pentoxifylline and Innate Inflammatory Response studies

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" We sought to determine whether treatment with pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor with immunomodulating properties, could reduce the pro-inflammatory response observed in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and increase anti-inflammatory activity."	9.13	Pentoxifylline reduces pro-inflammatory and increases anti-inflammatory activity in patients with coronary artery disease--a randomized placebo-controlled study. ( Blotta, MHSL; Coelho, OR; de Oliveira, RTD; Fernandes, JL; Mamoni, RL; Nicolau, JC; Serrano, CV, 2008)
"This study was designed to identify the effect of pentoxifylline on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats."	7.85	Pentoxifylline attenuates mucosal damage in an experimental model of rat colitis by modulating tissue biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. ( Arhan, M; Ekinci, Ö; Erdal, H; G Dumlu, Ş; Gül Utku, Ö; Ibiş, M; Karatay, E; Önal, İK; Yilmaz Demirtaş, C, 2017)
"To evaluate the effects of an intraperitoneal solution of methylene blue (MB), lidocaine and pentoxyphylline (PTX) on intestinal ischemic and reperfusion injury."	7.83	Direct intraperitoneal resuscitation with lidocaine, methylene blue and pentoxiphylline combination does not decreases inflammation after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. ( Cerri, S; Farca, AM; Gandini, M; Giusto, G; Iussich, S; Pregel, P; Tursi, M; Vercelli, C, 2016)
" Since Pentoxifylline, a methyl-xanthine derivative known for enhancement of vascular endothelial function, down-regulation of many inflammatory cytokines increased during preeclampsia, improvement of placental circulation, reduction of ischemia-reperfusion injury, enhancement of vasodilatation and endothelial function, ameliorating proteinuria, inhibition of platelet aggregation and decreasing risk of preterm labor, which are all amongst morbidities of preeclampsia, here it is hypothesized that Pentoxifylline prevents development of preeclampsia and/or decelerate progression of the disease."	7.81	Hypothesis: Pentoxifylline explores new horizons in treatment of preeclampsia. ( Azimi, A; Farhadi, P; Sagheb, MM; Ziaee, SM, 2015)
"Pentoxifylline directly alleviated hypertension in metabolic syndrome rats, at least in part, via amelioration of low-grade inflammation and inhibition of angiotensin system."	7.81	Pentoxifylline alleviates hypertension in metabolic syndrome: effect on low-grade inflammation and angiotensin system. ( Azhar, A; El-Bassossy, HM, 2015)
"We have previously shown that pentoxifylline (PTX) protects from vascular complications associated with insulin resistance (IR)."	7.80	Pentoxifylline alleviates cardiac ischemia and dysfunction following experimental angina in insulin resistance. ( Azhar, A; El-Bassossy, HM, 2014)
"Pentoxifylline is in clinical trials for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetic nephropathy."	7.78	Pentoxifylline aggravates fatty liver in obese and diabetic ob/ob mice by increasing intestinal glucose absorption and activating hepatic lipogenesis. ( Bado, A; Eliat, PA; Fautrel, A; Fromenty, B; Lettéron, P; Massart, J; Noury, F; Robin, MA, 2012)
"The present study aimed to investigate the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) on the carrageenan (CG)-induced paw oedema and on the endogenous levels of cell enzyme and non-enzyme antioxidants in rat liver, 4 and 24 h after CG injection."	7.76	In vivo effects of pentoxifylline on enzyme and non-enzyme antioxidant levels in rat liver after carrageenan-induced paw inflammation. ( Alexandrova, A; Georgieva, A; Kirkova, M; Kubera, M; Mateeva, P; Vircheva, S; Zamfirova, R, 2010)
"Two PDE inhibitors including cilostazol a PDE3 inhibitor (40 and 400 mg/kg), and pentoxifylline (PTX), a PDE 1-5 inhibitor (50 and 500 mg/kg) were used for a period of 7 days to inhibit angiogenesis, inflammation, and fibrosis in a murine model of sponge-induced peritoneal adhesion."	7.75	Cilostazol and pentoxifylline decrease angiogenesis, inflammation, and fibrosis in sponge-induced intraperitoneal adhesion in mice. ( Andrade, SP; Campos, PP; Mendes, JB; Rocha, MA, 2009)
"The antihyperalgesic effect of pentoxifylline was investigated in three experimental pain models."	7.72	Antihyperalgesic effect of pentoxifylline on experimental inflammatory pain. ( Benevides, VM; Brito, GA; Cunha, FQ; da Rocha, FA; Ferreira, SH; Poole, S; Ribeiro, RA; Sachs, D; Vale, ML, 2004)
"Inflammation is involved in development, progression, and complications of atherosclerotic disease."	6.79	Pentoxifylline decreases serum level of adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis patients. ( Allah Abadi, G; Falsoleiman, H; Mohammadpour, AH; Ramezani, M; Rasooli, R; Shamsara, J, 2014)
"Cardiac inflammation was interrogated via expression levels of TNF α, interleukins 6 and 10, phosphorylated STAT4 and lipoxygenases 12 and 12/15."	5.62	Lisofylline mitigates cardiac inflammation in a mouse model of obesity through improving insulin secretion and activating cardiac AMPK signaling pathway. ( Abdelzaher, LA; Ali, M; Bakr, MH; Desai, AA; Mali, V; Radwan, E; Sayed, SA, 2021)
"DS and PTX could mitigate liver cirrhosis through modulation of Keap-1/Nrf-2/GSH and NF-κB-p65/p38-MAPK signaling pathways."	5.48	Targeting Keap-1/Nrf-2 pathway and cytoglobin as a potential protective mechanism of diosmin and pentoxifylline against cholestatic liver cirrhosis. ( Abo-Youssef, AM; Ali, FEM; Azouz, AA; Bakr, AG; Hemeida, RAM, 2018)
"Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a methylxanthine derivative clinically proven to improve perfusion in the peripheral microcirculation and has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in brain trauma and global cerebral ischemia in experimental animal models."	5.43	Pentoxifylline Alleviates Early Brain Injury in a Rat Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. ( Aslan, M; Demır, N; Dilmac, S; Dogan, O; Goksu, E; Kirac, E; Konuk, E; Tanrıover, G; Ulker, P, 2016)
"Pentoxifylline (PTX) has strong antyinflamatory effects, decreases TNF-alpha and other proinflammatory cytokines production."	5.38	Pentoxifylline modifies central and peripheral vagal mechanism in acute and chronic pain models. ( Dobrogowski, J; Nowak, Ł; Thor, PJ; Wordliczek, J; Zurowski, D, 2012)
"TNBS-induced colitis has characteristics resembling human Crohn's disease including transmural inflammation, ulceration, and fibrosis."	5.37	The effect of pentoxifylline and its metabolite-1 on inflammation and fibrosis in the TNBS model of colitis. ( Peterson, MR; Peterson, TC; Raoul, JM, 2011)
"Pentoxifylline is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor with marked anti-inflammatory properties through blockade of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and tumor necrosis factor alpha production."	5.35	Pentoxifylline prevents loss of PP2A phosphatase activity and recruitment of histone acetyltransferases to proinflammatory genes in acute pancreatitis. ( Aparisi, L; Escobar, J; Franco, L; López-Rodas, G; Pereda, J; Rodriguez, JL; Sabater, L; Sacilotto, N; Sandoval, J; Sastre, J, 2009)
"In a rat model of hemorrhagic shock, resuscitation was conducted with RL (32 mL/kg; n = 7) or HSPTX (4 mL/kg 7."	5.34	Hypertonic saline and pentoxifylline attenuates gut injury after hemorrhagic shock: the kinder, gentler resuscitation. ( Coimbra, R; de Campos, T; Deree, J; Hoyt, DB; Loomis, WH; Shenvi, E, 2007)
"Inflammation is a risk factor for mortality in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF)."	5.34	Inflammation and oxidative stress markers by pentoxifylline treatment in rats with chronic renal failure and high sodium intake. ( Amato, D; de Carmen Prado-Uribe, M; Gallardo, JM; Paniagua, R, 2007)
"Pentoxifylline is a useful inhibitor of TNF-alpha production, thus resembling anti-inflammatory corticosteroids."	5.32	Anti-TNF-alpha therapy for chronic inflammation: reconsidering pentoxifylline as an alternative to therapeutic protein drugs. ( Whitehouse, MW, 2004)
"To characterize the effects of pentoxifylline on the gross and microscopic variables associated with immediate and late-phase inflammation following injection of IgE-specific antibodies in the skin of clinically normal dogs."	5.19	Effects of pentoxifylline on immediate and late-phase cutaneous reactions in response to anti-immunoglobulin E antibodies in clinically normal dogs. ( Hammerberg, B; Kasparek, KA; Kearney, MT; Pucheu-Haston, CM; Stout, RW, 2014)
" We sought to determine whether treatment with pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor with immunomodulating properties, could reduce the pro-inflammatory response observed in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and increase anti-inflammatory activity."	5.13	Pentoxifylline reduces pro-inflammatory and increases anti-inflammatory activity in patients with coronary artery disease--a randomized placebo-controlled study. ( Blotta, MHSL; Coelho, OR; de Oliveira, RTD; Fernandes, JL; Mamoni, RL; Nicolau, JC; Serrano, CV, 2008)
"Isolated limb perfusion (ILP) with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rhTNF-alpha) and melphalan harbors the risk of septic shock-like syndrome."	5.10	Pentoxifyllin attenuates the systemic inflammatory response induced during isolated limb perfusion with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha and melphalan. ( Hohenberger, P; Kettelhack, C; Latz, E; Rezaei, AH; Schlag, PM; Schumann, R, 2003)
" Having the potential role in suppressing inflammation, immune modulation, antiviral and improving respiratory symptoms, this review discusses the potential role of methylxanthine drugs like pentoxifylline and caffeine in the management of COVID-19 patients."	5.05	Can pentoxifylline and similar xanthine derivatives find a niche in COVID-19 therapeutic strategies? A ray of hope in the midst of the pandemic. ( Al-Mahmood Siddiquee, A; Hashemian, F; Monji, F, 2020)
" We hypothesized that inhibition of neuroinflammation by the PIC synthesis inhibitor, pentoxifylline (PTX) would prevent depression-like behaviors induced by heart failure (HF) post-MI in OVX female rats."	3.91	Role of Myocardial Infarction-Induced Neuroinflammation for Depression-Like Behavior and Heart Failure in Ovariectomized Female Rats. ( Ahmad, M; Lagace, D; Leenen, FHH; Najjar, F, 2019)
"This study was designed to identify the effect of pentoxifylline on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats."	3.85	Pentoxifylline attenuates mucosal damage in an experimental model of rat colitis by modulating tissue biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. ( Arhan, M; Ekinci, Ö; Erdal, H; G Dumlu, Ş; Gül Utku, Ö; Ibiş, M; Karatay, E; Önal, İK; Yilmaz Demirtaş, C, 2017)
"To evaluate the effects of an intraperitoneal solution of methylene blue (MB), lidocaine and pentoxyphylline (PTX) on intestinal ischemic and reperfusion injury."	3.83	Direct intraperitoneal resuscitation with lidocaine, methylene blue and pentoxiphylline combination does not decreases inflammation after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. ( Cerri, S; Farca, AM; Gandini, M; Giusto, G; Iussich, S; Pregel, P; Tursi, M; Vercelli, C, 2016)
"Pentoxifylline directly alleviated hypertension in metabolic syndrome rats, at least in part, via amelioration of low-grade inflammation and inhibition of angiotensin system."	3.81	Pentoxifylline alleviates hypertension in metabolic syndrome: effect on low-grade inflammation and angiotensin system. ( Azhar, A; El-Bassossy, HM, 2015)
" Since Pentoxifylline, a methyl-xanthine derivative known for enhancement of vascular endothelial function, down-regulation of many inflammatory cytokines increased during preeclampsia, improvement of placental circulation, reduction of ischemia-reperfusion injury, enhancement of vasodilatation and endothelial function, ameliorating proteinuria, inhibition of platelet aggregation and decreasing risk of preterm labor, which are all amongst morbidities of preeclampsia, here it is hypothesized that Pentoxifylline prevents development of preeclampsia and/or decelerate progression of the disease."	3.81	Hypothesis: Pentoxifylline explores new horizons in treatment of preeclampsia. ( Azimi, A; Farhadi, P; Sagheb, MM; Ziaee, SM, 2015)
"We have previously shown that pentoxifylline (PTX) protects from vascular complications associated with insulin resistance (IR)."	3.80	Pentoxifylline alleviates cardiac ischemia and dysfunction following experimental angina in insulin resistance. ( Azhar, A; El-Bassossy, HM, 2014)
" Pentoxifylline (PTX) given before IRI attenuates inflammation and prevents ischemic acute kidney injury (iAKI)."	3.80	Nephroprotective effect of pentoxifylline in renal ischemia-reperfusion in rat depends on the timing of its administration. ( Grzeszczak, W; Obuchowicz, E; Więcek, A; Wystrychowski, A; Wystrychowski, G; Wystrychowski, W; Zukowska-Szczechowska, E, 2014)
"Pentoxifylline is in clinical trials for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetic nephropathy."	3.78	Pentoxifylline aggravates fatty liver in obese and diabetic ob/ob mice by increasing intestinal glucose absorption and activating hepatic lipogenesis. ( Bado, A; Eliat, PA; Fautrel, A; Fromenty, B; Lettéron, P; Massart, J; Noury, F; Robin, MA, 2012)
"We performed a single-arm, open-label pilot trial of the anti-inflammatory drug pentoxifylline to reduce systemic inflammation and improve endothelial function, measured by flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery, in HIV-infected patients not requiring antiretroviral therapy."	3.76	Anti-inflammatory treatment with pentoxifylline improves HIV-related endothelial dysfunction: a pilot study. ( Clauss, M; Desta, Z; Dubé, MP; Gupta, SK; Johnson, RM; Mather, KJ; Rehman, J; Saha, C, 2010)
"The present study aimed to investigate the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) on the carrageenan (CG)-induced paw oedema and on the endogenous levels of cell enzyme and non-enzyme antioxidants in rat liver, 4 and 24 h after CG injection."	3.76	In vivo effects of pentoxifylline on enzyme and non-enzyme antioxidant levels in rat liver after carrageenan-induced paw inflammation. ( Alexandrova, A; Georgieva, A; Kirkova, M; Kubera, M; Mateeva, P; Vircheva, S; Zamfirova, R, 2010)
"Two PDE inhibitors including cilostazol a PDE3 inhibitor (40 and 400 mg/kg), and pentoxifylline (PTX), a PDE 1-5 inhibitor (50 and 500 mg/kg) were used for a period of 7 days to inhibit angiogenesis, inflammation, and fibrosis in a murine model of sponge-induced peritoneal adhesion."	3.75	Cilostazol and pentoxifylline decrease angiogenesis, inflammation, and fibrosis in sponge-induced intraperitoneal adhesion in mice. ( Andrade, SP; Campos, PP; Mendes, JB; Rocha, MA, 2009)
" We evaluated the relationship between TNF-alpha and iNOS expression in indomethacin-induced jejunoileitis in male Sprague-Dawley rats."	3.73	Inhibition of TNF-alpha improves indomethacin-induced enteropathy in rats by modulating iNOS expression. ( Finocchiaro, S; Levine, RA; Nandi, J; Ong, G; Saud, B, 2005)
"To evaluate the efficacy of pentoxifylline (PTXF) in the attenuation of lung inflammation during volume-induced lung injury (VILI) in newborn piglets, 17 newborn piglets were mechanically ventilated with a large tidal volume (50 ml/kg) for a period of 8 h."	3.72	Protective effect of pentoxifylline on volume-induced lung injury in newborn piglets. ( Bancalari, E; Huang, J; Rodriguez, MM; Smalling, WE; Suguihara, C, 2004)
"The antihyperalgesic effect of pentoxifylline was investigated in three experimental pain models."	3.72	Antihyperalgesic effect of pentoxifylline on experimental inflammatory pain. ( Benevides, VM; Brito, GA; Cunha, FQ; da Rocha, FA; Ferreira, SH; Poole, S; Ribeiro, RA; Sachs, D; Vale, ML, 2004)
"Type 2 lepra reaction (T2R) is a difficult-to-manage condition in leprosy, and an effective and safe steroid-sparing agent is needed for its management."	2.80	Effectiveness and safety of clofazimine and pentoxifylline in type 2 lepra reaction: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study. ( Bandyopadhyay, D; Das, NK; Roy, K; Sil, A, 2015)
"Inflammation is involved in development, progression, and complications of atherosclerotic disease."	2.79	Pentoxifylline decreases serum level of adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis patients. ( Allah Abadi, G; Falsoleiman, H; Mohammadpour, AH; Ramezani, M; Rasooli, R; Shamsara, J, 2014)
"PTX does influence TNF levels in septic shock patients."	2.68	Influence of pentoxifylline on cytokine levels and inflammatory parameters in septic shock. ( Frass, M; Graninger, W; Klappacher, G; Knapp, S; Kordova, H; Laczika, K; Locker, GJ; Presterl, E; Staudinger, T; Stoiser, B; Tesinsky, P; Wagner, A, 1996)
"Thalidomide has a rapid action but its use is limited due the teratogenicity and neurotoxicity."	2.58	Erythema Nodosum Leprosum: Update and challenges on the treatment of a neglected condition. ( Costa, PDSS; Daxbacher, ELR; Fraga, LR; Kowalski, TW; Schuler-Faccini, L; Vianna, FSL, 2018)
"Severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH) is defined by modified Maddrey discriminant function ≥32 or Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) >21 and/or hepatic encephalopathy."	2.55	New paradigms in management of alcoholic hepatitis: a review. ( Goyal, O; Kishore, H; Sidhu, S; Sidhu, SS, 2017)
"early (<6 months) when it is called radiation pneumonitis and late (>6 months) when it is called radiation induced lung fibrosis."	2.52	Radiation induced lung injury: prediction, assessment and management. ( Giridhar, P; Julka, PK; Mallick, S; Rath, GK, 2015)
"Liver transplantation as the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis remains controversial, and in an era of organ shortage current guidelines do not recommend transplantation as the treatment option."	2.50	Alcoholic hepatitis: a comprehensive review of pathogenesis and treatment. ( Chayanupatkul, M; Liangpunsakul, S, 2014)
" Animal studies suggest that randomized clinical trials should be carefully planned with regard to dose-response relationship, disease severity, etiologic pathogens, and mechanisms that result in SIRS."	2.39	Pentoxifylline in severe inflammatory response syndrome. ( Graninger, W; Wenisch, C, 1995)
"Pentoxifylline (PTX) was administered for 7 days (150 mg/kg) as a reference standard."	1.72	Protective effects of recombinant human golimumab and pentoxifylline in nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin. ( Mody, R; Pavitrakar, VN; Ravindran, S, 2022)
"Cardiac inflammation was interrogated via expression levels of TNF α, interleukins 6 and 10, phosphorylated STAT4 and lipoxygenases 12 and 12/15."	1.62	Lisofylline mitigates cardiac inflammation in a mouse model of obesity through improving insulin secretion and activating cardiac AMPK signaling pathway. ( Abdelzaher, LA; Ali, M; Bakr, MH; Desai, AA; Mali, V; Radwan, E; Sayed, SA, 2021)
"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent disease linked to insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and cytokine imbalance."	1.56	Comparative effectiveness of phosphodiesterase 3, 4, and 5 inhibitors in amelioration of high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver in rats. ( Abdel-Latif, RG; El-Deen, RM; Heeba, GH; Khalifa, MMA, 2020)
"Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels, which in turn activate protein kinase, leading to a reduction in the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines to ultimately influence the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in vitro by inhibiting angiotensin 1 receptor (AT1R) expression."	1.56	Repositioning of pentoxifylline as an immunomodulator and regulator of the renin-angiotensin system in the treatment of COVID-19. ( Chávez-Alderete, J; Loza-Mejía, MA; Maldonado, V, 2020)
"DS and PTX could mitigate liver cirrhosis through modulation of Keap-1/Nrf-2/GSH and NF-κB-p65/p38-MAPK signaling pathways."	1.48	Targeting Keap-1/Nrf-2 pathway and cytoglobin as a potential protective mechanism of diosmin and pentoxifylline against cholestatic liver cirrhosis. ( Abo-Youssef, AM; Ali, FEM; Azouz, AA; Bakr, AG; Hemeida, RAM, 2018)
"At present there is no therapy for Alzheimer's Disease which completely stops the progressive dementia effecting late onset Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients."	1.46	A unique and promising combination of medications for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. ( Weinstein, JD, 2017)
"Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor which raises intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate and decreases production of pro-inflammatory mediators while enhancing anti-inflammatory cytokines."	1.46	Pentoxifylline inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mediators in human second trimester placenta explants. ( Hanna, N; Hou, W; Islam, S; Lin, X; Murthy, A; Speer, EM, 2017)
"Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a methylxanthine derivative clinically proven to improve perfusion in the peripheral microcirculation and has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in brain trauma and global cerebral ischemia in experimental animal models."	1.43	Pentoxifylline Alleviates Early Brain Injury in a Rat Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. ( Aslan, M; Demır, N; Dilmac, S; Dogan, O; Goksu, E; Kirac, E; Konuk, E; Tanrıover, G; Ulker, P, 2016)
"Concomitantly to AIA, mice presented alveolar bone loss, and recruitment of osteoclasts and neutrophils to periodontal tissues."	1.39	Preventive and therapeutic anti-TNF-α therapy with pentoxifylline decreases arthritis and the associated periodontal co-morbidity in mice. ( Bessoni, RL; Costa, VV; Queiroz-Junior, CM; Silva, TA; Souza, DG; Teixeira, MM, 2013)
"Pentoxifylline (PTX) has strong antyinflamatory effects, decreases TNF-alpha and other proinflammatory cytokines production."	1.38	Pentoxifylline modifies central and peripheral vagal mechanism in acute and chronic pain models. ( Dobrogowski, J; Nowak, Ł; Thor, PJ; Wordliczek, J; Zurowski, D, 2012)
"TNBS-induced colitis has characteristics resembling human Crohn's disease including transmural inflammation, ulceration, and fibrosis."	1.37	The effect of pentoxifylline and its metabolite-1 on inflammation and fibrosis in the TNBS model of colitis. ( Peterson, MR; Peterson, TC; Raoul, JM, 2011)
" The proposed PK/PD model allowed a better understanding of the pharmacological properties of both methylxanthine derivatives and may be helpful in appropriate dosage selection for further studies."	1.36	Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of methylxanthine derivatives in mice challenged with high-dose lipopolysaccharide. ( Wyska, E, 2010)
"Pentoxifylline-treated animals had a statistically significant reduction of inflammatory cytokine levels, pancreatic histological damage, occurrence of bacterial translocation and pancreatic infection (p < 0."	1.35	Do the effects of pentoxifylline on the inflammatory process and pancreatic infection justify its use in acute pancreatitis? ( Coelho, AM; Cunha, JE; Jukemura, J; Machado, MC; Matheus, AS; Patzina, RA; Sampietre, S, 2009)
"Pentoxifylline is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor with marked anti-inflammatory properties through blockade of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and tumor necrosis factor alpha production."	1.35	Pentoxifylline prevents loss of PP2A phosphatase activity and recruitment of histone acetyltransferases to proinflammatory genes in acute pancreatitis. ( Aparisi, L; Escobar, J; Franco, L; López-Rodas, G; Pereda, J; Rodriguez, JL; Sabater, L; Sacilotto, N; Sandoval, J; Sastre, J, 2009)
"Inflammation is a risk factor for mortality in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF)."	1.34	Inflammation and oxidative stress markers by pentoxifylline treatment in rats with chronic renal failure and high sodium intake. ( Amato, D; de Carmen Prado-Uribe, M; Gallardo, JM; Paniagua, R, 2007)
"In a rat model of hemorrhagic shock, resuscitation was conducted with RL (32 mL/kg; n = 7) or HSPTX (4 mL/kg 7."	1.34	Hypertonic saline and pentoxifylline attenuates gut injury after hemorrhagic shock: the kinder, gentler resuscitation. ( Coimbra, R; de Campos, T; Deree, J; Hoyt, DB; Loomis, WH; Shenvi, E, 2007)
"Inflammation is likely to be one of the factors responsible for beta-cell death during disease development."	1.33	Inflammatory blockade improves human pancreatic islet function and viability. ( Brayman, KL; Carter, JD; Chen, M; Ellett, JD; Nadler, JL; Yang, Z, 2005)
"Pentoxifylline is a useful inhibitor of TNF-alpha production, thus resembling anti-inflammatory corticosteroids."	1.32	Anti-TNF-alpha therapy for chronic inflammation: reconsidering pentoxifylline as an alternative to therapeutic protein drugs. ( Whitehouse, MW, 2004)
"2% at 1 and 2h after dosing (P<0."	1.32	The anti-inflammatory effects of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor pentoxifylline in the rat. ( Abdel-Salam, OM; Arbid, MS; Baiuomy, AR; El-Shenawy, SM, 2003)
"Therefore, IL-9 may be protective in septic shock via a rather unique mechanism involving a complex modulation of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators."	1.31	IL-9 protects mice from Gram-negative bacterial shock: suppression of TNF-alpha, IL-12, and IFN-gamma, and induction of IL-10. ( Campanile, F; Fioretti, MC; Giampietri, A; Grohmann, U; Puccetti, P; Renauld, JC; Silla, S; Vacca, C; Van Snick, J, 2000)
"Pentoxifylline treatment also suppressed the peritoneal inflammatory response assessed with peritoneal reaction index (2."	1.31	[Effect of pentoxifylline on the healing of experimental anastomosis of the left colon in rats]. ( Ender, F; Fúrész, J; Furka, I; Gamal, EM; Labancz, T; Rosivall, L, 2001)
" TNFalpha was the most sensitive to thalidomide, showing dose-response inhibition at concentrations of 20 microg/ml, 50 microg/ml and 250 microg/ml."	1.30	Mycoplasma fermentans-induced inflammatory response of astrocytes: selective modulation by aminoguanidine, thalidomide, pentoxifylline and IL-10. ( Brenner, T; Gallily, R; Kipper-Galperin, M, 1999)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	15 (13.51)	18.2507
2000's	37 (33.33)	29.6817
2010's	42 (37.84)	24.3611
2020's	17 (15.32)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Saunders, MJ	1
Edwards, BS	1
Zhu, J	1
Sklar, LA	1
Graves, SW	1
Zdziennicka, J	1
Junkuszew, A	1
Latalski, M	1
Świeca, M	1
Wessely-Szponder, J	2
Pavitrakar, VN	1
Mody, R	1
Ravindran, S	1
Seo, MH	1
Kim, DW	1
Kim, YS	1
Lee, SK	1
Leehey, DJ	1
Etemadi, S	1
Abtahi Froushani, SM	1
Hashemi Asl, SM	1
Mahmoudian, A	1
Alorabi, M	1
Cavalu, S	1
Al-Kuraishy, HM	1
Al-Gareeb, AI	1
Mostafa-Hedeab, G	1
Negm, WA	1
Youssef, A	1
El-Kadem, AH	1
Saad, HM	1
Batiha, GE	1
Chi, M	1
Gu, L	1
Zhang, L	2
Lin, J	1
Xu, Q	1
Jiang, N	1
Wang, Y	1
Qi, Y	1
Diao, W	1
Yi, W	1
Zhao, G	1
Li, C	1
Elseweidy, MM	1
Ali, SI	1
Shaheen, MA	1
Abdelghafour, AM	1
Hammad, SK	1
Othman, EM	1
Habib, HA	1
Zahran, ME	1
Amin, A	1
Heeba, GH	2
Tsunoda, RH	1
Serrano-Recalde, EC	1
Arruda, RP	1
Oliveira, BMM	1
Pinto, SCC	1
Celeghini, ECC	1
El-Deen, RM	1
Abdel-Latif, RG	1
Khalifa, MMA	1
Assimakopoulos, SF	1
Seintis, F	1
Marangos, M	1
Betzler, AC	1
Theodoraki, MN	1
Schuler, PJ	1
Döscher, J	1
Laban, S	1
Hoffmann, TK	1
Brunner, C	1
Maldonado, V	1
Loza-Mejía, MA	1
Chávez-Alderete, J	1
Monji, F	1
Al-Mahmood Siddiquee, A	1
Hashemian, F	1
Ali, M	1
Bakr, MH	1
Abdelzaher, LA	1
Sayed, SA	1
Mali, V	1
Desai, AA	1
Radwan, E	1
Ruan, D	1
Deng, S	1
Liu, Z	2
He, J	1
Uzzan, S	1
Azab, AN	1
Speer, EM	1
Lin, X	1
Murthy, A	1
Hou, W	1
Islam, S	1
Hanna, N	1
Weinstein, JD	1
Costa, PDSS	1
Fraga, LR	1
Kowalski, TW	1
Daxbacher, ELR	1
Schuler-Faccini, L	1
Vianna, FSL	1
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Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Gastroesophageal Reflux Poses a Potential Risk for Late Complications of BPD: A Prospective Study[NCT03014453]		187 participants (Actual)	Observational	2017-01-09	Completed
A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Phase Ⅱ Study of Preventively Use of Methylprednisolone After Split-course Chemoradiotherapy to Reduce the Risk of Radiation-induced Pulmonary Injury For Bulky Local Advanced None-small Cell Lung Cancer[NCT03661567]	Phase 2	52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-08-09	Terminated (stopped due to slow enrollment)
Effect of Pentoxifylline Administration on Hemoglobin Level of Hemodialysis Patients[NCT03731741]	Phase 2	57 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-11-01	Completed
Impact of Pentoxifylline Administration on the Modulation of Hyporesponsiveness to Erythropoietin Stimulating Agents in Hemodialysis Patients[NCT03800433]	Early Phase 1	46 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-10-31	Not yet recruiting
Pilot/Feasibility Randomized Control Trial to Examine the Effect of Oral Nutritional Supplements With Anti-inflammatory/Anti-oxidative Properties and Pentoxiphylline on Malnutrition-inflammation-cachexia Syndrome in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients[NCT00561093]	Phase 3	93 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-02-29	Completed
Pentoxifylline Dose Optimization in Preterm Neonatal Late Onset Sepsis[NCT04152980]	Phase 3	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-01-12	Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

In all patients, complications were evaluated via questionnaires at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months corrected for premature age, including respiratory symptoms (including home respiratory support, respiratory medication administration, cough without cold at least once per week, re-hospitalization due to respiratory diseases), vomiting when feeding, hypoxic ischemic injury, retinopathy of prematurity, rehospitalization and sudden death. (NCT03014453)
Timeframe: 18 months

Article	Year
Targeting Inflammation in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Is There a Role for Pentoxifylline? Kidney360, 2020, Apr-30, Volume: 1, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Nephropathies; Humans; Inflammation; Multicenter Studies as Top	2020
NF-κB and Its Role in Checkpoint Control. International journal of molecular sciences, 2020, May-31, Volume: 21, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; B7-H1 Antigen; Cell Line, Tumor; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenas	2020
Can pentoxifylline and similar xanthine derivatives find a niche in COVID-19 therapeutic strategies? A ray of hope in the midst of the pandemic. European journal of pharmacology, 2020, Nov-15, Volume: 887 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Caffeine; Coronavirus Infections; COVID-19; COVID-19 Drug T	2020
Anti-TNF-α Compounds as a Treatment for Depression. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2021, Apr-19, Volume: 26, Issue:8 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Depression; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Pentoxifylline; Tumor Necrosis Fac	2021
Erythema Nodosum Leprosum: Update and challenges on the treatment of a neglected condition. Acta tropica, 2018, Volume: 183 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Erythema Nodosum; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Inflammation; Leprostatic Agent	2018
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Pathophysiology and potential anti-inflammatory therapies. Paediatric respiratory reviews, 2019, Volume: 30 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Chorioamnionitis; Dexamethasone; Female; Fetal	2019
Alcoholic hepatitis: a comprehensive review of pathogenesis and treatment. World journal of gastroenterology, 2014, May-28, Volume: 20, Issue:20 Topics: Acetylcysteine; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Alcoholism; End Stage Liver Disease; Enteral Nutrition; Hep	2014
Innate immunity and the failing heart: the cytokine hypothesis revisited. Circulation research, 2015, Mar-27, Volume: 116, Issue:7 Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Autoantibodies; Autoim	2015
Radiation induced lung injury: prediction, assessment and management. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, 2015, Volume: 16, Issue:7 Topics: Aged; Alveolar Epithelial Cells; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Anti-Inflammatory Agents;	2015
New paradigms in management of alcoholic hepatitis: a review. Hepatology international, 2017, Volume: 11, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; Female	2017
Could anti-inflammatory cytokine therapy improve poor treatment outcomes in dialysis patients? Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2004, Volume: 19 Suppl 5 Topics: CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cytokines; Epoetin Alfa; Erythropoietin; Hum	2004
Pentoxifylline in severe inflammatory response syndrome. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 1995, Volume: 25 Suppl 2 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Humans; Inflammation; Malaria; Pentoxifylline	1995
Cytokines, phagocytes, and pentoxifylline. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 1995, Volume: 25 Suppl 2 Topics: Animals; Cytokines; Humans; Inflammation; Pentoxifylline; Phagocytes; Phagocytosis; Phosphodiesteras	1995
Treatment of airway inflammation in cystic fibrosis. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine, 1996, Volume: 2, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Age Factors; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inf	1996
Pentoxifylline--more evidence that it improves host defenses during sepsis. Critical care medicine, 1999, Volume: 27, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Infl	1999
Immunotherapy of inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. Immunologic research, 2001, Volume: 23, Issue:2-3 Topics: Adult; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cerebrospinal F	2001

Article	Year
Effects of pentoxifylline supplementation to semen extender on post-breeding inflammation response assessed by endometrial cytology and vascular perfusion in mares. Animal reproduction science, 2019, Volume: 208 Topics: Animals; Cross-Over Studies; Endometrium; Female; Horse Diseases; Horses; Inflammation; Insemination	2019
In Situ Cellular Response Underlying Successful Treatment of Mucosal Leishmaniasis with a Combination of Pentavalent Antimonial and Pentoxifylline. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2019, Volume: 101, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Antimony; Antiprotozoal Agents; Cytokines; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combinati	2019
Pentoxifylline decreases serum level of adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis patients. Iranian biomedical journal, 2014, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Atherosclerosis; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Chemokine CCL2; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Infla	2014
Effects of pentoxifylline on immediate and late-phase cutaneous reactions in response to anti-immunoglobulin E antibodies in clinically normal dogs. American journal of veterinary research, 2014, Volume: 75, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Animals; Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Free Radical Sca	2014
Effect of pentoxifylline on renal function and urinary albumin excretion in patients with diabetic kidney disease: the PREDIAN trial. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2015, Volume: 26, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Albumins; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Nephropathies; Disease Progression; Female; Glom	2015
Effectiveness and safety of clofazimine and pentoxifylline in type 2 lepra reaction: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study. International journal of dermatology, 2015, Volume: 54, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Arthritis, Reactive; Clofazimine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Leprosta	2015
A pilot trial of pentoxifylline on endothelial function and inflammation in HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy. AIDS (London, England), 2016, 08-24, Volume: 30, Issue:13 Topics: Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Biomarkers; Endothelium, Vascular; Female; HIV Infecti	2016
Effect of intravenous pentoxifylline in inflammatory response in patients undergoing nephrolithotomy. Journal of endourology, 2009, Volume: 23, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Blood Cell Count; C-Reactive Protein; Creatinine; Demography; Female; Humans; Inflammation; I	2009
Pentoxifylline decreases serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein in hemodialysis patients: results of a randomized double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2012, Volume: 27, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans	2012
Pentoxifyllin attenuates the systemic inflammatory response induced during isolated limb perfusion with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha and melphalan. Annals of surgical oncology, 2003, Volume: 10, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Chemothera	2003
The intraoperative effect of pentoxifylline on the inflammatory process and leukocytes in cardiac surgery patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Perfusion, 2005, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: C-Reactive Protein; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Double-Blind Method; Enzyme	2005
Pentoxifylline reduces pro-inflammatory and increases anti-inflammatory activity in patients with coronary artery disease--a randomized placebo-controlled study. Atherosclerosis, 2008, Volume: 196, Issue:1 Topics: Acute Coronary Syndrome; C-Reactive Protein; Coronary Artery Disease; Female; Humans; Inflammation;	2008
Production of proinflammatory cytokines and cytokines involved in the TH1/TH2 balance is modulated by pentoxifylline. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 1995, Volume: 25 Suppl 2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cell Survival; Cytokines; Female; Humans; Infl	1995
Influence of pentoxifylline on cytokine levels and inflammatory parameters in septic shock. Intensive care medicine, 1996, Volume: 22, Issue:9 Topics: Acute-Phase Proteins; Adult; Aged; APACHE; Cytokines; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Inflammation; Ma	1996
Renal failure, anaemia, cytokines and inflammation. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2001, Volume: 16, Issue:7 Topics: Anemia; Creatinine; Cytokines; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Humans; Inflammation; Kidney Failure, Chroni	2001

Article	Year
Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening. Current protocols in cytometry, 2010, Volume: Chapter 13 Topics: Animals; Biotinylation; Flow Cytometry; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; Green Fluorescent Pr	2010
Long-term Interactions of Circulating Neutrophils with Titanium Implants, the Role of Platelets in Regulation of Leukocyte Function. International journal of molecular sciences, 2021, Sep-17, Volume: 22, Issue:18 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Biocompatible Materials; Blood P	2021
Protective effects of recombinant human golimumab and pentoxifylline in nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin. Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology, 2022, Volume: 36, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Apoptosis; Cisplatin; Humans; Inflammation; Kidney; Mice; Oxidative	2022
Pentoxifylline-induced protein expression change in RAW 264.7 cells as determined by immunoprecipitation-based high performance liquid chromatography. PloS one, 2022, Volume: 17, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Fibrosis; Immunoprecipitation; Inflammation; Mice; NF	2022
Combined atorvastatin and pentoxifylline in ameliorating inflammation induced by complete Freund's adjuvant. Inflammopharmacology, 2022, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Experimental; Atorvastatin; Forkhead Transcription Factors; Freund's Adjuvant; I	2022
Pentoxifylline and berberine mitigate diclofenac-induced acute nephrotoxicity in male rats via modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2022, Volume: 152 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Berberine; Diclofenac; D	2022
Pentoxifylline treats Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis by reducing fungal burden and suppressing corneal inflammation. European journal of pharmacology, 2023, Apr-15, Volume: 945 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antifungal Agents; Aspergillosis; Aspergillus fumigatus; Eye Infe	2023
Vanillin and pentoxifylline ameliorate isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in rats Food & function, 2023, Apr-03, Volume: 14, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Inflammation; Isoproterenol; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardium; Oxidative Stress; Pentoxify	2023
Mechanistic Protective Effect of Cilostazol in Cisplatin-Induced Testicular Damage via Regulation of Oxidative Stress and TNF-α/NF-κB/Caspase-3 Pathways. International journal of molecular sciences, 2023, Aug-10, Volume: 24, Issue:16 Topics: Animals; Caspase 3; Cilostazol; Cisplatin; Inflammation; Male; NF-kappa B; Oxidative Stress; Pentoxi	2023
Comparative effectiveness of phosphodiesterase 3, 4, and 5 inhibitors in amelioration of high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver in rats. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology, 2020, Volume: 34, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Biomarkers; Cilostazol; Diet, High-Fat; Fatty Liver; Inflammation; Insulin; I	2020
Pentoxifylline and complicated COVID-19: A pathophysiologically based treatment proposal. Medical hypotheses, 2020, Volume: 143 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Betacoronavirus; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Coronavirus Infecti	2020
Repositioning of pentoxifylline as an immunomodulator and regulator of the renin-angiotensin system in the treatment of COVID-19. Medical hypotheses, 2020, Volume: 144 Topics: Alveolar Epithelial Cells; Angiotensin II; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Animals; Complement Acti	2020
Lisofylline mitigates cardiac inflammation in a mouse model of obesity through improving insulin secretion and activating cardiac AMPK signaling pathway. Cytokine, 2021, Volume: 138 Topics: Adipose Tissue; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Apoptosis; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Disea	2021
Pentoxifylline Can Reduce the Inflammation Caused by LPS after Inhibiting Autophagy in RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells. BioMed research international, 2021, Volume: 2021 Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages; Mice; Pentoxifylline; RAW 264.7	2021
Pentoxifylline inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mediators in human second trimester placenta explants. Placenta, 2017, Volume: 58 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cytokines; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Lipopolys	2017
A unique and promising combination of medications for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Medical hypotheses, 2017, Volume: 109 Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Brain; Dementia; Disease Progression; Drug Design; Drug Therapy, Combination; Hum	2017
Targeting Keap-1/Nrf-2 pathway and cytoglobin as a potential protective mechanism of diosmin and pentoxifylline against cholestatic liver cirrhosis. Life sciences, 2018, Aug-15, Volume: 207 Topics: Animals; Cytoglobin; Diosmin; Disease Progression; Free Radicals; Gene Expression Profiling; Globins	2018
Role of Myocardial Infarction-Induced Neuroinflammation for Depression-Like Behavior and Heart Failure in Ovariectomized Female Rats. Neuroscience, 2019, 09-01, Volume: 415 Topics: Animals; Behavior Rating Scale; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Cytokines; Depression; Disease Mo	2019
Pentoxifylline modifies central and peripheral vagal mechanism in acute and chronic pain models. Folia medica Cracoviensia, 2012, Volume: 52, Issue:1-2 Topics: Acetic Acid; Acute Pain; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Chronic Pain; Cytokines; Hyperalgesia; I	2012
Preventive and therapeutic anti-TNF-α therapy with pentoxifylline decreases arthritis and the associated periodontal co-morbidity in mice. Life sciences, 2013, Sep-17, Volume: 93, Issue:9-11 Topics: Alveolar Bone Loss; Animals; Antigens; Arthritis, Experimental; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; C-Reactive Pr	2013
The role of classical and alternative macrophages in the immunopathogenesis of herpes simplex virus-induced inflammation in a mouse model. Journal of dermatological science, 2014, Volume: 73, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Behcet Syndrome; Colchicine; Disease Models, Animal; Inflammation; Interferon-gamma; Interl	2014
Pentoxifylline alleviates cardiac ischemia and dysfunction following experimental angina in insulin resistance. PloS one, 2014, Volume: 9, Issue:5 Topics: Adiponectin; Administration, Oral; Angina Pectoris; Animals; Diet; Disease Models, Animal; Electroca	2014
Nephroprotective effect of pentoxifylline in renal ischemia-reperfusion in rat depends on the timing of its administration. Transplantation proceedings, 2014, Volume: 46, Issue:8 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Constriction; Free Radical Scavengers; Inflammation; Kidney; Kidney Tr	2014
Pentoxifylline alleviates hypertension in metabolic syndrome: effect on low-grade inflammation and angiotensin system. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2015, Volume: 38, Issue:4 Topics: Angiotensin II; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Hypertension; Inflammation; Male; Metabolic Syndrom	2015
Hypothesis: Pentoxifylline explores new horizons in treatment of preeclampsia. Medical hypotheses, 2015, Volume: 85, Issue:4 Topics: Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Animals; Blood Coagulation; Cytokines; Disease Progression; Endothelium, Va	2015
Pentoxifylline prevents nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related liver pre-neoplasms by inhibiting hepatic inflammation and lipogenesis. European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP), 2016, Volume: 25, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Inflammation; Lipogenesis; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental;	2016
Response of antimicrobial peptides from porcine neutrophils to pentoxifylline and antigens from Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Research in veterinary science, 2016, Volume: 104 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antigens, Bacterial; Cathelicidins; Free Radicals; Gram-Negative	2016
Microemulsion for topical application of pentoxifylline: In vitro release and in vivo evaluation. International journal of pharmaceutics, 2016, Jun-15, Volume: 506, Issue:1-2 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Animals; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Liberati	2016
Direct intraperitoneal resuscitation with lidocaine, methylene blue and pentoxiphylline combination does not decreases inflammation after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Acta cirurgica brasileira, 2016, Volume: 31, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Drug Combinations; Drug Synergism; Inflammation; Infusions, Paren	2016
Pentoxifylline Alleviates Early Brain Injury in a Rat Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Acta neurochirurgica, 2016, Volume: 158, Issue:9 Topics: Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Edema; Brain Injuries; Disease Models, Animal; Inflammation; Mal	2016
Pentoxifylline attenuates mucosal damage in an experimental model of rat colitis by modulating tissue biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Turkish journal of medical sciences, 2017, Feb-27, Volume: 47, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Colitis; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Fibrosis; Inflammation; Intestinal Muc	2017
Pentoxifylline modulates LPS-induced hyperinflammation in monocytes of preterm infants in vitro. Pediatric research, 2017, Volume: 82, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Antigens, CD; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Infant, Newborn;	2017
Pentoxifylline attenuates nociceptive sensitization and cytokine expression in a tibia fracture rat model of complex regional pain syndrome. European journal of pain (London, England), 2009, Volume: 13, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Complex Regional Pain Syndromes; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Foot; F	2009
Inflammation in chronic heart failure: what is familiar, what is unfamiliar? European journal of heart failure, 2009, Volume: 11, Issue:2 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Chronic Disease; Heart Failure; Humans; Inflammation; Pentoxifylline; Tumo	2009
Cilostazol and pentoxifylline decrease angiogenesis, inflammation, and fibrosis in sponge-induced intraperitoneal adhesion in mice. Life sciences, 2009, Apr-10, Volume: 84, Issue:15-16 Topics: Animals; Cilostazol; Disease Models, Animal; Fibrosis; Inflammation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C	2009
Pentoxifylline prevents loss of PP2A phosphatase activity and recruitment of histone acetyltransferases to proinflammatory genes in acute pancreatitis. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 2009, Volume: 331, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Blotting, Western; Cell Line; Chromatin Immunoprec	2009
Do the effects of pentoxifylline on the inflammatory process and pancreatic infection justify its use in acute pancreatitis? Pancreatology : official journal of the International Association of Pancreatology (IAP) ... [et al.], 2009, Volume: 9, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Cytokines; Inflammation; Male; Pancreas; Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotiz	2009
Burns, inflammation, and intestinal injury: protective effects of an anti-inflammatory resuscitation strategy. The Journal of trauma, 2009, Volume: 67, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Burns; Inflammation; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Male; Mice; Mice	2009
[Role of pendoxifiline (PTX) in different and cute and chronic models of pain in rats]. Folia medica Cracoviensia, 2008, Volume: 49, Issue:3-4 Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Chronic Disease; Cytokines; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Inflammation;	2008
Effects of pentoxifylline on inflammation and lung dysfunction in ventilated septic animals. The Journal of trauma, 2010, Volume: 68, Issue:4 Topics: Acute Disease; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Bronchoalveolar Lavage; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme	2010
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of methylxanthine derivatives in mice challenged with high-dose lipopolysaccharide. Pharmacology, 2010, Volume: 85, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Biomarkers; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Half	2010
Anti-inflammatory treatment with pentoxifylline improves HIV-related endothelial dysfunction: a pilot study. AIDS (London, England), 2010, Jun-01, Volume: 24, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Brachial Artery; Endothelium, Vascular; Female; HIV Infections; Hum	2010
Protective effects of pentoxifylline on the brain following remote burn injury. Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries, 2010, Volume: 36, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Apoptosis; Biomarkers; Brain; Burns; Cytokines; Disease Models, A	2010
In vivo effects of pentoxifylline on enzyme and non-enzyme antioxidant levels in rat liver after carrageenan-induced paw inflammation. Cell biochemistry and function, 2010, Dec-02, Volume: 28, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Carrageenan; Edema; Free Radical Scavengers; Hindlimb; Inflammation; Liver; M	2010
Split-liver procedure and inflammatory response: improvement by pharmacological preconditioning. The Journal of surgical research, 2011, Jun-01, Volume: 168, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Movement; Cytokines; Deferoxamine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Glyci	2011
The effect of pentoxifylline and its metabolite-1 on inflammation and fibrosis in the TNBS model of colitis. European journal of pharmacology, 2011, Jul-15, Volume: 662, Issue:1-3 Topics: Animals; Colitis; Collagen Type I; Colon; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Fibrosis; Inflammation; In	2011
Pentoxifylline aggravates fatty liver in obese and diabetic ob/ob mice by increasing intestinal glucose absorption and activating hepatic lipogenesis. British journal of pharmacology, 2012, Volume: 165, Issue:5 Topics: Adipocytes; Animals; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; Biomarkers; Blood	2012
Fully biodegradable and cationic poly(amino oxalate) particles for the treatment of acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. International journal of pharmaceutics, 2012, Sep-15, Volume: 434, Issue:1-2 Topics: Acetaminophen; Acute Disease; Animals; Cell Line; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cytosol; D	2012
Pro-inflammatory effects of cholera toxin: role of tumor necrosis factor alpha. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 2002, Volume: 40, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Cell Movement; Cholera Toxin; Dexamethasone; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relation	2002
The anti-inflammatory effects of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor pentoxifylline in the rat. Pharmacological research, 2003, Volume: 47, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Carrageenan; Celecoxib; Dexamethasone; Dose-Response Relationship	2003
Protective effect of pentoxifylline on volume-induced lung injury in newborn piglets. Biology of the neonate, 2004, Volume: 86, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Biomechanical Phenomena; Inflammation; Lung; Lu	2004
The effects of local pentoxifylline and propentofylline treatment on formalin-induced pain and tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger RNA levels in the inflamed tissue of the rat paw. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2004, Volume: 98, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Edema; Hindlimb; Inflammation; Male; Pain Measurement; Pe	2004
Pentoxifylline prevents spontaneous brain ischemia in stroke-prone rats. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 2004, Volume: 310, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Brain Ischemia; Disease Models, Animal; Inflammation; Male; Pentoxifylline; Proteinuria; Ra	2004
Pentoxifylline improves hemoglobin levels in patients with erythropoietin-resistant anemia in renal failure. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2004, Volume: 15, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia; Cytokines; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance; Erythropoietin; F	2004
Pentoxifylline improves hemoglobin levels in patients with erythropoietin-resistant anemia in renal failure. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2004, Volume: 15, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia; Cytokines; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance; Erythropoietin; F	2004
Pentoxifylline improves hemoglobin levels in patients with erythropoietin-resistant anemia in renal failure. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2004, Volume: 15, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia; Cytokines; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance; Erythropoietin; F	2004
Pentoxifylline improves hemoglobin levels in patients with erythropoietin-resistant anemia in renal failure. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2004, Volume: 15, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia; Cytokines; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance; Erythropoietin; F	2004
Pentoxifylline improves hemoglobin levels in patients with erythropoietin-resistant anemia in renal failure. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2004, Volume: 15, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia; Cytokines; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance; Erythropoietin; F	2004
Pentoxifylline improves hemoglobin levels in patients with erythropoietin-resistant anemia in renal failure. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2004, Volume: 15, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia; Cytokines; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance; Erythropoietin; F	2004
Pentoxifylline improves hemoglobin levels in patients with erythropoietin-resistant anemia in renal failure. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2004, Volume: 15, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia; Cytokines; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance; Erythropoietin; F	2004
Pentoxifylline improves hemoglobin levels in patients with erythropoietin-resistant anemia in renal failure. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2004, Volume: 15, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia; Cytokines; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance; Erythropoietin; F	2004
Pentoxifylline improves hemoglobin levels in patients with erythropoietin-resistant anemia in renal failure. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2004, Volume: 15, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia; Cytokines; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance; Erythropoietin; F	2004
Antihyperalgesic effect of pentoxifylline on experimental inflammatory pain. British journal of pharmacology, 2004, Volume: 143, Issue:7 Topics: Acetic Acid; Animals; Arthritis, Experimental; Carrageenan; Hot Temperature; Hyperalgesia; Iloprost;	2004
Anti-TNF-alpha therapy for chronic inflammation: reconsidering pentoxifylline as an alternative to therapeutic protein drugs. Inflammopharmacology, 2004, Volume: 12, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Chronic Disease; Humans; Inflammation; Lipids; Pentoxifylline; Rats; Tumor Necrosis Factor-	2004
Manganese potentiates in vitro production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide by microglia through a nuclear factor kappa B-dependent mechanism. Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, 2005, Volume: 84, Issue:1 Topics: Acetylcysteine; Animals; Buthionine Sulfoximine; Cells, Cultured; Chromans; Cytokines; Enzyme Inhibi	2005
Inflammatory blockade improves human pancreatic islet function and viability. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, 2005, Volume: 5, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Apoptosis; Cell Survival; DNA-Binding Proteins; Female; Glu	2005
Lymphatic system as a path underlying the spread of lung and gut injury after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Shock (Augusta, Ga.), 2005, Volume: 23, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Inflammation; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lung; Lymph; Lymphati	2005
Activation of the 12-lipoxygenase and signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway during neointima formation in a model of the metabolic syndrome. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2006, Volume: 290, Issue:1 Topics: Angioplasty, Balloon; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase	2006
Inhibition of TNF-alpha improves indomethacin-induced enteropathy in rats by modulating iNOS expression. Digestive diseases and sciences, 2005, Volume: 50, Issue:9 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Down-Regulation; Ileitis;	2005
Proposal to use pentoxifylline and Lyprinol therapy for chronic inflammatory diseases. Inflammopharmacology, 2005, Volume: 13, Issue:5-6 Topics: Chronic Disease; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Inflammation; Lipids; Pentoxifylline; Tumor Necr	2005
Effect of pentoxifylline on lung inflammation and gas exchange in a sepsis-induced acute lung injury model. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas, 2006, Volume: 39, Issue:11 Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Escherichia coli Infections; Inflammation; Inflammat	2006
Inflammation and oxidative stress markers by pentoxifylline treatment in rats with chronic renal failure and high sodium intake. Archives of medical research, 2007, Volume: 38, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Creatinine; Free Radical Scavengers; Inflammation; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Mal	2007
Hypertonic saline and pentoxifylline attenuates gut injury after hemorrhagic shock: the kinder, gentler resuscitation. The Journal of trauma, 2007, Volume: 62, Issue:4 Topics: Abdominal Injuries; Animals; Cytokines; Down-Regulation; Drug Combinations; Fluid Therapy; Heme Oxyg	2007
The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in lipopolysaccharide/ranitidine-induced inflammatory liver injury. Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, 2007, Volume: 100, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Chemokine CXCL2; Coculture Techniq	2007
Lipopolysaccharide and trovafloxacin coexposure in mice causes idiosyncrasy-like liver injury dependent on tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, 2007, Volume: 100, Issue:1 Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Diseas	2007
Potential role for phosphatidic acid in mediating the inflammatory responses to TNF alpha and IL-1 beta. Circulatory shock, 1994, Volume: 44, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diglycerides; Female; Inflammation; In	1994
CT-1501R selectively inhibits induced inflammatory monokines in human whole blood ex vivo. Shock (Augusta, Ga.), 1994, Volume: 1, Issue:4 Topics: 3T3 Cells; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Dinoprostone; Fibroblasts; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Inflamm	1994
Phosphatidic acid signaling mediates lung cytokine expression and lung inflammatory injury after hemorrhage in mice. The Journal of experimental medicine, 1995, Feb-01, Volume: 181, Issue:2 Topics: Acyltransferases; Animals; Cell Adhesion; Cells, Cultured; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Cytokines; Hemorrh	1995
Studies of skin-window exudate human neutrophils: increased resistance to pentoxifylline of the respiratory burst in primed cells. Inflammation, 1997, Volume: 21, Issue:2 Topics: Cyclic AMP; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Inflamma	1997
Arachidonic acid induces DNA-fragmentation in human polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes. Inflammation, 1997, Volume: 21, Issue:5 Topics: Apoptosis; Arachidonic Acid; Coloring Agents; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; DNA Fragmentation; Eicosape	1997
Inhibitory effects of pentoxifylline on ultraviolet B light-induced cutaneous inflammation. Molecular carcinogenesis, 1998, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Cell Division; Inflammation; Mice; Mice, Hairless; Neutrophils; Pentoxifylline;	1998
Early-onset inflammatory responses in vivo to adenoviral vectors in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology, 1999, Volume: 20, Issue:6 Topics: Adenoviridae; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Bronchoalv	1999
Interleukin-6 as a central mediator of cardiovascular risk associated with chronic inflammation, smoking, diabetes, and visceral obesity: down-regulation with essential fatty acids, ethanol and pentoxifylline. Medical hypotheses, 1999, Volume: 52, Issue:5 Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Fatty Acids, Essential; Human	1999
Mycoplasma fermentans-induced inflammatory response of astrocytes: selective modulation by aminoguanidine, thalidomide, pentoxifylline and IL-10. Inflammation, 1999, Volume: 23, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Cells, Cultured; Enzyme Inhibitors; Guanidines; Inflammation; Interleukin-10; M	1999
Isolated Pneumocystis carinii cell wall glucan provokes lower respiratory tract inflammatory responses. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2000, Apr-01, Volume: 164, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Binding, Competitive; Cell Wall; Cells, Cultured; Chemokine CXCL2	2000
IL-9 protects mice from Gram-negative bacterial shock: suppression of TNF-alpha, IL-12, and IFN-gamma, and induction of IL-10. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2000, 04-15, Volume: 164, Issue:8 Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Inflamma	2000
The role of local induction of tumor necrosis factor by LPS within a subcutaneous air pouch in the development of a febrile response in guinea pigs. Neuroimmunomodulation, 2000, Volume: 7, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Antigens, CD; Body Temperature; Fever; Guinea Pigs; Inflammation; Injections, Subcutaneous;	2000
[Effect of pentoxifylline on the healing of experimental anastomosis of the left colon in rats]. Magyar sebeszet, 2001, Volume: 54, Issue:3 Topics: Anastomosis, Surgical; Animals; Colon; Free Radical Scavengers; Inflammation; Male; Microcirculation	2001

pentoxifylline and Innate Inflammatory Response

Research Excerpts

Research

Studies (111)

Authors

Clinical Trials (6)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

the Late Complications of BPD Infants

Reviews

Trials

Other Studies

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	respiratory symptoms	Vomiting when feeding	retinopathy of prematurity	hypoxic ischemic injury	sudden infant death syndrome	rehospitalization
Extremely Premature Infants With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia	57	45	30	4	1	31