA; Rue, L; Thompson, JA | 1 |
Olsson, LE; Weiss, RM; Wheeler, MA; Yoon, JH | 1 |
14 review(s) available for peroxynitric acid and Innate Inflammatory Response
Article | Year |
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The role of mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase in inflammation and septic shock.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Mitochondria; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Reactive Oxygen Species; Shock, Septic | 2002 |
Potential genotoxicity of chronically elevated nitric oxide: a review.
Topics: Animals; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Deamination; DNA Adducts; DNA Damage; Humans; Hydroxyl Radical; Infections; Inflammation; Neoplasms; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitroso Compounds; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Oxygen; Rats | 1995 |
The pathophysiological role of peroxynitrite in shock, inflammation, and ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Hydroxyl Radical; Inflammation; Ischemia; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; Reperfusion Injury; Shock; Superoxides | 1996 |
Role of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase activation in the suppression of cellular energetics in response to nitric oxide and peroxynitrite.
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus; DNA Damage; Energy Metabolism; Enzyme Activation; Humans; Hydroxyl Radical; Inflammation; Mitochondria; Models, Biological; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Oxidants; Oxygen Consumption; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; Reperfusion Injury; Shock | 1997 |
DNA damage induced by peroxynitrite: subsequent biological effects.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; DNA; DNA Damage; Guanine; Humans; Inflammation; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Oxidants; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; Superoxides | 1997 |
Role of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase in inflammation and ischaemia-reperfusion.
Topics: Animals; Cell Death; DNA Damage; Enzyme Inhibitors; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Humans; Inflammation; Nitrates; Oxidants; Oxidative Stress; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; Reperfusion Injury | 1998 |
Nitric oxide and oxygen radicals in infection, inflammation, and cancer.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Free Radicals; Humans; Infections; Inflammation; Mice; Neoplasms; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Reactive Oxygen Species; Superoxides; Virus Diseases | 1998 |
Nitric oxide as an inflammatory mediator in autoimmune MRL-lpr/lpr mice.
Topics: Animals; Arthritis; Autoimmune Diseases; Autoimmunity; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Mice; Mice, Inbred MRL lpr; Mice, Knockout; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Phagocytes; Rats | 1998 |
The nonspecific inflammatory response to injury.
Topics: Cell Adhesion Molecules; Cytokines; Endothelium, Vascular; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Neutrophil Activation; Neutrophils; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Oxidants; Reactive Oxygen Species; Superoxides; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Up-Regulation | 1998 |
Demyelination: the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Demyelinating Diseases; Humans; Inflammation; Lipid Peroxidation; Nervous System; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Oxidants; Oxidative Stress; Reactive Oxygen Species | 1999 |
Nitric Oxide. III. A molecular prelude to intestinal inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Biomarkers; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Models, Biological; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Nitrogen Oxides; Pregnancy | 1999 |
Biological aspects of reactive nitrogen species.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Inflammation; Lipoproteins; Membranes; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Donors; Nitrogen; Oxidation-Reduction; Signal Transduction; Tyrosine; Vasodilation | 1999 |
Neurodegenerative disorders: the role of peroxynitrite.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Central Nervous System; Humans; Inflammation; Motor Neuron Disease; Multiple Sclerosis; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neurons; Nitrates; Oxidants; Parkinson Disease | 1999 |
Implications of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and enzyme activity.
Topics: Apoptosis; Humans; Inflammation; Models, Biological; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Signal Transduction; Transcription, Genetic | 2000 |
30 other study(ies) available for peroxynitric acid and Innate Inflammatory Response
Article | Year |
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Evidence for in vivo peroxynitrite production in human acute lung injury.
Topics: Cadaver; Child; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Inflammation; Lung; Lung Diseases; Nitrates | 1995 |
The inhibition of silica-induced lung inflammation by dexamethasone as measured by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid parameters and peroxynitrite-dependent chemiluminescence.
Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Arginine; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Dexamethasone; Disease Models, Animal; Inflammation; Luminescent Measurements; Lung; Lung Diseases; Male; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitrates; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Silicon Dioxide; Superoxide Dismutase | 1994 |
Nitration of tyrosine by hydrogen peroxide and nitrite.
Topics: Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydroxylation; Inflammation; Iron; Nitrates; Oxidative Stress; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid; Sodium Nitrite; Tyrosine | 1995 |
Inflammation and NO(X)-induced nitration: assay for 3-nitrotyrosine by HPLC with electrochemical detection.
Topics: Animals; Blood Proteins; Cell Line; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Electrochemistry; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Inflammation; Macrophage Activation; Male; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Tyrosine; Zymosan | 1997 |
Formation of nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.
Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Creatine Kinase; Inflammation; Lung; Male; Myocardial Ischemia; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury; Myocardium; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Peroxidase; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superoxides | 1997 |
The possible role of peroxynitrite in Alzheimer's disease: a simple hypothesis that could be tested more thoroughly.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Humans; Inflammation; Microglia; Models, Biological; NF-kappa B; Nitrates; Protein Denaturation | 1997 |
Peroxynitrite. An apoptotic agent in HL-60 cells.
Topics: Apoptosis; Cell Division; DNA Fragmentation; Glutathione; HL-60 Cells; Humans; Inflammation; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitroso Compounds; S-Nitrosoglutathione; Superoxides | 1997 |
Protective effect of melatonin in carrageenan-induced models of local inflammation: relationship to its inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production and its peroxynitrite scavenging activity.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Carrageenan; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Edema; Free Radical Scavengers; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Inflammation; Male; Melatonin; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Peroxidase; Pleurisy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tyrosine | 1997 |
Antiinflammatory effects of mercaptoethylguanidine, a combined inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and peroxynitrite scavenger, in carrageenan-induced models of inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Carrageenan; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Enzyme Inhibitors; Free Radical Scavengers; Guanidines; Inflammation; Lung; Male; Neutrophils; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Nitrites; Oxidants; Pleurisy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley | 1998 |
Peroxynitrite-induced apoptosis in epithelial (T84) and macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell lines: effect of legume-derived polyphenols (phytolens).
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Bepridil; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Division; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Colonic Neoplasms; DNA Fragmentation; Fabaceae; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Inflammation; Macrophages; Nitrates; Phenols; Picrates; Plants, Medicinal; Polymers; Polyphenols; Rats; Superoxides | 1997 |
Role of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in the cytokine-induced sustained myocardial dysfunction in dogs in vivo.
Topics: Animals; Creatine Kinase; Cytokines; Dexamethasone; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Guanidines; Heart; Hemodynamics; Histocytochemistry; Inflammation; Interleukin-1; Isoenzymes; Leukocyte Count; Microspheres; Myocardium; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Peroxidase; Tyrosine; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left | 1998 |
Characterization of the cytoprotective action of peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts.
Topics: Animals; Catalysis; Cell Death; Ferric Compounds; Humans; Inflammation; Metalloporphyrins; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Porphyrins; Rats; Tumor Cells, Cultured | 1998 |
Peroxynitrite formation within the central nervous system in active multiple sclerosis.
Topics: Central Nervous System; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Inflammation; Multiple Sclerosis; Nervous System Diseases; Nitrates; Nitrites; Recurrence; Tyrosine | 1998 |
Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in lipid peroxidation.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Humans; Inflammation; Lipid Peroxidation; Lipid Peroxides; Lipoproteins, LDL; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Oxidants; Reactive Oxygen Species | 1998 |
Antiinflammatory actions of cat's claw: the role of NF-kappaB.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Apoptosis; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Electrophoresis; Enzyme Activation; Gene Expression Regulation; HT29 Cells; Humans; Indomethacin; Inflammation; Male; Metallothionein; NF-kappa B; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Oxidative Stress; Peroxidase; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; RNA, Messenger | 1998 |
Priming of human neutrophils by peroxynitrite: potential role in enhancement of the local inflammatory response.
Topics: Antioxidants; Blood Proteins; Calcium; Cells, Cultured; Humans; Inflammation; N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; Neutrophils; Nitrates; Oxidants; Pyrimidines; Pyrrolidines; Stimulation, Chemical; Superoxides; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; Tyrosine | 1999 |
Metabolic impairment induces oxidative stress, compromises inflammatory responses, and inactivates a key mitochondrial enzyme in microglia.
Topics: Animals; Azides; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Enzyme Activation; Glutamate Dehydrogenase; Inflammation; Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex; Lipopolysaccharides; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microglia; Mitochondria; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Oxidative Stress; Oxidoreductases; Oxygen Consumption; Reactive Oxygen Species; Tyrosine | 1999 |
Protective effects of poly (ADP-ribose) synthase inhibitors in zymosan-activated plasma induced paw edema.
Topics: Animals; Benzamides; Complement Activation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Edema; Enzyme Inhibitors; Free Radicals; Immunohistochemistry; Inflammation; Male; Niacinamide; Nitrates; Peroxidase; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tyrosine; Zymosan | 1999 |
Role of peroxynitrite as a mediator of pathophysiological alterations in experimental pneumococcal meningitis.
Topics: Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Free Radical Scavengers; Inflammation; Intracranial Pressure; Leukocytes; Male; Meningitis, Pneumococcal; Nitrates; Oxidants; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Subarachnoid Space; Tyrosine; Uric Acid | 1999 |
Mercaptoethylguanidine inhibits the inflammatory response in a murine model of chronic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Biomarkers; Body Weight; Cytokines; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Guanidines; Inflammation; Intubation, Intratracheal; Mice; Neutrophil Infiltration; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Oxidants; Peroxidase; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Pseudomonas Infections; Time Factors | 2000 |
Effects of nicaraven on nitric oxide-related pathways and in shock and inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Arthritis, Experimental; Carrageenan; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Edema; Enzyme Activation; Free Radical Scavengers; Inflammation; Interferon-gamma; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophage Activation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred DBA; Niacinamide; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Oxidation-Reduction; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reperfusion Injury; Shock, Hemorrhagic; Shock, Septic; Splanchnic Circulation | 2000 |
Different roles for nitrogen monoxide and peroxynitrite in lipid peroxidation induced by activated neutrophils.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Carrageenan; Deferoxamine; Exudates and Transudates; Granuloma; Inflammation; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Malondialdehyde; Neutrophils; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Ornithine; Oxidants; Pentetic Acid; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superoxide Dismutase; Superoxides | 2000 |
Inhibition of inflammatory species by titanium surfaces.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Implants, Experimental; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Nitrates; Reactive Oxygen Species; Surface Properties; Titanium | 2000 |
Naloxone protects rat dopaminergic neurons against inflammatory damage through inhibition of microglia activation and superoxide generation.
Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Dopamine; Immunohistochemistry; Inflammation; Interleukin-1; Lipopolysaccharides; Mesencephalon; Microglia; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Naloxone; Narcotic Antagonists; Neurons; Nitrates; Nitrites; Oxidants; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Stereoisomerism; Substantia Nigra; Superoxides; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase | 2000 |
Peroxynitrite is a major contributor to cytokine-induced myocardial contractile failure.
Topics: 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt; Animals; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Free Radical Scavengers; Heart; Heart Failure; Inflammation; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-1; Male; Muscle Proteins; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardium; NADPH Oxidases; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Nitroarginine; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Perfusion; Porphyrins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superoxides; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Xanthine Oxidase | 2000 |
P-selectin participates in cardiopulmonary bypass-induced inflammatory response in association with nitric oxide and peroxynitrite production.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Male; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitrites; P-Selectin; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tyrosine | 2000 |
Biphasic regulation of leukocyte superoxide generation by nitric oxide and peroxynitrite.
Topics: Blotting, Western; DNA-Binding Proteins; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Enzyme Activation; Enzyme Inhibitors; Ferric Compounds; Flavonoids; Humans; Inflammation; Metalloporphyrins; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; NADPH Oxidases; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neutrophils; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Oxygen; Phosphorylation; Receptors, Steroid; Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; Spin Trapping; Superoxides; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; Time Factors | 2000 |
Lipopolysaccharide binding protein potentiates airway reactivity in a murine model of allergic asthma.
Topics: Acute-Phase Proteins; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Aerosols; Allergens; Animals; Asthma; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Carrier Proteins; Disease Models, Animal; Immunoglobulin E; Immunoglobulin G; Inflammation; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Lipopolysaccharides; Lung; Membrane Glycoproteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Knockout; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Ovalbumin | 2001 |
Acidic fibroblast growth factor attenuates the cytotoxic effects of peroxynitrite in primary human osteoblast precursors.
Topics: Apoptosis; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Cells, Cultured; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Fibroblast Growth Factor 1; Fracture Healing; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Inflammation; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Nitrates; Osteocalcin; Osteogenesis; Osteopontin; Oxidants; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sialoglycoproteins; Stem Cells; Stromal Cells | 2001 |
Cyclooxygenase-2 protein and prostaglandin E(2) production are up-regulated in a rat bladder inflammation model.
Topics: Administration, Intravesical; Animals; Blotting, Western; Cyclooxygenase 1; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Dinoprostone; Female; Inflammation; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Isoenzymes; Lipopolysaccharides; Membrane Proteins; Niflumic Acid; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Donors; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Oxidants; Penicillamine; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Protamines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Up-Regulation; Urinary Bladder | 2001 |