pectins and Poultry-Diseases

Salmonella enteritidis (SE) is a major foodborne pathogen that causes human infections largely by consumption of contaminated eggs. The external surface of eggs becomes contaminated with SE from multiple sources, highlighting the need for effective egg surface disinfection methods. This study investigated the efficacy of three GRAS-status, phytochemicals, namely carvacrol (CR), eugenol (EG), and β-resorcylic acid (BR) applied as pectin or gum arabic based coating for reducing SE on shell eggs. White-shelled eggs, spot inoculated with a 5-strain mixture of nalidixic acid (NA) resistant SE (8.0 log CFU/mL) were coated with pectin or gum arabic solution containing each phytochemical (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, or 0.75%), and stored at 4°C for 7 days. SE on eggs was enumerated on days 0, 1, 3, and 7 of storage. Approximately 4.0 log CFU/egg of SE was recovered from inoculated and pectin or gum arabic coated eggs on day 0. All coating treatments containing CR and EG, and BR at 0.75% reduced SE to undetectable levels on day 3 (P < 0.05). Results suggest that the aforementioned phytochemicals could effectively be used as a coating to reduce SE on shell eggs, but detailed studies on the sensory and quality attributes of coated eggs need to be conducted before recommending their use.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Cymenes; Egg Shell; Eugenol; Gum Arabic; Hydroxybenzoates; Microbial Viability; Monoterpenes; Pectins; Phytochemicals; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella Infections, Animal

Soluble fibres (non-starch polysaccharides, NSP) from edible plants but particularly plantain banana (Musa spp.), have been shown in vitro and ex vivo to prevent various enteric pathogens from adhering to, or translocating across, the human intestinal epithelium, a property that we have termed contrabiotic. Here we report that dietary plantain fibre prevents invasion of the chicken intestinal mucosa by Salmonella. In vivo experiments were performed with chicks fed from hatch on a pellet diet containing soluble plantain NSP (0 to 200 mg/d) and orally infected with S.Typhimurium 4/74 at 8 d of age. Birds were sacrificed 3, 6 and 10 d post-infection. Bacteria were enumerated from liver, spleen and caecal contents. In vitro studies were performed using chicken caecal crypts and porcine intestinal epithelial cells infected with Salmonella enterica serovars following pre-treatment separately with soluble plantain NSP and acidic or neutral polysaccharide fractions of plantain NSP, each compared with saline vehicle. Bacterial adherence and invasion were assessed by gentamicin protection assay. In vivo dietary supplementation with plantain NSP 50 mg/d reduced invasion by S.Typhimurium, as reflected by viable bacterial counts from splenic tissue, by 98.9% (95% CI, 98.1-99.7; P<0.0001). In vitro studies confirmed that plantain NSP (5-10 mg/ml) inhibited adhesion of S.Typhimurium 4/74 to a porcine epithelial cell-line (73% mean inhibition (95% CI, 64-81); P<0.001) and to primary chick caecal crypts (82% mean inhibition (95% CI, 75-90); P<0.001). Adherence inhibition was shown to be mediated via an effect on the epithelial cells and Ussing chamber experiments with ex-vivo human ileal mucosa showed that this effect was associated with increased short circuit current but no change in electrical resistance. The inhibitory activity of plantain NSP lay mainly within the acidic/pectic (homogalacturonan-rich) component. Supplementation of chick feed with plantain NSP was well tolerated and shows promise as a simple approach for reducing invasive salmonellosis.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacterial Load; Caco-2 Cells; Cecum; Cell Line; Chickens; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Supplements; Enterocytes; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Ileum; Intestinal Mucosa; Liver; Pectins; Plantago; Polysaccharides; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella typhimurium; Spleen; Swine

1. Three experiments were performed to relate morphological characteristics of the small intestinal mucosal surface to age, dietary factors, small intenstinal microflora and performance of broilers. Characterisation of the small intestinal mucosal surface using a dissecting microscope was based on the orientation of the villi, villus shape and the presence of convoluted villi. 2. In Trial 1, the morphological changes of the mucosal surface were studied weekly in the period from 7 to 28 d of age. At d 7 mainly tongue- and leaf-shaped villi together with some ridge-shaped ones were observed in the middle section of the small intestine, displaying a regular zigzag pattern on 53% of the mucosal surface. During the period from d 7 to 14, the area with ridge-shaped villi increased from 7 to 63% and did not change significantly over the next 2 weeks. 3. In Trial 2, three protein sources, soy isolate (SI), wheat gluten (WG), hydrolysed wheat gluten (HWG) and SI with added L-glutamine (SI + Gln), were studied with respect to their effect as dietary components on villus morphology in the mid-small intestine and performance. Diets were fed with (0 to 14 d) and without pectin (14 to 21 d). Feed conversion ratio on the HWG diet improved in comparison to the native WG diet. During the period 0 to 14 d of age the mucosal area with zigzag-oriented villi increased when the pectin diet was supplemented with Gln. Moreover, weight gain of birds fed the SI + Gln diet increased in the period 41 to 21 d. 4. In Trial 3, a study was made of the morphological response of the villi to a stimulation of microbial activity in the digesta after addition of highly methylated pectin to the soybean meal (SBM) diet. This was performed with and without inoculation of a non-virulent Salmonella typhimurium on d 7. By d 21 the birds fed the pectin diet showed impaired weight gain and higher feed conversion. The pectin affected the mucosal surface by decreasing the area with the zigzag pattern and increasing the area with convoluted, mainly ridge-shaped villi. The Salmonella typhimurium infection increased the effects of pectin on performance and mucosal morphology.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Glutens; Glycine max; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Male; Pectins; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium

Two trials utilizing two corn diets and four wheat diets were conducted. In Trial 2, all chicks were crop-infused at 9 d of age with Eimeria acervulina. In both trials, a broth culture of Clostridium perfringens was mixed with the diets for 3 consecutive d. Necrotic enteritis lesion scores were lowest in chickens consuming the corn diet with no C. perfringens and highest in chickens fed the wheat diets with C. perfringens. Chickens consuming a wheat diet with no added complex carbohydrates or added fiber exhibited the highest lesion score. Chickens on wheat diets with 4% new, ground, pine shavings had intestinal lesion scores intermediate to those of chickens that consumed the wheat or corn diets. Chickens consuming corn diets yielded the lowest lesion scores. Chickens provided diets containing either guar gum or pectin were not fully consumed and thus probably reduced the number of challenge organisms ingested.

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Clostridium Infections; Clostridium perfringens; Coccidiosis; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fiber; Duodenum; Eimeria; Enteritis; Galactans; Incidence; Mannans; Necrosis; Pectins; Plant Gums; Poultry Diseases; Random Allocation; Triticum; Zea mays

When fed to chicks rye is rachitogenic as well as growth depressing. The component or components of rye that cause these effects have not been identified. In an attempt to separate the factors, a water extract of rye was fractionated by precipitation with ethanol or ammonium sulfate. The precipitated fractions were fed to chicks. Although there were different responses to growth and bone ash from the ethanol fractions, they were not statistically significant. In another experiment, guar gum, pectin, or gum arabic was fed to chicks as 2% of the diet. Guar gum was both growth depressing and rachitogenic, pectin was only growth depressing, and gum arabic was without effect.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chemical Fractionation; Chickens; Cholecalciferol; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fiber; Edible Grain; Food Additives; Galactans; Gum Arabic; Mannans; Pectins; Plant Gums; Polysaccharides; Poultry Diseases; Rickets; Secale

A highly significant retardation of spontaneous atherosclerosis was observed in 2-year-old cockerels fed on a standard diet supplemented with 5 percent pectin for 18 months. The pectin-fed birds excreted three times as much lipid extract and almost twice as much cholesterol as did the control cockerels fed the standard diet supplemented with 5 percent nonnutritive fiber.

Topics: Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Cellulose; Cholesterol; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Supplements; Fluids and Secretions; Lipids; Pectins; Pharmacology; Poultry Diseases; Research