perlite and Tooth-Discoloration

There has been an increase in the demand from consumers and patients for products that whiten teeth. To meet this demand, a whitening toothpaste containing calcium carbonate and perlite as the abrasive system and an efficacious fluoride source has recently been launched. The aim of the current paper is to review the toothpaste's stain removal efficacy and its effects on enamel and dentine wear. It has been shown to be effective at removing model extrinsic stain in vitro. Further, it has been shown to be more effective in removing naturally occurring extrinsic tooth stain than a silica non-whitening control toothpaste after two weeks of twice daily brushing in a parallel group, double-blind clinical study using 152 adult volunteers. In addition, the enhanced whitening effect did not give a clinically relevant level of wear to enamel or a significant increase in dentine wear compared to marketed non-whitening toothpaste formulations, as shown by using an in situ type model with ex vivo brushing.

Topics: Adult; Aluminum Oxide; Animals; Calcium Carbonate; Cattle; Dental Enamel; Dentin; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Silicon Dioxide; Tooth Abrasion; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Toothpastes

To compare the effectiveness of abrasive component (perlite/calcium carbonate) and enzymatic component (papain and bromelain) of whitening toothpaste in removal of extrinsic stains.. This study is a randomized, triple blind and parallel group study in which 90 subjects aged 18-40 years were included. At baseline, stains scores were assessed by Macpherson's modification of Lobene Stain Index and subjects were randomly assigned to two groups with 45 subjects in each. Group 1 used whitening toothpaste with enzymatic action and group 2 with abrasive action. After 1 month, stain scores were assessed for the effectiveness of the two toothpastes and 2 months later to check the stain prevention efficacy. Wilcoxson's test was used to compare between baseline 1 and 2 months stain scores, and Mann-Witney U-test was applied for intragroup comparison.. The mean baseline total stain score for the subjects allocated to the enzymatic toothpaste was 37.24 ± 2.11 which reduced to 30.77 ± 2.48 in 1 month, and for the abrasive paste, total stain reduced from 35.08 ± 2.96 to 32.89 ± 1.95. The reductions in total stain scores with both the pastes were significant compared with baseline stain scores (at 1 month Group 1, P = 0.0233 and Group 2, P = 0.0324; at 2 months, Group 1 P = 0.0356). Both the toothpastes proved to be equally good in removal of extrinsic stains; however, the enzymatic paste showed better results as compared to abrasive toothpaste.. Whitening toothpaste with abrasive action and enzymatic action are equally effective in removal of extrinsic stains; however, whitening toothpaste with abrasive action needs to be used with caution.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aluminum Oxide; Bromelains; Calcium Carbonate; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Papain; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Tooth Discoloration; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult

To determine whether natural smoking stain could be removed/inhibited effectively by a toothpaste containing 5% d-limonene. For comparison and contrast, the effects of d-limonene on tea stain were also assessed.. The design was a randomized controlled double-blind trial with parallel groups. Toothpastes were: A: positive control with perlite whitening formulation; B: A+5% d-limonene; C: D + 5% d-limonene; D: negative control. The extrinsic stains were measured using Lobene Stain Index. Following baseline examination, all subjects were randomly assigned to one of the four toothpaste groups and instructed to brush with the assigned products twice daily. Subjects returned to the clinic after 4-week brushing for stain removal assessment, then all extrinsic stains, plaque and supragingival calculus were removed and use of assigned products was continued for another 4 weeks, and the stain scores were repeated for inhibition assessment.. A total of 408 subjects, 201 with smoking stains and 207 with tea stains, participated in the trial. 5% d-limonene combined with Perlite whitening formulation significantly reduced stain scores both for smoking stain removal and inhibition (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 5% d-limonene alone (in negative formulation) exhibited an additional advantage for smoking stain inhibition (P < 0.05), but the advantage was not found for long-standing smoking stain removal (P > 0.05). The additional advantage of 5% d-limonene was shown neither for removal nor for inhibition in the tea stain study (P > 0.05). All test products were well tolerated over the study period.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aluminum Oxide; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Cyclohexenes; Dental Prophylaxis; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Limonene; Male; Middle Aged; Silicon Dioxide; Smoking; Tea; Terpenes; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Tooth Discoloration; Toothpastes

To assess the effect of a calcium carbonate/perlite toothpaste on the levels of extrinsic stain removed at two weeks compared to a silica control toothpaste.. In this parallel group, double-blind study, subjects were stratified by natural baseline stain and tobacco use and allocated at random to one of the two study toothpastes. Subjects brushed with their allocated toothpaste twice daily for two weeks before extrinsic tooth stain was again assessed.. The study was performed at 4-Front Research UK Limited, Maldon, UK.. 152 adult subjects with at least eight assessable incisors/ canines with natural extrinsic tooth stain completed the study.. The extrinsic tooth stain on the facial surfaces of incisors and canines was measured using the Macpherson modification of the Lobene Stain Index.. Both of the toothpaste groups had significantly less stain after two weeks of use compared to the baseline value (p<0.001). Analysis of covariance on the sum of the whole mouth stain scores showed that the calcium carbonate/perlite toothpaste removed significantly more stain over the two week study than the silica control toothpaste (p<0.05).. Twice daily brushing for two weeks with a calcium carbonate/perlite toothpaste removes more extrinsic stain than a silica control toothpaste.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aluminum Oxide; Calcium Carbonate; Cuspid; Double-Blind Method; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incisor; Male; Middle Aged; Silicon Dioxide; Smoking; Tooth Discoloration; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes; Treatment Outcome

To determine the enamel and dentine wear of two whitening toothpastes using an in situ model with ex vivo brushing.. Human enamel/dentine (approximately 50:50) blocks (approximately 4 x 4mm) were placed in the upper buccal aspects of full or partial dentures of a group of 25 subjects. Subjects brushed the specimens ex vivo with either a calcium carbonate/perlite or silica containing whitening toothpaste under exaggerated conditions as compared to normal for 30 s, twice per day. Specimens were removed after 4, 8 and 12 weeks and the wear to the enamel and dentine was determined. Enamel wear was determined by change in Knoop indent length and dentine wear was determined from the enamel-dentine step height, measured using optical profilometry.. The mean wear after 12 weeks was for enamel 0.27 and 0.19 microns, and for dentine 34.3 and 61.1 microns, for the calcium carbonate/perlite and silica toothpastes respectively. There were no significant differences between products after 12 weeks. The rate of wear was found to decrease throughout the duration of the study.. There were no significant differences between the two whitening toothpastes in terms of enamel and dentine wear after 12 weeks brushing.

Topics: Adult; Aluminum Oxide; Calcium Carbonate; Dental Enamel; Dentin; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Silicon Dioxide; Time Factors; Tooth Abrasion; Tooth Discoloration; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes

The current study was designed to determine the effect of natural calcium carbonate toothpaste containing Perlite and microgranules (Whitening toothpaste) on extrinsic tooth stain compared to a standard commercial toothpaste formulation with precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) as abrasive and a commercial toothpaste with dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) as abrasive.. The toothpastes were evaluated in a double blind, three-cell, stratified (tobacco use; baseline tooth stain level), parallel group design study involving 600 subjects with extrinsic tooth stain. Subjects brushed twice daily with their allocated toothpaste for four weeks. Extrinsic tooth stain was measured using the Macpherson modification of the Lobene stain index.. ANCOVA showed significant differences between toothpastes (p=0.037). Subsequent multiple comparisons using pairwise t-tests, showed the Whitening toothpaste to be superior to the DCPD toothpaste (p=0.014) and the PCC toothpaste (p=0.067). When a Box-Cox transformation was made to the data (y0.6) to improve normality, these two differences were more accurately estimated at p=0.004 and p=0.03 respectively.. The Whitening toothpaste has been shown to be significantly more effective in tooth stain removal than the two standard commercial toothpaste formulations.

Topics: Adult; Aluminum Oxide; Analysis of Variance; Calcium Carbonate; Calcium Phosphates; Cuspid; Double-Blind Method; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incisor; Male; Matched-Pair Analysis; Silicon Dioxide; Smoking; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Toothpastes; Treatment Outcome

The studies described in this paper aimed to assess the stain removal efficacy, fluoride efficacy and abrasivity to enamel and dentine of a new whitening toothpaste containing calcium carbonate and perlite, using appropriate in vitro models.. Stain removal efficacy was assessed using the pellicle cleaning ratio (PCR) method. Fluoride efficacy was assessed using remineralisation, demineralisation and fluoride-uptake methods. Abrasivity was assessed using an enamel and dentine wear method.. The results showed that the new whitening toothpaste was able to remove extrinsic tooth stain more effectively than three commercially available toothpaste formulations. The fluoride efficacy was superior to a non-fluoridated control and was not significantly different to a clinically tested fluoride-containing toothpaste. The abrasivity data showed that the calcium carbonate/perlite toothpaste is no more abrasive to enamel or dentine than two other commercially available whitening toothpastes.. The studies show that the new whitening toothpaste is effective in extrinsic stain removal, has an efficacious fluoride source and does not have an undue degree of abrasivity to enamel or dentine compared to other relevant commercially available products.

Topics: Aluminum Oxide; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Calcium Carbonate; Cariostatic Agents; Cattle; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Dental Enamel; Dental Pellicle; Dentin; Fluorides; Silicon Dioxide; Tooth Abrasion; Tooth Demineralization; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Remineralization; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes; Treatment Outcome; Triclosan