penicillic-acid and Body-Weight

The combined toxic effect of ochratoxin A (OTA) and penicillic acid (PA) on the body mass, the weight and pathomorphology of some internal organs was studied in 85 broiler chickens fed a mouldy diet containing 130, 300 or 800 ppb OTA and 1000-2000 ppb PA. The main pathomorphological changes were cloudy swelling and granular degeneration in the epithelium and mononuclear cell proliferation and activation of capillary endothelium in the kidney and liver; degenerative changes and depletion of lymphoid cells in lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen) were also seen. Protective effects of 5% total water extract of artichoke and a new natural phytosubstance Rosallsat against these pathomorphological changes were observed. A significant decrease in body mass and relative weight of lymphoid organs was found after 6 weeks of exposure and a greater decrease after 10 weeks of exposure to OTA and PA, and a protective effect of artichoke extract and a slight effect of Rosallsat against that decrease was observed. A significant increase in relative weight of liver and kidneys was also observed as well as a protective effect of artichoke extract against that increase. The quantity of OTA and the percentage of positive samples were significantly lower in tissues of chickens treated with artichoke extract or Rosallsat in addition to OTA than in those treated with only OTA.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bursa of Fabricius; Chickens; Cynara scolymus; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Kidney; Liver; Lymphatic System; Mycotoxicosis; Ochratoxins; Organ Size; Penicillic Acid; Plant Extracts; Poultry Diseases; Random Allocation; Treatment Outcome

The combined effect of ochratoxin A (at diet levels of 130, 305 and 790 ppb) and penicillic acid was studied in 100 broiler chicks. Serological investigations revealed significantly lower haemagglutination inhibiting antibody titers in the experimental chicks immunized with vaccine against Newcastle disease. A statistically significant decrease of the body weight and the relative weight of lymphoid organs as well as a significant increase of the relative weight of kidneys and liver were seen. The main degenerative changes were observed in the proximal convoluted tubules in kidneys and slight degenerative changes were found in the hepatocytes. Degenerative changes and depletion of lymphoid cells were observed in the bursa Fabricii, thymus, spleen and Peyer's patches of intestinal mucosa. Serum analyses revealed significant decreases of the total protein and cholesterol, and significant increases of the uric acid and glucose. Haematological analyses showed a slight anaemia, leucocytosis and slightly decompensated metabolic acidosis. A statistically significant protective effect of 5% total water extract of artichoke on humoral immune response (increase of haemaglutination inhibiting antibody titer), relative organ weight as well as on pathomorphological, haematological and biochemical changes induced by ochratoxin A, was established.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animal Feed; Animals; Antibody Formation; Body Weight; Carcinogens; Chickens; Drug Interactions; Kidney; Liver; Lymphatic System; Newcastle Disease; Ochratoxins; Penicillic Acid; Penicillins; Plant Extracts; Vegetables; Viral Vaccines

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Caproates; Chickens; Eating; Male; Ochratoxins; Penicillic Acid

Penicillic acid (PA), a mycotoxin, is hepatotoxic. A study was undertaken to investigate its effects on hepatobiliary excretory function, using the anionic compounds indocyanine green (ICG), in mice and rats. Pretreatment with a single dose of PA (90 mg/kg, ip, an LD50 dose in both species) resulted in depression of ICG excretion in both species. This depression was dose- and time-dependent. Decreases of 42 and 57% in biliary excretion of ICG were observed in rats and mice 48 and 72 h after PA pretreatment, respectively. Although bile flow was depressed significantly when expressed in terms of body weight, it was not altered in mice when expressed in terms of liver weight. Bile flow was not affected in rats. While the serum ICG concentration was increased after PA treatment in both species, the liver ICG concentration was not affected. The liver-to-serum, bile-to-serum, and bile-to-liver ICG concentration ratios decreased in PA-treated animals. These data suggest that the PA-induced hepatobiliary excretory dysfunction may result from depression of both uptake of ICG into the liver and bile canlicular transport of ICG.

Topics: Animals; Bile; Body Weight; Caproates; Indocyanine Green; Liver; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Organ Size; Penicillic Acid; Rats

Penicillic Acid (PA) and Ochratoxin A (OA) are toxic fungal metabolites that are synergistic in combination. This interaction was investigated using mice which were doses orally as follows: control, none; solvent control, 0.2 ml bicarbonate buffer; PA, 40 mg/kg; OA, 10 mg/kg and combination, 40 mg/kg PA + 10 mg/kg OA. The only significant histopathologic change observed was an acute multifocal toxic tubular nephrosis which appeared most severe in the combination-treated mice killed on day 10. While the combination group had a death rate of 20% (5/25), no deaths occurred in the other treatment groups. The increased death rate and the extensive nephrotoxic findings in the combination group indicate a toxic interaction between OA and PA at sublethal dose levels and is consistent with a renal site of action.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Caproates; Drug Synergism; Kidney; Male; Mice; Ochratoxins; Organ Size; Penicillic Acid; Tissue Distribution

Penicillic acid is a mycotoxin produced by various fungi. It may occur in high concentrations in corn and can also be produced concomitantly with other mycotoxins in poultry feed. This mycotoxin was evaluated for its toxicity in broiler chickens by feeding graded concentrations (0, 100, 200, and 400 microgram/g of diet) to 4 groups of 10 birds per treatment. No significant (P greater than .05) effects were measured on growth rate, feed conversion, relative size of pancreas, spleen, liver, heart, bursa, or kidney or on hemoglobin, packed cell volume, liver lipid, plasma protein, or glucose. The only significant effects were a slight reduction in the size of the proventriculus and gizzard at dose levels of 200 and 400 microgram/g. Neither the salt nor lactone forms of penicillic acid had any detectable effect. The acute oral LD50 for the sodium salt form was 92 +/- 9 mg/kg. These data suggest that penicillic acid by itself has little toxicity (less than 1% of that of aflatoxin) in chickens.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Caproates; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chickens; Male; Penicillic Acid

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Caproates; Dogs; Drug Interactions; Eating; Enzymes; Lung; Male; Patulin; Penicillic Acid; Pyrans; Time Factors