Page last updated: 2024-11-02

pentobarbital and Brain Ischemia

pentobarbital has been researched along with Brain Ischemia in 86 studies

Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)
pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.

Brain Ischemia: Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" We compared microregional O2 balance in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion during pentobarbital and isoflurane anesthesia."7.81Local O2 Balance in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Improved during Pentobarbital Compared with Isoflurane Anesthesia. ( Barsoum, S; Chi, OZ; Liu, X; Rah, KH; Weiss, HR, 2015)
"Thiopental is an anesthetic used for controlling high intracranial pressure (ICP) caused by brain surgery, brain trauma, and severe stroke."7.75Thiopental exaggerates ischemic brain damage and neurological deficits after experimental stroke in spontaneously hypertensive rats. ( Duan, WM; Duan, YF; Liu, C; Zhao, LR; Zhao, YF, 2009)
"To compare the effects of pentobarbital and propofol on the outcome of focal cerebral ischemia model, and to evaluate the availability of propofol in setting the focal cerebral ischemia."7.72[Comparison of pentobarbital and propofol on the outcome of focal cerebral ischemia model in rats]. ( Kang, QY; Li, J; Liu, Y; Zhang, PB; Zhao, JJ, 2004)
"These results indicate that activation of GABAA receptors, which include the specific binding subunits for propofol and midazolam, but not pentobarbital, plays a role in the inhibition of neuronal death induced by brain ischemia."7.70Neuroprotective properties of propofol and midazolam, but not pentobarbital, on neuronal damage induced by forebrain ischemia, based on the GABAA receptors. ( Isshiki, A; Ito, H; Uchino, H; Watanabe, Y, 1999)
"Effect of minaprine on hypoxia- or hypoxia/hypoglycemia (ischemia)-induced impairment of 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake by rat hippocampal slices was evaluated."7.68Protective effect of minaprine against the abnormal changes of 2-deoxyglucose uptake by rat hippocampal slices induced by hypoxia/hypoglycemia. ( Kodama, K; Shibata, S; Ueki, S, 1992)
"We investigated the neuroprotective effects of vinconate (a vinca alkaloid derivative), baclofen (a GABAB receptor agonist), or pentobarbital (a GABAA receptor-effector) on neuronal damage following repeated brief cerebral ischemia in the gerbils."7.68Comparative protective effects of vinconate, baclofen, and pentobarbital against neuronal damage following repeated brief cerebral ischemia in the gerbil brain. ( Araki, T; Kato, H; Kogure, K, 1991)
"Changes in the electrocardiogram following bilateral common carotid arteries ligation was observed during the awake state and pentobarbital anesthesia; and the influences of cerebral ischemia, pentobarbital or halothane anesthesia on the cardiotoxicity induced by continuous infusion of ouabain were also studied in Mongolian gerbils."7.68[Experimental study on arrhythmias induced by cerebral ischemia and ouabain in Mongolian gerbils]. ( Maruyama, Y; Nakamura, T, 1991)
"Status epilepticus is common in infants and may have long-term consequences on the brain persisting into adulthood."5.36Harmful effect of kainic acid on brain ischemic damage is not related to duration of status epilepticus. ( Giorgi, FS; Hasson, H; Malhotra, S; Moshé, SL; Rosenbaum, DM, 2010)
"Pretreatment with pentobarbital Na (30 mg/kg, i."5.28Carbon monoxide (CO)-induced hypoxia in mice: evaluation as an experimental model of cerebral ischemia for drug screening. ( Hiramatsu, Y; Kato, Y; Koida, M; Muguruma, K; Nakamuta, H; Ogawa, Y; Yasuda, K, 1989)
"Cerebral ischemia was induced in unanesthetized gerbils using bilateral carotid artery ligations."5.27Effects of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion on prostanoid accumulation in unanesthetized and pentobarbital-treated gerbils. ( Dorman, RV, 1988)
" We compared microregional O2 balance in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion during pentobarbital and isoflurane anesthesia."3.81Local O2 Balance in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Improved during Pentobarbital Compared with Isoflurane Anesthesia. ( Barsoum, S; Chi, OZ; Liu, X; Rah, KH; Weiss, HR, 2015)
"Thiopental is an anesthetic used for controlling high intracranial pressure (ICP) caused by brain surgery, brain trauma, and severe stroke."3.75Thiopental exaggerates ischemic brain damage and neurological deficits after experimental stroke in spontaneously hypertensive rats. ( Duan, WM; Duan, YF; Liu, C; Zhao, LR; Zhao, YF, 2009)
"To compare the effects of pentobarbital and propofol on the outcome of focal cerebral ischemia model, and to evaluate the availability of propofol in setting the focal cerebral ischemia."3.72[Comparison of pentobarbital and propofol on the outcome of focal cerebral ischemia model in rats]. ( Kang, QY; Li, J; Liu, Y; Zhang, PB; Zhao, JJ, 2004)
"The neuroprotective effects of GTS-21 [3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)-anabaseine dihydrochloride] were studied and compared with those of nicotine, 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine hydrochloride hydrate (THA) and pentobarbital-Na (PB) using a cerebral ischemia model in Mongolian gerbils."3.70Protective effect of GTS-21, a novel nicotinic receptor agonist, on delayed neuronal death induced by ischemia in gerbils. ( Miyake, H; Nanri, M; Watanabe, H; Yamamoto, J, 1998)
"These results indicate that activation of GABAA receptors, which include the specific binding subunits for propofol and midazolam, but not pentobarbital, plays a role in the inhibition of neuronal death induced by brain ischemia."3.70Neuroprotective properties of propofol and midazolam, but not pentobarbital, on neuronal damage induced by forebrain ischemia, based on the GABAA receptors. ( Isshiki, A; Ito, H; Uchino, H; Watanabe, Y, 1999)
"Changes in the electrocardiogram following bilateral common carotid arteries ligation was observed during the awake state and pentobarbital anesthesia; and the influences of cerebral ischemia, pentobarbital or halothane anesthesia on the cardiotoxicity induced by continuous infusion of ouabain were also studied in Mongolian gerbils."3.68[Experimental study on arrhythmias induced by cerebral ischemia and ouabain in Mongolian gerbils]. ( Maruyama, Y; Nakamura, T, 1991)
"We investigated the neuroprotective effects of vinconate (a vinca alkaloid derivative), baclofen (a GABAB receptor agonist), or pentobarbital (a GABAA receptor-effector) on neuronal damage following repeated brief cerebral ischemia in the gerbils."3.68Comparative protective effects of vinconate, baclofen, and pentobarbital against neuronal damage following repeated brief cerebral ischemia in the gerbil brain. ( Araki, T; Kato, H; Kogure, K, 1991)
" Ten EEGs from 10 patients with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE-BS) and 21 records from 8 patients with pentobarbital induced burst-suppression for treatment of status epilepticus (SE-BS) were reviewed."3.68Variance of interburst intervals in burst suppression. ( Beydoun, A; Drury, I; Yen, CE, 1991)
"We studied the alterations in the binding of muscarinic cholinergic and adenosine A1 receptors following transient cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils and examined the effects of the novel vinca alkaloid derivative vinconate and pentobarbital against the alterations in the binding of these receptors."3.68Postischemic alteration of muscarinic acetylcholine and adenosine A1 binding sites in gerbil brain. Protective effects of a novel vinca alkaloid derivative, vinconate, and pentobarbital using an autoradiographic study. ( Araki, T; Kato, H; Kogure, K, 1992)
"Effect of WEB 1881 FU (nebracetam) on hypoxia and ischemia-induced impairment of 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake and CA1 field potentials induced by hypoxia and hypoxia/hypoglycemia (ischemia) in rat brain slices was evaluated and compared to the findings obtained with pentobarbital and idebenone."3.68Neuroprotective effect of WEB 1881 FU (nebracetam) on an ischemia-induced deficit of glucose uptake in rat hippocampal and cerebral cortical slices and CA1 field potential in hippocampal slices. ( Kagami-ishi, Y; Shibata, S; Ueki, S; Watanabe, S, 1992)
"Effect of minaprine on hypoxia- or hypoxia/hypoglycemia (ischemia)-induced impairment of 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake by rat hippocampal slices was evaluated."3.68Protective effect of minaprine against the abnormal changes of 2-deoxyglucose uptake by rat hippocampal slices induced by hypoxia/hypoglycemia. ( Kodama, K; Shibata, S; Ueki, S, 1992)
"Survival rates following incomplete brain ischemia induced during pentobarbital anesthesia were significantly higher in mice with a minor brain injury, inflicted one week before, than in those given a sham operation."3.67Effects of pentobarbital and ketamine on brain injury-induced anti-ischemic activity. ( Endoh, H; Fujiwara, N; Ohama, E; Shimoji, K; Taga, K; Takahata, Y, 1987)
"Using a model of global cerebral ischemia in rats, we examined the effects of a dihydropyridine Ca2+ antagonist, nicardipine, on the liberation of free fatty acids (FFAs)."3.67Ca2+ antagonist and protection of the brain against ischemia. Effects of nicardipine on free fatty acid liberation in the ischemic brain in rats. ( Handa, J; Kidooka, M; Matsuda, M, 1987)
"We previously reported that whole-brain free fatty acids (FFA) rose almost linearly for up to 1 h after decapitation of unanesthetized rats and was significantly attenuated by pentobarbital anesthesia."3.66Reassessment of brain free fatty acid liberation during global ischemia and its attenuation by barbiturate anesthesia. ( Nemmer, JP; Nemoto, EM; Shiu, GK, 1983)
"A mouse model of transient (90 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established, and western blotting, enzymic activity assay, and fluorescent immunostaining techniques were used."1.51Involvement of d-amino acid oxidase in cerebral ischaemia induced by transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in mice. ( Han, QQ; Liu, H; Mao, XF; Wang, YX; Wang, ZY; Wu, HY; Zhao, MJ, 2019)
"Status epilepticus is common in infants and may have long-term consequences on the brain persisting into adulthood."1.36Harmful effect of kainic acid on brain ischemic damage is not related to duration of status epilepticus. ( Giorgi, FS; Hasson, H; Malhotra, S; Moshé, SL; Rosenbaum, DM, 2010)
"Hypothermia was induced in awake, anesthetized and brain ischemic-anesthetized rats."1.31Effect of hypothermia on brain multi-parametric activities in normoxic and partially ischemic rats. ( Etziony, R; Granot, E; Mayevsky, A; Sonn, J, 2002)
"Global cerebral ischemia was produced by a 10 min occlusion of both common carotid arteries 24 hr after the permanent electrocauterization of bilateral vertebral arteries."1.29The effect of VA-045 on disturbance in consciousness in experimental animal models. ( Araki, H; Imagawa, Y; Ogawa, S; Okuyama, S; Otomo, S; Saito, Y; Sakagawa, T; Shima, K; Yamada, S, 1993)
"Pentobarbital pretreatment may be used to predict biochemical events involved in ischemic brain damage following bilateral carotid artery ligations in the gerbil, since it reduces the subsequent edema and mortality."1.28Arachidonic acid metabolism in gerbil cerebra: effects of ischemia and pentobarbital. ( Dorman, RV; Hamm, TF, 1990)
"Pretreatment with pentobarbital Na (30 mg/kg, i."1.28Carbon monoxide (CO)-induced hypoxia in mice: evaluation as an experimental model of cerebral ischemia for drug screening. ( Hiramatsu, Y; Kato, Y; Koida, M; Muguruma, K; Nakamuta, H; Ogawa, Y; Yasuda, K, 1989)
"Pentobarbital (60 mg/kg) was administered i."1.27Attenuation by pentobarbital of free fatty acid and diacylglycerol liberation during global ischaemia in rat brain. ( Hattori, T; Kameyama, Y; Nishimura, Y; Nozawa, Y; Sakai, N; Yamada, H, 1986)
"Pentobarbital (60 mg/kg) was administered i."1.27Inhibitory effect of pentobarbital on phospholipase C activity in ischaemic rat brain. ( Banno, Y; Hattori, T; Kameyama, Y; Nishimura, Y; Nozawa, Y; Sakai, N; Yamada, H, 1987)
"Cerebral ischemia was induced in unanesthetized gerbils using bilateral carotid artery ligations."1.27Effects of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion on prostanoid accumulation in unanesthetized and pentobarbital-treated gerbils. ( Dorman, RV, 1988)
"Brain ischemia was evoked by rat decapitation and pentobarbital (60 mg/kg) was administered i."1.27[Effects of pentobarbital on brain lipid metabolism during global ischemia]. ( Hattori, T; Kameyama, Y; Nishimura, Y; Nozawa, Y; Sakai, N; Yamada, H, 1986)
" The course of concentration under maintenance dosage was extremely variable, mainly due to interindividual and intraindividual variations in clearance."1.27[Thiopental kinetics in high-dose use]. ( Jensen, U; Murr, R; Peter, K; Schmiedeck, P; Taeger, K, 1986)
" The effective dosage of the drugs were 20-40 mg/kg in pentobarbital, 10-20 mg/kg in diazepam, and 12."1.27[Treatable ischemic neuronal damage in the gerbil hippocampus]. ( Kirino, T; Sano, K; Tamura, A; Tomukai, N, 1986)
"Focal cerebral ischemia initiates multiple detrimental effects in the brain."1.27Indomethacin-mediated improvement following middle cerebral artery occlusion in cats. Effects of anesthesia. ( Dempsey, RJ; Donaldson, DL; Meyer, KL; Roy, MW, 1985)
"The neurological effects of cerebral ischemia episodes lasting 8, 9, or 10 minutes were compared in dogs treated with pentobarbital and those not treated."1.26No barbiturate protection in a dog model of complete cerebral ischemia. ( Michenfelder, JD; Milde, JH; Steen, PA, 1979)
" We observed a striking reduction in the size of infarction in the animals treated with thiopental at moderate and prolonged dosage levels."1.26The controlled delivery of thiopental and delayed cerebral revascularization. ( Agdeppa, D; Dujovny, M; Lipton, SD; Mazel, M; Nelson, D; Segel, R; Yonas, H, 1981)

Research

Studies (86)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-199049 (56.98)18.7374
1990's25 (29.07)18.2507
2000's8 (9.30)29.6817
2010's4 (4.65)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Liu, H1
Zhao, MJ1
Wang, ZY1
Han, QQ1
Wu, HY1
Mao, XF1
Wang, YX1
Chi, OZ1
Barsoum, S1
Rah, KH1
Liu, X1
Weiss, HR1
Duan, YF1
Liu, C1
Zhao, YF1
Duan, WM1
Zhao, LR1
Hasson, H1
Malhotra, S1
Giorgi, FS1
Rosenbaum, DM1
Moshé, SL1
Krysl, D1
Deykun, K1
Lambert, L1
Pokorny, J1
Mares, J1
WRIGHT, RL1
AMES, A1
Serres, S1
Bezancon, E1
Franconi, JM1
Merle, M1
Zhang, PB1
Liu, Y1
Li, J1
Zhao, JJ1
Kang, QY1
Adachi, N1
Liu, K1
Motoki, A1
Hiraga, N1
Irisawa, Y1
Semba, K1
Arai, T1
Ochiai, C1
Asano, T1
Tamura, A2
Sano, K2
Fukuda, T2
Nakamura, T2
Piatt, JH1
Schiff, SJ1
Morimoto, Y1
Tsumagari, T1
Wauquier, A1
Clincke, G1
Van den Broeck, WA1
Hermans, C1
Melis, W1
VAn Loon, J1
Nemoto, EM5
Shiu, GK5
Nemmer, JP2
Bleyaert, AL2
Nemmer, J1
Belopavlovic, M1
Buchthal, A1
Lawner, PM1
Laurent, JP1
Simeone, FA1
Fink, EA1
Edgar, AD1
Strosznajder, J1
Horrocks, LA1
Yonas, H1
Dujovny, M1
Nelson, D1
Lipton, SD1
Segel, R1
Agdeppa, D1
Mazel, M1
Ignelzi, RJ2
Astrup, J1
Sørensen, PM1
Sørensen, HR1
Mayevsky, A2
Lebourdais, S1
Chance, B1
Nakashima, K2
Todd, MM3
Warner, DS2
Verhaegen, M1
Iaizzo, PA1
Ishimaru, H2
Takahashi, A2
Ikarashi, Y2
Maruyama, Y3
Okuyama, S2
Imagawa, Y1
Ogawa, S1
Saito, Y1
Araki, H3
Otomo, S1
Sakagawa, T1
Yamada, S1
Shima, K1
Takaoka, S1
Wu, B1
Ludwig, PS1
Pearlstein, RD1
Brinkhous, AD1
Dexter, F1
Lavine, SD1
Masri, LS1
Levy, ML1
Giannotta, SL1
Nanri, M1
Yamamoto, J1
Miyake, H1
Watanabe, H1
Gross, CE1
Bednar, MM1
Lew, SM1
Florman, JE1
Kohut, JJ1
McKinley, BA1
Parmley, CL1
Ito, H1
Watanabe, Y1
Isshiki, A1
Uchino, H1
Kwon, JY1
Bacher, A1
Deyo, DJ1
Disterhoft, JF1
Uchida, T1
Zornow, MH1
Nelson, RM1
Green, AR1
Lambert, DG1
Hainsworth, AH1
Cole, DJ1
Cross, LM1
Drummond, JC1
Patel, PM1
Jacobsen, WK1
Sonn, J1
Granot, E1
Etziony, R1
Steen, PA2
Milde, JH2
Michenfelder, JD3
Sundt, TM1
Anderson, RE1
Hoff, JT1
Marshall, L1
Levy, DE1
Brierley, JB2
Weidler, DJ1
Jallad, NS1
Black, KL1
Pulsinelli, WA1
Rawlinson, D1
Plum, F1
Shibata, S2
Kagami-ishi, Y1
Ueki, S2
Watanabe, S1
Kodama, K1
Araki, T4
Kato, H4
Kogure, K5
Freund, TF1
Buzsaki, G1
Leon, A1
Somogyi, P1
Hara, H2
Onodera, H1
Beydoun, A1
Yen, CE1
Drury, I1
Masukawa, T1
Tochino, Y1
Hamm, TF1
Dorman, RV3
Bhardwaj, A1
Brannan, T1
Weinberger, J1
Inoue, T1
Koida, M1
Nakamuta, H1
Yasuda, K1
Muguruma, K1
Hiramatsu, Y1
Ogawa, Y1
Kato, Y1
Yamamoto, M1
Kawabata, S1
Shimizu, M1
Karasawa, Y2
Kawashima, K1
Hayashi, M1
Aihara, H2
Huang, JH1
Hattori, T3
Nishimura, Y3
Sakai, N3
Yamada, H3
Kameyama, Y3
Nozawa, Y3
Banno, Y1
Berga, P1
Beckett, PR1
Roberts, DJ1
Llenas, J1
Massingham, R1
Shiratsuchi, A1
Sugio, K1
Horigome, N1
Inami, T1
Tanaka, Y1
Sakurai, M1
Gotoh, M1
Sakaguchi, T1
Nedergaard, M1
Diemer, NH1
Edgehouse, NL1
Shimoji, K2
Takahata, Y2
Fujiwara, N1
Endoh, H1
Taga, K1
Ohama, E1
Kidooka, M1
Matsuda, M1
Handa, J1
Rivera, VM1
Meyer, JS1
Hata, T1
Ishikawa, Y1
Imai, A1
Wagner, KR1
Ting, P1
Westfall, MV1
Yamaguchi, S1
Bacher, JD1
Myers, RE1
Taeger, K1
Murr, R1
Schmiedeck, P1
Jensen, U1
Peter, K1
Kirino, T1
Tomukai, N1
Wendling, WW1
Harakal, C1
Dempsey, RJ1
Roy, MW1
Meyer, KL1
Donaldson, DL1
Chandler, MJ1
DeLeo, J1
Carney, JM1
Hallmayer, J1
Hossmann, KA1
Mies, G1
Du Bois, M1
Bowman, PD1
Goldstein, GW1

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Lidocaine For Neuroprotection During Cardiac Surgery[NCT00938964]550 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Change in Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

"Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The CES-D is a 20-item self-report examination designed to measure symptoms of depression. Subjects rate the degree to which they have experienced a range of symptoms of depression, such as I had crying spells and I felt lonely. Scores range from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating greater depressive symptoms. Scores greater than 16 are typically considered indicative of clinically significant depression." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine-1.27
Placebo-0.89

Change in Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

"Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The CES-D is a 20-item self-report examination designed to measure symptoms of depression. Subjects rate the degree to which they have experienced a range of symptoms of depression, such as I had crying spells and I felt lonely. Scores range from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating greater depressive symptoms. Scores greater than 16 are typically considered indicative of clinically significant depression." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 6-weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine0.57
Placebo0.16

Change in Cognitive Function From Baseline

To characterize cognitive function over time, while minimizing potential redundancy in the cognitive measures, a factor analysis was performed on the 14 cognitive test scores from baseline. We chose a five-factor solution, which represents 5 cognitive domains: structured verbal memory, unstructured verbal memory, executive function, visual memory and attention/concentration. To quantify overall cognitive function, a baseline cognitive index was first calculated as the mean of the 5 preoperative domain scores. The cognitive index score has a mean of zero, thus any positive score is above the mean, any negative score is below the mean. A continuous change score was then calculated by subtracting the baseline from the 1 year cognitive index. The resulting outcome measure is unbounded with standard deviation of 0.35. A negative change score indicating decline and a positive score indicating improvement (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: 1 year after surgery

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine0.09
Placebo0.07

Change in Cognitive Function From Baseline Characterized as Continuous Cognitive Change

To characterize cognitive function over time, while minimizing potential redundancy in the cognitive measures, a factor analysis was performed on the 14 cognitive test scores from baseline. We chose a five-factor solution, which represents 5 cognitive domains: structured verbal memory, unstructured verbal memory, executive function, visual memory and attention/concentration. To quantify overall cognitive function, a baseline cognitive index was first calculated as the mean of the 5 preoperative domain scores. The cognitive index score has a mean of zero, thus any positive score is above the mean, any negative score is below the mean. A continuous change score was then calculated by subtracting the baseline from the 6-week cognitive index. The resulting outcome measure is unbounded with standard deviation of 0.35. A negative change score indicating decline and a positive score indicating improvement. (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: Preoperative to 6 weeks after surgery

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine0.07
Placebo0.07

Change in Duke Activity Status Index (DASI)

"The DASI is a 12-item scale of functional capacity that has been found to correlate well with objective measures of maximal exercise capacity. Items reflect activities of personal care, ambulation, household tasks, sexual function, and recreational activities. Activities done with no difficulty receive scores, which are weighted and summed, for a quantitative measure of functional status. Scores range from 0 to 60; a higher-weighted score indicates better function." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine6.3
Placebo6.96

Change in Duke Activity Status Index (DASI)

"The DASI is a 12-item scale of functional capacity that has been found to correlate well with objective measures of maximal exercise capacity. Items reflect activities of personal care, ambulation, household tasks, sexual function, and recreational activities. Activities done with no difficulty receive scores, which are weighted and summed, for a quantitative measure of functional status. Scores range from 0 to 60; a higher-weighted score indicates better function." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 6-weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine-10.98
Placebo-11.67

Change in Neurological Function, as Measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)

The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is a 15-item neurologic examination stroke scale used to evaluate the effect of acute cerebral infarction on the levels of consciousness, language, neglect, visual-field loss, extraocular movement, motor strength, ataxia, dysarthria, and sensory loss. A trained observer rates the patent's ability to answer questions and perform activities. Ratings for each item are scored with 3 to 5 grades with 0 as normal, and there is an allowance for untestable items. The range of scores is from 0 (normal) to 42 (profound effect of stroke on patient). (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine0.05
Placebo0.07

Change in Neurological Function, as Measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)

The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is a 15-item neurologic examination stroke scale used to evaluate the effect of acute cerebral infarction on the levels of consciousness, language, neglect, visual-field loss, extraocular movement, motor strength, ataxia, dysarthria, and sensory loss. A trained observer rates the patent's ability to answer questions and perform activities. Ratings for each item are scored with 3 to 5 grades with 0 as normal, and there is an allowance for untestable items. The range of scores is from 0 (normal) to 42 (profound effect of stroke on patient). (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 6-weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine0.05
Placebo0.04

Change in Neurological Function, as Measured by the Western Perioperative Neurologic Scale (WPNS)

The Western perioperative neurologic scale was designed to detect neurologic deficits after cardiac surgery. It includes 14 items classified into eight domains (mentation, speech, cranial nerve function, motor weakness, sensation and cerebellum, reflexes, and gait). Each item is scored from 0 (severe deficit) to3 (normal), and a maximum score of 42 indicates normal neurological function. (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine0.02
Placebo-0.02

Change in Neurological Function, as Measured by the Western Perioperative Neurologic Scale (WPNS)

The Western perioperative neurologic scale was designed to detect neurologic deficits after cardiac surgery. It includes 14 items classified into eight domains (mentation, speech, cranial nerve function, motor weakness, sensation and cerebellum, reflexes, and gait). Each item is scored from 0 (severe deficit) to3 (normal), and a maximum score of 42 indicates normal neurological function. (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 6-weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine0.04
Placebo-0.01

Change in Perceived Social Support

"Perceived Social Support Scale: Twelve items indicate how strongly subjects agree that there is a special person who is around when I am in need and my family really tries to help me. Choices range from very strongly disagree to very strongly agree. Items are summed for a range of 12 to 84, with a high score meaning more social support." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine0.71
Placebo-1.16

Change in Perceived Social Support

"Perceived Social Support Scale: Twelve items indicate how strongly subjects agree that there is a special person who is around when I am in need and my family really tries to help me. Choices range from very strongly disagree to very strongly agree. Items are summed for a range of 12 to 84, with a high score meaning more social support." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 6-weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine1.23
Placebo-0.49

Change in Social Activity

"Social Activity: This measure consisted of eight items that indicate the degree of social interaction. Sample items are How often do you talk on the telephone with friends and relatives? and How often do you attend meetings of social groups, clubs, or civic organizations? Scores range from 8 to 32. A lower score indicates more social activity." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine-0.20
Placebo0.03

Change in Social Activity

"Social Activity: This measure consisted of eight items that indicate the degree of social interaction. Sample items are How often do you talk on the telephone with friends and relatives? and How often do you attend meetings of social groups, clubs, or civic organizations? Scores range from 8 to 32. A lower score indicates more social activity." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 6-weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine0.95
Placebo1.59

Change in Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI)

"Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI): The STAI consists of two 20-item scales that measure anxiety. Representative items include statements such as I feel nervous and I feel worried. These items are rated on a 4-point scale, based on how well they describe the patient's current or typical mood, from not at all to very much so. Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine-6.70
Placebo-6.39

Change in Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI)

"Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI): The STAI consists of two 20-item scales that measure anxiety. Representative items include statements such as I feel nervous and I feel worried. These items are rated on a 4-point scale, based on how well they describe the patient's current or typical mood, from not at all to very much so. Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 6-weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine-7.12
Placebo-6.31

Change in Symptom Limitations

Symptom limitations: Patients were given a list of eight symptoms and asked to rate the degree to which the symptom limited daily activities. The symptoms were angina, shortness of breath, arthritis, back trouble, leg pains, headaches, fatigue, and other. Scores range from 8 to 32, with higher scores indicating greater limitations. (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine-1.39
Placebo-1.48

Change in Symptom Limitations

Symptom limitations: Patients were given a list of eight symptoms and asked to rate the degree to which the symptom limited daily activities. The symptoms were angina, shortness of breath, arthritis, back trouble, leg pains, headaches, fatigue, and other. Scores range from 8 to 32, with higher scores indicating greater limitations. (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 6-weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine-0.67
Placebo-0.8

Change in the Cognitive Difficulties Scale

"Cognitive Difficulties Scale: a 39-item scale, is a self-report assessment of perceived problems in long- and short-term memory, concentration, attention, and psycho-motor coordination. Sample items are I forget errands I planned to do and I fail to recognize people I know. Scores range from 39 to 164, with higher scores indicating greater cognitive difficulty." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine-0.46
Placebo-1.02

Change in the Cognitive Difficulties Scale

"Cognitive Difficulties Scale: a 39-item scale, is a self-report assessment of perceived problems in long- and short-term memory, concentration, attention, and psycho-motor coordination. Sample items are I forget errands I planned to do and I fail to recognize people I know. Scores range from 39 to 164, with higher scores indicating greater cognitive difficulty." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 6-weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine-3
Placebo-3.21

Change in the Duke Older Americans Resources and Services Procedures- Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (OARS-IADL)

"Duke Older Americans Resources and Services Procedures- Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (OARS-IADL): This measure contains six items that assess the ability to perform important tasks for daily living (e.g., Could you prepare your own meals? Could you drive a car?). Scores range from 6 to 24. Higher scores indicate increasing difficulty in engaging in daily activities." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine-0.15
Placebo-0.31

Change in the Duke Older Americans Resources and Services Procedures- Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (OARS-IADL)

"Duke Older Americans Resources and Services Procedures- Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (OARS-IADL): This measure contains six items that assess the ability to perform important tasks for daily living (e.g., Could you prepare your own meals? Could you drive a car?). Scores range from 6 to 24. Higher scores indicate increasing difficulty in engaging in daily activities." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 6-weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine2.46
Placebo2.1

Count of Participants With a Decline of Greater Than or Equal to One Standard Deviation in One or More of Five Cognitive Domain Scores Reported as a Dichotomous Post-operative Cognitive Deficit (POCD) Outcome

To characterize cognitive function over time, while minimizing potential redundancy in the cognitive measures, a factor analysis was performed on the 14 cognitive test scores from baseline. We chose a five-factor solution, which represents 5 cognitive domains: structured verbal memory, unstructured verbal memory, executive function, visual memory and attention/concentration. Each domain score is normally distributed with a mean of zero. A change score was calculated for each domain by subtracting the baseline from the 6-week score. A dichotomous outcome variable of post-operative cognitive deficit was defined as a decline of ≥1 standard deviation in 1 or more of the 5 domains. (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: Preoperative to 6 weeks after surgery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Lidocaine87
Placebo83

Change in Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36)

The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36): The SF-36 was designed to measure general health status. Two scales were used: Work Activities (four items) and General Health (one item). For the work activities scale, the reported score was the sum of four questions, each with values ranging from 1 to 4, the total score could range from 4 to 16. A higher score on Work Activities indicates more health-related problems For the general health question, the patients ranked their health from Excellent (1) to poor (5), the scale ranged from 1 to 5 with 1 being best health and 5 being worst. A high score in General Health indicates poorer health state. (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
1 year Change Work Activities1 year Change General health perception
Lidocaine-1.37-0.28
Placebo-1.42-0.43

Change in Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36)

The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36): The SF-36 was designed to measure general health status. Two scales were used: Work Activities (four items) and General Health (one item). For the work activities scale, the reported score was the sum of four questions, each with values ranging from 1 to 4, the total score could range from 4 to 16. A higher score on Work Activities indicates more health-related problems For the general health question, the patients ranked their health from Excellent (1) to poor (5), the scale ranged from 1 to 5 with 1 being best health and 5 being worst. A high score in General Health indicates poorer health state. (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 6-weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
6-Week Change Work activities6-Week Change General health perception
Lidocaine2.71-0.004
Placebo3-0.03

Transcerebral Activation Gradient of Platelet-neutrophil Conjugates

Paired jugular venous and radial arterial blood samples were drawn at baseline, cross-clamp removal, end of cardiopulmonary bypass, and 6 hours post cross-clamp removalime points and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting to identify activated platelets. Transcerebral activation gradients were calculated by subtracting arterial values from venous values and were compared between groups (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: Baseline to 6 hours post cross-clamp removal

,
InterventionMean linear fluorescence intensity-MLFI (Mean)
BaselineCross-clamp removalEnd of Bypass6 hours post cross-clamp removal
Lidocaine-0.150.02-0.73-0.10
Placebo-0.43-0.73-0.400.19

Transcerebral Activation Gradients of Monocytes

Paired jugular venous and radial arterial blood samples were drawn at baseline, cross-clamp removal, end of cardiopulmonary bypass, and 6 hours post cross-clamp removalime points and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting to identify activated platelets. Transcerebral activation gradients were calculated by subtracting arterial values from venous values and were compared between groups (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: Baseline to 6 hours post cross-clamp removal

,
InterventionMean linear fluorescence intensity-MLFI (Mean)
BaselineCross-clamp removalEnd of Bypass6 hours post cross-clamp removal
Lidocaine-4.22-2.46-0.341.21
Placebo-0.041.832.640.54

Transcerebral Activation Gradients of Neutrophils

Paired jugular venous and radial arterial blood samples were drawn at baseline, cross-clamp removal, end of cardiopulmonary bypass, and 6 hours post cross-clamp removal and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting to identify activated platelets. Transcerebral activation gradients were calculated by subtracting arterial values from venous values and were compared between groups (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: Baseline to 6 hours post cross-clamp removal

,
InterventionMean linear fluorescence intensity-MLFI (Mean)
BaselineCross-clamp removalEnd of Bypass6 hours post cross-clamp removal
Lidocaine-2.020.560.581.04
Placebo-0.080.171.19-0.68

Transcerebral Activation Gradients of Platelets

Paired jugular venous and radial arterial blood samples were drawn at baseline, cross-clamp removal, end of cardiopulmonary bypass, and 6 hours post cross-clamp removalime points and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting to identify activated platelets. Transcerebral activation gradients were calculated by subtracting arterial values from venous values and were compared between groups (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: Baseline to 6 hours post cross-clamp removal

,
InterventionMean linear fluorescence intensity-MLFI (Mean)
BaselineCross-clamp removalEnd of Bypass6 hours post cross-clamp removal
Lidocaine-0.030.030.330.37
Placebo0.350.430.050.27

Reviews

1 review available for pentobarbital and Brain Ischemia

ArticleYear
Barbiturate therapy in cerebral ischaemia.
    Anaesthesia, 1980, Volume: 35, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Barbiturates; Brain Ischemia; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dru

1980

Other Studies

85 other studies available for pentobarbital and Brain Ischemia

ArticleYear
Involvement of d-amino acid oxidase in cerebral ischaemia induced by transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in mice.
    British journal of pharmacology, 2019, Volume: 176, Issue:17

    Topics: Animals; Brain Ischemia; D-Amino-Acid Oxidase; Disease Models, Animal; Infarction, Middle Cerebral A

2019
Local O2 Balance in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Improved during Pentobarbital Compared with Isoflurane Anesthesia.
    Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association, 2015, Volume: 24, Issue:6

    Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Infarction, Mi

2015
Thiopental exaggerates ischemic brain damage and neurological deficits after experimental stroke in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
    Brain research, 2009, Oct-19, Volume: 1294

    Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Chloral Hydrate; Disease Models, Animal; D

2009
Harmful effect of kainic acid on brain ischemic damage is not related to duration of status epilepticus.
    Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2010, Volume: 31, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; Kainic Acid; Ma

2010
Perifocal and remote blood-brain barrier disruption in cortical photothrombotic ischemic lesion and its modulation by the choice of anesthesia.
    Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society, 2012, Volume: 63, Issue:2

    Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthetics; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Ischemia; Exc

2012
MEASUREMENT OF MAXIMAL PERMISSIBLE CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA AND A STUDY OF ITS PHARMACOLOGIC PROLONGATION.
    Journal of neurosurgery, 1964, Volume: 21

    Topics: Blood Gas Analysis; Brain Ischemia; Carbon Dioxide; Cats; Cerebral Angiography; Cerebral Infarction;

1964
Ex vivo analysis of lactate and glucose metabolism in the rat brain under different states of depressed activity.
    The Journal of biological chemistry, 2004, Nov-12, Volume: 279, Issue:46

    Topics: Alanine; Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Brain Ischemia; Cerebrovascular Circul

2004
[Comparison of pentobarbital and propofol on the outcome of focal cerebral ischemia model in rats].
    Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences, 2004, Volume: 29, Issue:6

    Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Brain Ischemia; Disease Models, Animal; In

2004
A comparison of protective effects between L-histidine and hypothermia against ischemia-induced neuronal damage in gerbil hippocampus.
    European journal of pharmacology, 2006, Sep-28, Volume: 546, Issue:1-3

    Topics: Animals; Brain Ischemia; Drug Therapy, Combination; Gerbillinae; Hippocampus; Histamine; Histamine A

2006
[An experimental study on the mechanism of the protective action of pentobarbital and Y-9179 against cerebral ischemia (author's transl)].
    Neurologia medico-chirurgica, 1981, Volume: 21, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Brain Ischemia; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Dogs; Electroencephalography;

1981
High dose barbiturate therapy in neurosurgery and intensive care.
    Neurosurgery, 1984, Volume: 15, Issue:3

    Topics: Barbiturates; Brain; Brain Diseases; Brain Edema; Brain Ischemia; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Criti

1984
[Effect of nizofenone (Y-9179) on experimental cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils].
    Nihon yakurigaku zasshi. Folia pharmacologica Japonica, 1984, Volume: 83, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Brain Ischemia; Female; Gerbillinae; Imidazoles; Male; Pentobarbital; Time Factors

1984
Global incomplete ischemia in dogs assessed by quantitative EEG analysis. Effects of hypnotics and flunarizine.
    Progress in brain research, 1984, Volume: 62

    Topics: Animals; Body Temperature; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Calcium Channel Blockers; Cinnarizine; Computers;

1984
Free fatty acid accumulation in the pathogenesis and therapy of ischemic-anoxic brain injury.
    The American journal of emergency medicine, 1983, Volume: 1, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Brain Ischemia; Cinnarizine; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Flunarizine; Gallopamil; Hypoxia,

1983
Reassessment of brain free fatty acid liberation during global ischemia and its attenuation by barbiturate anesthesia.
    Journal of neurochemistry, 1983, Volume: 40, Issue:3

    Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified;

1983
Dose of thiopental, pentobarbital, and phenytoin for maximal therapeutic effects in cerebral ischemic anoxia.
    Critical care medicine, 1983, Volume: 11, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Brain Chemistry; Brain Ischemia; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Hypoxia, Brain; Ketami

1983
Effect of extracranial-intracranial bypass and pentobarbital on acute stroke in dogs.
    Journal of neurosurgery, 1982, Volume: 56, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Brain Ischemia; Cerebral Cortex; Cerebral Infarction; Cerebral Revascularization; Cerebrova

1982
Activation of ethanolamine phospholipase A2 in Brain during ischemia.
    Journal of neurochemistry, 1982, Volume: 39, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Carotid Arteries; Gerbillinae; Ketamine; Ligation; Pentobarbital; Ph

1982
Efficacy of therapies and attenuation of brain free fatty acid liberation during global ischemia.
    Critical care medicine, 1981, Volume: 9, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Etomidate; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Halothane; Hypothermi

1981
The controlled delivery of thiopental and delayed cerebral revascularization.
    Surgical neurology, 1981, Volume: 15, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Barbiturates; Brain Ischemia; Cerebral Infarction; Cerebral Revascularization; Dogs; Dose-R

1981
Protective effect of pentobarbital on ischemic brain cell nuclei.
    Neurosurgery, 1981, Volume: 8, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Brain Ischemia; Cell Nucleus; Mice; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning;

1981
Inhibition of cerebral oxygen and glucose consumption in the dog by hypothermia, pentobarbital, and lidocaine.
    Anesthesiology, 1981, Volume: 55, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Brain Ischemia; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Dogs; Glucose; Hypothermia, Induced; Lidocaine; Oxy

1981
Barbiturate attenuation of brain free fatty acid liberation during global ischemia.
    Journal of neurochemistry, 1981, Volume: 37, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Body Temperature; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Kinetics; Pentobarbita

1981
The interrelation between brain PO2 and NADH oxidation-reduction state in the gerbil.
    Journal of neuroscience research, 1980, Volume: 5, Issue:3

    Topics: Anesthesia, General; Animals; Brain Chemistry; Brain Ischemia; Chloral Hydrate; Cortical Spreading D

1980
The relation between cerebral metabolic rate and ischemic depolarization. A comparison of the effects of hypothermia, pentobarbital, and isoflurane.
    Anesthesiology, 1995, Volume: 82, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Electroencephalography; Glucose; Hypothermia, Induced; Isoflurane; M

1995
A comparison of the effects of hypothermia, pentobarbital, and isoflurane on cerebral energy stores at the time of ischemic depolarization.
    Anesthesiology, 1995, Volume: 82, Issue:5

    Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Hypothermia, Induced; Isoflurane; Male; Memb

1995
Pentobarbital protects against CA1 pyramidal cell death but not dysfunction of hippocampal cholinergic neurons following transient ischemia.
    Brain research, 1995, Feb-27, Volume: 673, Issue:1

    Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Brain Ischemia; Cell Death; Choline O-Acetyltransferase; Female; Gerbillinae

1995
The effect of VA-045 on disturbance in consciousness in experimental animal models.
    Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology, 1993, Volume: 82, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Avoidance Learning; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Consciousness; Craniocerebral Trauma; Disease Mo

1993
Electroencephalographic burst suppression is not required to elicit maximal neuroprotection from pentobarbital in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia.
    Anesthesiology, 1996, Volume: 84, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Electroencephalography; Glucose; Male; Neuroprotective Agents; Pento

1996
Effects of hypothermia, pentobarbital, and isoflurane on postdepolarization amino acid release during complete global cerebral ischemia.
    Anesthesiology, 1996, Volume: 85, Issue:1

    Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Brain Ischemia; Calcium; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; G

1996
Effects of MK-801 and pentobarbital on cholinergic terminal damage and delayed neuronal death in the ischemic gerbil hippocampus.
    Brain research bulletin, 1997, Volume: 43, Issue:1

    Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Brain Ischemia; Cell Death; Choline O-Acetyltransferase; Dizocilpine Maleate

1997
Temporary occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in intracranial aneurysm surgery: time limitation and advantage of brain protection.
    Journal of neurosurgery, 1997, Volume: 87, Issue:6

    Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Aneurysm, Ruptured; Brai

1997
Protective effect of GTS-21, a novel nicotinic receptor agonist, on delayed neuronal death induced by ischemia in gerbils.
    Japanese journal of pharmacology, 1998, Volume: 76, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Avoidance Learning; Behavior, Animal; Benzylidene Compounds; Brain Ischemia; Cell Death; GA

1998
Preoperative volume expansion improves tolerance to carotid artery cross-clamping during endarterectomy.
    Neurosurgery, 1998, Volume: 43, Issue:2

    Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Brain Ischemia; Carotid Stenosis; Dominance,

1998
Effects of injury and therapy on brain parenchyma pO2, pCO2, pH and ICP following severe closed head injury.
    Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement, 1998, Volume: 71

    Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Adolescent; Adult; Brain; Brain Injuries; Brain Ischemia; Carbon Dioxide; Cra

1998
Neuroprotective properties of propofol and midazolam, but not pentobarbital, on neuronal damage induced by forebrain ischemia, based on the GABAA receptors.
    Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1999, Volume: 43, Issue:2

    Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Baclofen; Brain Ischemia; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; GABA

1999
Effects of pentobarbital and isoflurane on conditioned learning after transient global cerebral ischemia in rabbits.
    Anesthesiology, 2000, Volume: 92, Issue:1

    Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Brain Ischemia; Conditioning, Classical; Is

2000
On the regulation of ischaemia-induced glutamate efflux from rat cortex by GABA; in vitro studies with GABA, clomethiazole and pentobarbitone.
    British journal of pharmacology, 2000, Volume: 130, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Brain Ischemia; Cerebral Cortex; Chlormethiazole; Female; GABA Modulators; gamma-Aminobutyr

2000
Thiopentone and methohexital, but not pentobarbitone, reduce early focal cerebral ischemic injury in rats.
    Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2001, Volume: 48, Issue:8

    Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Calcium; Electroencephalography; Free Radicals; Glutamic Acid; Male;

2001
Effect of hypothermia on brain multi-parametric activities in normoxic and partially ischemic rats.
    Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology, 2002, Volume: 132, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Hypothermia; Male; Mitochondria; NAD; O

2002
No barbiturate protection in a dog model of complete cerebral ischemia.
    Annals of neurology, 1979, Volume: 5, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Carbon Dioxide; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Dogs; Energy Metabolism

1979
Intracellular redox states under halothane and barbiturate anesthesia in normal, ischemic, and anoxic monkey brain.
    Annals of neurology, 1979, Volume: 5, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Carbon Dioxide; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Halothane; Haplorhini;

1979
Barbiturates in neurosurgery.
    Clinical neurosurgery, 1979, Volume: 26

    Topics: Animals; Barbiturates; Brain Ischemia; Cats; Cerebral Infarction; Dogs; Haplorhini; Humans; Hypoxia,

1979
Delayed pentobarbital administration limits ischemic brain damage in gerbils.
    Annals of neurology, 1979, Volume: 5, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Cerebral Cortex; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Gerbillina

1979
Critical plasma pentobarbital levels in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
    Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology, 1979, Volume: 26, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Brain Ischemia; Cats; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Electrocardiography; Pentobarbital; Serum

1979
Effect of various drugs on ischemic glial nuclei.
    Surgical forum, 1979, Volume: 30

    Topics: Acetazolamide; Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Cell Nucleus; Dexamethasone; Female; Furosemide; Hypo

1979
Barbiturate exacerbation of ischemic brain damage following bilateral hemispheric ischemia in the rat.
    Transactions of the American Neurological Association, 1979, Volume: 104

    Topics: Anesthesia, General; Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Pentobarbital; Rats

1979
Cerebral metabolic and vascular effects of barbiturate therapy following complete global ischemia.
    Journal of neurochemistry, 1978, Volume: 31, Issue:5

    Topics: Adenine Nucleotides; Animals; Blood Pressure; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Do

1978
Neuroprotective effect of WEB 1881 FU (nebracetam) on an ischemia-induced deficit of glucose uptake in rat hippocampal and cerebral cortical slices and CA1 field potential in hippocampal slices.
    Japanese journal of pharmacology, 1992, Volume: 58, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Benzoquinones; Brain Ischemia; Cerebral Cortex; Deoxyglucose; Electrophysiology; Evoked Pot

1992
Protective effect of minaprine against the abnormal changes of 2-deoxyglucose uptake by rat hippocampal slices induced by hypoxia/hypoglycemia.
    Japanese journal of pharmacology, 1992, Volume: 60, Issue:1

    Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Brain Ischemia; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Deoxyglucose; Hippocampus

1992
Postischemic alteration of muscarinic acetylcholine and adenosine A1 binding sites in gerbil brain. Protective effects of a novel vinca alkaloid derivative, vinconate, and pentobarbital using an autoradiographic study.
    Research in experimental medicine. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte experimentelle Medizin einschliesslich experimenteller Chirurgie, 1992, Volume: 192, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Autoradiography; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Gerbillinae; Male; Pentobarbital; Receptors, Muscar

1992
Hippocampal cell death following ischemia: effects of brain temperature and anesthesia.
    Experimental neurology, 1990, Volume: 108, Issue:3

    Topics: Anesthetics; Animals; Body Temperature; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Cell Survival; Chloral Hydrate; Drug

1990
Involvement of lipid peroxidation and inhibitory mechanisms on ischemic neuronal damage in gerbil hippocampus: quantitative autoradiographic studies on second messenger and neurotransmitter systems.
    Neuroscience, 1991, Volume: 42, Issue:1

    Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Autoradiography; Body Temperature; Brain Ischemia; Calcium Channels; Chlorides;

1991
Variance of interburst intervals in burst suppression.
    Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 1991, Volume: 79, Issue:6

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Child; Child, Preschool; Electroencephalography; Fem

1991
Comparative protective effects of vinconate, baclofen, and pentobarbital against neuronal damage following repeated brief cerebral ischemia in the gerbil brain.
    Research in experimental medicine. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte experimentelle Medizin einschliesslich experimenteller Chirurgie, 1991, Volume: 191, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Baclofen; Behavior, Animal; Body Temperature; Brain Ischemia; Gerbillinae; Male; Neurons; P

1991
[Experimental study on arrhythmias induced by cerebral ischemia and ouabain in Mongolian gerbils].
    Nihon yakurigaku zasshi. Folia pharmacologica Japonica, 1991, Volume: 98, Issue:5

    Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Electrocardiograph

1991
Circadian periodicity in the duration of decapitation-induced gasping in mice.
    Japanese journal of pharmacology, 1991, Volume: 57, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Body Temperature; Brain Death; Brain Ischemia; Circadian Rhythm; Ethanol; Hypothermia, Indu

1991
Arachidonic acid metabolism in gerbil cerebra: effects of ischemia and pentobarbital.
    Journal of neuroscience research, 1990, Volume: 26, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Brain Ischemia; Cerebral Cortex; Choline; Ethanolamine

1990
Pentobarbital inhibits extracellular release of dopamine in the ischemic striatum.
    Journal of neural transmission. General section, 1990, Volume: 82, Issue:2

    Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Brain Ischemia; Corpus Striatum; Depression, Chemical; Dopa

1990
Prevention of hippocampus neuronal damage in ischemic gerbils by a novel lipid peroxidation inhibitor (quinazoline derivative).
    The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1990, Volume: 255, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Autoradiography; Brain Ischemia; Free Radicals; Gerbillinae; Hippocampus; Lipid Peroxidatio

1990
Regional neuroprotective effects of pentobarbital on ischemia-induced brain damage.
    Brain research bulletin, 1990, Volume: 25, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain Diseases; Brain Ischemia; Calcium; Corpus Striatum; Gerbillinae; Hi

1990
Carbon monoxide (CO)-induced hypoxia in mice: evaluation as an experimental model of cerebral ischemia for drug screening.
    Japanese journal of pharmacology, 1989, Volume: 51, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Brain Ischemia; Carbon Monoxide; Carboxyhemoglobin; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Evaluation

1989
Pharmacological effects of indeloxazine, a new cerebral activator, on brain functions distinct from other cerebral metabolic enhancers.
    Neuropharmacology, 1989, Volume: 28, Issue:12

    Topics: Animals; Avoidance Learning; Biotransformation; Body Temperature; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Cats; Cauda

1989
The adenosine analogue and cerebral protecting agent, AMG-1, has no effect on delayed neuronal death following ischemia.
    Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology, 1989, Volume: 11, Issue:12

    Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Brain Ischemia; Cell Survival; Gerbillinae; Hippocampus; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbre

1989
Attenuation by pentobarbital of free fatty acid and diacylglycerol liberation during global ischaemia in rat brain.
    Neurological research, 1986, Volume: 8, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Diglycerides; Fatty Acids; Glyc

1986
Inhibitory effect of pentobarbital on phospholipase C activity in ischaemic rat brain.
    Neurological research, 1987, Volume: 9, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Calcium; Edetic Acid; Male; Pentobarbital; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strain

1987
Synergistic interactions between piracetam and dihydroergocristine in some animal models of cerebral hypoxia and ischaemia.
    Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1986, Volume: 36, Issue:9

    Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Avoidance Learning; Brain Ischemia; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Dihydroergotox

1986
Protective effects of minaprine on the cerebrum of rodents.
    Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology, 1988, Volume: 60, Issue:3

    Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Brain Ischemia; Hypoxia; Male; Mice; Mice, Inb

1988
Effects of pentobarbital and cyproheptadine on brain ischemia induced by bilateral occlusions of carotid arteries and vertebral arteries of second cervical vertebra in rats.
    Japanese journal of pharmacology, 1988, Volume: 47, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Brain Ischemia; Carotid Arteries; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Cyproheptadine; Electroencep

1988
Effects of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion on prostanoid accumulation in unanesthetized and pentobarbital-treated gerbils.
    Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 1988, Volume: 8, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Brain Ischemia; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Consciousness; Eicosanoic Acids; Gerbillinae;

1988
Experimental cerebral ischemia: barbiturate resistant increase in regional glucose utilization.
    Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 1988, Volume: 8, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Electroencephalography; Glucose; Male;

1988
Ischemia-induced development of cerebral edema in awake and anesthetized gerbils.
    Neurochemical pathology, 1987, Volume: 7, Issue:2

    Topics: Anesthetics; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Brain Ischemia; Gerbillinae; Male; Pentobarbital

1987
Effects of pentobarbital and ketamine on brain injury-induced anti-ischemic activity.
    Brain research, 1987, Apr-07, Volume: 408, Issue:1-2

    Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Brain Injuries; Brain Ischemia; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Ketamine; Male; Mi

1987
Ca2+ antagonist and protection of the brain against ischemia. Effects of nicardipine on free fatty acid liberation in the ischemic brain in rats.
    Surgical neurology, 1987, Volume: 28, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Brain Ischemia; Calcium Channel Blockers; Decerebrate State; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Ma

1987
Narcolepsy following cerebral hypoxic ischemia.
    Annals of neurology, 1986, Volume: 19, Issue:5

    Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Brain Ischemia; Cerebral Infarction; Humans; Hypoxia, Brain; Male; Middle A

1986
[Effects of pentobarbital on brain lipid metabolism during global ischemia].
    No to shinkei = Brain and nerve, 1986, Volume: 38, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Fatty Acids; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Pentobarbital; Rats; Rats, Inbr

1986
Brain metabolic correlates of hypoxic-ischemic cerebral necrosis in mid-gestational sheep fetuses: significance of hypotension.
    Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 1986, Volume: 6, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Energy Metabolism; Female; Fetal Diseases; Hypotensi

1986
Brain injury improves survival of mice following brain ischemia.
    Brain research, 1986, Sep-03, Volume: 381, Issue:2

    Topics: Anesthesia, General; Animals; Brain Injuries; Brain Ischemia; Mice; Pentobarbital

1986
[Thiopental kinetics in high-dose use].
    Anasthesie, Intensivtherapie, Notfallmedizin, 1986, Volume: 21, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Edema; Brain Ischemia; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; H

1986
[Treatable ischemic neuronal damage in the gerbil hippocampus].
    No to shinkei = Brain and nerve, 1986, Volume: 38, Issue:12

    Topics: Animals; Brain Ischemia; Diazepam; Gerbillinae; Hippocampus; Humans; Imidazoles; Pentobarbital

1986
Comparative actions of pentobarbital and verapamil on canine cerebral and peripheral arteries in vitro.
    Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology, 1985, Volume: 49, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Arteries; Brain Ischemia; Calcium; Cerebral Arteries; Dinoprost; Dogs; Female; In Vitro Tec

1985
Indomethacin-mediated improvement following middle cerebral artery occlusion in cats. Effects of anesthesia.
    Journal of neurosurgery, 1985, Volume: 62, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Brain Edema; Brain Ischemia; Cats; Cerebral Arteries; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Evoked P

1985
An unanesthetized-gerbil model of cerebral ischemia-induced behavioral changes.
    Journal of pharmacological methods, 1985, Volume: 14, Issue:2

    Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Brain Ischemia; Disease Models, Animal; Gerbillinae; Male; Motor Activity; Pent

1985
Low dose of barbiturates for prevention of hippocampal lesions after brief ischemic episodes.
    Acta neuropathologica, 1985, Volume: 68, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Brain Ischemia; Cell Survival; Gerbillinae; Hippocampus; Male; Pentobarbital; Time Factors

1985
Cell proliferation after ischemic infarction in gerbil brain.
    Brain research, 1985, Nov-18, Volume: 347, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Autoradiography; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Carotid Artery Thrombosis; Cell Division; Cerebral

1985