penicillic-acid and Poultry-Diseases

Topics: Aflatoxins; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Canada; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chickens; Citrinin; Female; Fetal Death; Kidney Diseases; Male; Mycotoxins; Ochratoxins; Patulin; Penicillic Acid; Poultry Diseases; Pregnancy; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Swine; Swine Diseases; Trichothecenes; Vulvovaginitis; Zearalenone

Spontaneous nephropathy in Bulgaria, which is observed frequently during meat inspection and which differs morphologically from the classical description of mycotoxic porcine/chicken nephropathy as made in Denmark, was found to have a multi-mycotoxic aetiology being mainly provoked by a combined effect of ochratoxin A, penicillic acid and fumonisin B1 in addition to a not-yet-known metabolite. Mean contamination levels of ochratoxin A were consecutively low (188.8 and 376.4 microg kg(-1)) in contrast to high contamination levels of fumonisin B1 (5564.1 and 3254.5 microg kg(-1)) and penicillic acid (838.6 and 904.9 microg kg(-1)) for 2006 and 2007, respectively. Some other mycotoxins with lower importance such as citrinin, penitrem A, etc., may also influence clinicopathological picture of this nephropathy. A heavy contamination with Gibberella fujikuroi var. moniliformis (Fusarium verticillioides) and Penicillium aurantiogriseum complex (mainly Penicillium polonicum) was observed in almost all examined feed samples coming from pig and chick farms with nephropathy problems from Bulgaria. In contrast, low contamination with Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium verrucosum and Penicillium citrinum was observed in the same feed samples and these species were isolated as very rare components of the mycobiota.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Balkan Nephropathy; Bulgaria; Chickens; Drug Synergism; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; Fumonisins; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Mycotoxicosis; Mycotoxins; Ochratoxins; Penicillic Acid; Poultry Diseases; Sus scrofa; Swine; Swine Diseases

The combined toxic effect of ochratoxin A (OTA) and penicillic acid (PA) on the body mass, the weight and pathomorphology of some internal organs was studied in 85 broiler chickens fed a mouldy diet containing 130, 300 or 800 ppb OTA and 1000-2000 ppb PA. The main pathomorphological changes were cloudy swelling and granular degeneration in the epithelium and mononuclear cell proliferation and activation of capillary endothelium in the kidney and liver; degenerative changes and depletion of lymphoid cells in lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen) were also seen. Protective effects of 5% total water extract of artichoke and a new natural phytosubstance Rosallsat against these pathomorphological changes were observed. A significant decrease in body mass and relative weight of lymphoid organs was found after 6 weeks of exposure and a greater decrease after 10 weeks of exposure to OTA and PA, and a protective effect of artichoke extract and a slight effect of Rosallsat against that decrease was observed. A significant increase in relative weight of liver and kidneys was also observed as well as a protective effect of artichoke extract against that increase. The quantity of OTA and the percentage of positive samples were significantly lower in tissues of chickens treated with artichoke extract or Rosallsat in addition to OTA than in those treated with only OTA.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bursa of Fabricius; Chickens; Cynara scolymus; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Kidney; Liver; Lymphatic System; Mycotoxicosis; Ochratoxins; Organ Size; Penicillic Acid; Plant Extracts; Poultry Diseases; Random Allocation; Treatment Outcome