peptones and Hypersensitivity

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antigens, Bacterial; Antigens, Viral; Culture Media; Culture Techniques; Diphtheria Toxoid; Formaldehyde; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunization; Peptones; Tetanus Toxoid

In the inter-war period physicians elaborated numerous 'biotherapies' grounded in the complex interactions between physiology, bacteriology and immunology. The elaboration of these non-specific biological treatments was stimulated by the theory of generalized anaphylaxis that linked the violent reaction to a foreign protein to a broad array of chronic diseases, from asthma and urticaria to rheumatism or chronic colitis. Such diseases were perceived as the result of an 'abnormal reactivity' to a sensitisation of tissues and organs by bacteria and by foreign proteins, a view that provided an effective bridge between new concepts derived from bacteriology and immunology and the long-standing pathological tradition. Accordingly, physicians attempted to treat these conditions through specific desensitisation and non-specific biological therapies: peptone treatment, protein therapy, haemotherapy, 'antivirus' or 'opotherapy'. Therapies that attempted to neutralise the harmful effects of chronic infections through 'desensitisation' were not seen as marginal medical practices, but were promoted by leading advocates of the 'Pasteurian sciences', such as Richet, Widal, Vallery-Radot, Wright and Fleming. They also led to development of new products by the pharmaceutical industry.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Biological Therapy; Chronic Disease; Desensitization, Immunologic; France; History, 20th Century; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Penicillins; Penicillium; Peptones; Vaccines

Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Altitude; Belgium; Calcium; Child; Environment; Environmental Exposure; Fatigue; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Humidity; Hypersensitivity; Nasal Mucosa; Peptones; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Soil; Tranquilizing Agents; Weather

Topics: Animals; Chromatography, Gel; Culture Media; Exudates and Transudates; Guinea Pigs; Hypersensitivity; Peptones; Tetanus Toxoid

Topics: Amino Acids; Hepatitis; Hepatitis B virus; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Injections, Intravenous; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Diseases; Liver Function Tests; Peptones; Toxicology

Topics: Animals; Dogs; Histamine; Hypersensitivity; Immune System Diseases; Liver; Peptones; Shock

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Capillary Permeability; Fibrin; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Peptones; Serum; Shock

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Blood; Heparin; Hyperlipidemias; Hypersensitivity; Immune System Diseases; Lipids; Peptones

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Dogs; Hypersensitivity; Liver; Peptones

Topics: Animals; Blood Coagulation; Guinea Pigs; Hypersensitivity; Peptones; Rabbits; Shock

Topics: Bradykinin; Globulins; Hypersensitivity; Peptones; Shock

Topics: Hypersensitivity; Immune System Diseases; Leukocytes; Peptones; Shock

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Blood; Blood Platelets; Histamine; Hypersensitivity; Immune System Diseases; Leukocytes; Peptones

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Atropine; Dogs; Histamine; Histamine Antagonists; Hypersensitivity; Peptones; Shock

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Atropine; Dogs; Hypersensitivity; Immune System Diseases; Peptones; Shock; Tripelennamine

FORMATION OF FIBRINOLYSIN FROM ITS INACTIVE PRECURSOR IN SERUM WAS OBSERVED UNDER THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS: (a) by adding the specific antigen to serum from sensitized guinea pigs; (b) by mixing normal guinea pig serum with peptone, agar, hyaluronic acid, chondroitinsulfuric acid, glycogen, pneumococcal polysaccharides, and heparin. Activation of profibrinolysin by these agents differs from chloroform or streptokinase activation in that it requires the presence of some serum constituent non-precipitable with the euglobulin fraction and destroyed by heating at 56 degrees C. The bearing of these observations on the mechanism of anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions is discussed. The findings reported support the concept that proteolysis is part of the process determining the release of histamine and other toxic products. It is suggested that the presence of fibrinokinase may be responsible for the toxicity of serum induced in vitro by a number of agents.

Topics: Animals; Antigens; Blood; Fibrin; Fibrinolysin; Guinea Pigs; Hypersensitivity; Peptones; Polysaccharides

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Blood Platelets; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immune System Diseases; Peptones; Shock; Thrombocytopenia

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Blood Platelets; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immune System Diseases; Peptones; Shock

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Blood; Dogs; Fibrin; Fibrinolysis; Hypersensitivity; Immune System Diseases; Peptones; Shock