peptide-yy and Prediabetic-State

The main aim of the present study is to study the effect of acute ketosis on parameters of appetite regulation in prediabetes.. This is a randomized controlled trial registered under ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03889210. After an overnight fast, 18 adults with prediabetes are assigned to consume a ketone monoester (d-β-hydroxybutyrate-(R)-1,3 butanediol) drink and a placebo drink in cross-over fashion. Blood samples are collected every 30 min, from baseline to 150 min. Paired t test is used to compare the total area under the curve (AUC) for the changes in parameters of appetite regulation (acylated ghrelin, peptide YY [PYY], and hunger) following both drinks. Significant elevation in blood β-hydroxybutyrate from 0.2 to 3.5 mmol L. Acute ketosis consistently does not affect both objective and subjective parameters of appetite regulation in prediabetes.

Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Ghrelin; Humans; Ketosis; Peptide YY; Prediabetic State

To investigate whether the elevation in postprandial concentrations of the gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin (OXM) and peptide YY (PYY) accounts for the beneficial changes in food preferences, sweet taste function and eating behaviour after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB).. This was a secondary analysis of a randomized single-blind study in which we infused GLP-1, OXM, PYY (GOP) or 0.9% saline subcutaneously for 4 weeks in 24 subjects with obesity and prediabetes/diabetes, to replicate their peak postprandial concentrations, as measured at 1 month in a matched RYGB cohort (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01945840). A 4-day food diary and validated eating behaviour questionnaires were completed. Sweet taste detection was measured using the method of constant stimuli. Correct sucrose identification (corrected hit rates) was recorded, and sweet taste detection thresholds (EC50s: half maximum effective concencration values) were derived from concentration curves. The intensity and consummatory reward value of sweet taste were assessed using the generalized Labelled Magnitude Scale.. Mean daily energy intake was reduced by 27% with GOP but no significant changes in food preferences were observed, whereas a reduction in fat and increase in protein intake were seen post-RYGB. There was no change in corrected hit rates or detection thresholds for sucrose detection following GOP infusion. Additionally, GOP did not alter the intensity or consummatory reward value of sweet taste. A significant reduction in restraint eating, comparable to the RYGB group was observed with GOP.. The elevation in plasma GOP concentrations after RYGB is unlikely to mediate changes in food preferences and sweet taste function after surgery but may promote restraint eating.

Topics: Food Preferences; Gastric Bypass; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Humans; Obesity; Peptide YY; Prediabetic State; Single-Blind Method; Sucrose; Taste; Volunteers

Type 2 resistant starch (RS2) has been shown to improve metabolic health outcomes and may increase satiety and suppress appetite and food intake in humans.. This study assessed whether 12 weeks of daily RS2 supplementation could influence appetite perception, food intake, and appetite-related gut hormones in adults with prediabetes, relative to the control (CTL) group.. The study was a randomized controlled trial and analysis of secondary study end points.. Sixty-eight adults (body mass index ≥27) aged 35 to 75 years with prediabetes were enrolled in the study at Pennington Biomedical Research Center (2012 to 2016). Fifty-nine subjects were included in the analysis.. Participants were randomized to consume 45 g/day of high-amylose maize (RS2) or an isocaloric amount of the rapidly digestible starch amylopectin (CTL) for 12 weeks.. Subjective appetite measures were assessed via visual analogue scale and the Eating Inventory; appetite-related gut hormones (glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide YY, and ghrelin) were measured during a standard mixed-meal test; and energy and macronutrient intake were assessed by a laboratory food intake (buffet) test, the Remote Food Photography Method, and SmartIntake app.. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models, adjusting for treatment group and time as fixed effects, with a significance level of α=.05.. RS2 had no effect on subjective measures of appetite, as assessed by visual analogue scale (P>0.05) and the Eating Inventory (P≥0.24), relative to the CTL group. There were no effects of RS2 supplementation on appetite-related gut hormones, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (P=0.61), peptide YY (P=0.34), and both total (P=0.26) and active (P=0.47) ghrelin compared with the CTL. RS2 had no effect on total energy (P=0.30), carbohydrate (P=0.11), protein (P=0.64), or fat (P=0.37) consumption in response to a buffet meal test, relative to the CTL. In addition, total energy (P=0.40), carbohydrate (P=0.15), protein (P=0.46), and fat (P=0.53) intake, as quantified by the Remote Food Photography Method, were also unaffected by RS2, relative to the CTL.. RS2 supplementation did not increase satiety or reduce appetite and food intake in adults with prediabetes.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Amylose; Appetite; Body Mass Index; Double-Blind Method; Eating; Female; Ghrelin; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Peptide YY; Placebos; Prediabetic State; Resistant Starch; Satiation; Zea mays

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) augments postprandial secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin (OXM), and peptide YY (PYY). Subcutaneous infusion of these hormones ("GOP"), mimicking postprandial levels, reduces energy intake. Our objective was to study the effects of GOP on glycemia and body weight when given for 4 weeks to patients with diabetes and obesity.. In this single-blinded mechanistic study, obese patients with prediabetes/diabetes were randomized to GOP (. GOP infusion improves glycemia and reduces body weight. It achieves superior glucose tolerance and reduced glucose variability compared with RYGB and VLCD. GOP is a viable alternative for the treatment of diabetes with favorable effects on body weight.

Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Humans; Hypoglycemia; Infusions, Subcutaneous; Insulin; Male; Meals; Middle Aged; Obesity; Oxyntomodulin; Peptide YY; Postprandial Period; Prediabetic State; Single-Blind Method; Weight Loss

The study was aimed to investigate gut hormone responses to mixed meal test in individuals with new-onset prediabetes or diabetes after acute pancreatitis (cases) compared with healthy controls, and the effect of body fat parameters. A total of 29 cases and 29 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited. All participants were given standard mixed meal drink and blood samples were collected to measure dipeptidyl peptidase IV, gastric inhibitory peptide, glucagon like peptide-1, insulin, oxyntomodulin, and peptide YY. Body fat parameters were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Repeated measures and linear regression analyses were conducted in unadjusted and adjusted models. Gastric inhibitory peptide levels were significantly higher whereas oxyntomodulin levels were significantly lower in cases compared with controls in both the unadjusted (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively) and adjusted (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively) models. In cases, liver fat % contributed up to 13.4% (vs. 2.9% in controls) to variance in circulating levels of gastric inhibitory peptide whereas body mass index - up to 20.8% (vs. 9.9% in controls) in circulating levels of oxyntomodulin. New-onset prediabetes/diabetes after acute pancreatitis is characterised by increased levels of gastric inhibitory peptide and decreased levels of oxyntomodulin. Further, liver fat % and body mass index appear to be the body fat parameters that contribute most significantly to gastric inhibitory peptide and oxyntomodulin levels, respectively.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; Female; Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Glucagon; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Humans; Insulin; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Meals; Middle Aged; Oxyntomodulin; Pancreatitis; Peptide YY; Postprandial Period; Prediabetic State; Subcutaneous Fat

The aims of this study were to 1. define the responses of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon, and peptide YY (PYY) to an oral meal and to intravenous L-arginine; and 2. examine correlation of enteroendocrine hormones with insulin secretion. We hypothesized a relationship between circulating incretin concentrations and insulin secretion.. Subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT, n = 23), prediabetes (PDM, n = 17), or with type 2 diabetes (T2DM, n = 22) were studied twice, following a mixed test meal (470 kCal) (mixed meal tolerance test [MMTT]) or intravenous L-arginine (arginine maximal stimulation test [AST], 5 g). GLP-1 (total and active), PYY, GIP, glucagon, and β cell function were measured before and following each stimulus.. Baseline enteroendocrine hormones differed across the glucose tolerance (GT) spectrum, T2DM generally >NGT and PDM. In response to MMTT, total and active GLP-1, GIP, glucagon, and PYY increased in all populations. The incremental area-under-the-curve (0-120 min) of analytes like total GLP-1 were often higher in T2DM compared with NGT and PDM (35-51%; P < 0.05). At baseline glucose, L-arginine increased total and active GLP-1 and glucagon concentrations in all GT populations (all P < 0.05). As expected, the MMTT and AST provoked differential glucose, insulin, and C-peptide responses across GT populations. Baseline or stimulated enteroendocrine hormone concentrations did not consistently correlate with either measure of β cell function.. Both MMTT and AST resulted in insulin and enteroendocrine hormone responses across GT populations without consistent correlation between release of incretins and insulin, which is in line with other published research. If a defect is in the enteroendocrine/β cell axis, it is probably reduced response to rather than diminished secretion of enteroendocrine hormones.

Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Arginine; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Eating; Enteroendocrine Cells; Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Glucagon; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Humans; Insulin; Insulin-Secreting Cells; Peptide YY; Postprandial Period; Prediabetic State; Time Factors; United States

Changes in the numbers of PYY- and enteroglucagon-immunoreactive cells in colon of animal models of human diabetes have been reported. As these peptides co-localize in the same cells it is possible that the observed changes are a result of changes in co-localization.. Animal models of human type 1 and type 2 diabetes, namely the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse and the obese (ob/ob) mouse, were studied. As controls for the NOD mice, BALB/cJ mice were used and for ob/ob mice, homozygous lean (+/+) mice were used. Tissue samples from colon were double-immunostained for PYY and enteroglucagon according to the indirect immunofluorescence method.. Co-localization of enteroglucagon and PYY was found in colonic endocrine cells in all groups investigated. Compared with controls, pre-diabetic NOD mice showed a decreased proportion of enteroglucagon/PYY co-localization. There was no difference in diabetic NOD mice or diabetic ob/ob mice when compared with controls.. Whereas the number of cells containing solely enteroglucagon and solely PYY increases in pre-diabetic NOD mice, production of enteroglucagon in PYY-immunoreactive cells decreases. Although the numbers of PYY and enteroglucagon cells have been reported to be changed in both diabetic NOD mice and in obese mice, the balance between co-expressing and mono-expressing cells seems to be preserved.

Topics: Animals; Colon; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Enteroendocrine Cells; Female; Glucagon-Like Peptides; Homozygote; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred NOD; Mice, Obese; Peptide YY; Prediabetic State; Reference Values