pectins and Diabetes-Mellitus

Oral administration of insulin (INS) would represent a revolution in the treatment of diabetes, considering that this route mimics the physiological dynamics of endogenous INS. Nano- and microencapsulation exploiting the advantageous polysaccharides properties has been considered an important technological strategy to protect INS against harsh conditions of gastrointestinal tract, in the same time that improve the permeability via transcellular and/or paracellular pathways, safety and in some cases even selectivity for targeting delivery of INS. In fact, some polysaccharides also give to the systems functional properties such as pH-responsiveness, mucoadhesiveness under specific physiological conditions and increased intestinal permeability. In general, all polysaccharides can be functionalized with specific molecules becoming more selective to the cells to which INS is delivered. The present review highlights the advances in the past 10 years on micro- and nanoencapsulation of INS exploiting the unique natural properties of polysaccharides, including chitosan, starch, alginate, pectin, and dextran, among others.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Alginates; Animals; Chitosan; Dextrans; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Drug Compounding; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Liberation; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin; Intestinal Mucosa; Nanoparticles; Pectins; Permeability; Starch

Pectins isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer are potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, a global health challenge. Soil-to-bench procedures of ginseng pectin preparation significantly affect the polysaccharide structures. Various forms of ginseng pectins rich in homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan-I, rhamnogalacturonan-II, and arabinogalactan have demonstrated independent or collaborative effects on hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, immunological dysfunction, and neoplasms. Monosaccharide compositions, peptide contents, degrees of esterification and methylation, and inter- and intramolecular linkages all influence pectin bioactivity. Understanding the preparation-structure and structure-function relationships of ginseng pectins can lead to safer and more pertinent treatment of diabetes with efficacy-oriented modifications of the pectins. To reach this goal, standardization of preparation procedures, understanding of intricate structures, and exploration of complex interactions with receptors are crucial steps to take full advantage of the medical potential of ginseng pectins.

Topics: Animals; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Panax; Pectins; Structure-Activity Relationship; Treatment Outcome

Addition of purified fiber to carbohydrate test meals has been shown to flatten the glycemic response in both normal and diabetic volunteers, reduce the insulin requirement in patients on the artificial pancreas and in the longer term reduce urinary glucose loss and improve diabetes control. In the context of high fiber-high carbohydrate diets these findings have had a major impact in influencing recommendations for the dietary management of diabetes internationally. The mechanism of action appears in part to be due to the effect of fiber in slowing absorption rather than by increasing colonic losses of carbohydrate. Consequently postprandial GIP and insulin levels are reduced and the more viscous purified fibers (e.g., guar and pectin) appear most effective. In addition it has been suggested that colonic fermentation products of fiber may enhance glucose utilization. More recently it has become clear that many aspects of carbohydrate foods (food form, antinutrients, etc.) in addition to fiber may influence the rate of digestion and has led to a classification especially of starchy foods in terms of glycemic index to define the degree to which equicarbohydrate portions of different foods raise the blood glucose. Use of such data may maximize the effectiveness of high carbohydrate and high fiber diets in the management of diabetes and related disorders.

Topics: Blood Glucose; Body Water; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Fiber; Digestion; Edible Grain; Fabaceae; Food; Galactans; Gastric Emptying; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Insulin; Intestinal Absorption; Kinetics; Mannans; Pectins; Plant Gums; Plants, Medicinal; Viscosity

Topics: Absorption; Blood Glucose; Cellulose; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Fiber; Digestion; Galactans; Humans; Insulin; Mannans; Methylcellulose; Pectins; Plant Gums; Time Factors; Tragacanth; Viscosity

The gastrointestinal tract contains a unique microecology. Microorganisms living in the mouth, stomach, and most importantly in the small and large intestines produce enzymes which help metabolize certain ingested foods, as well as maintain important body homeostatic mechanisms such as the bile salt enterohepatic circulation. Recent awareness of the importance of poorly digested foods such as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, and lignins, as well as selectively absorbed long-chain polysaccharides, has stressed the importance of the relationship of food to the microflora. This intestinal microecology has definite effects on the human host in cholesterol metabolism, glucose tolerance, and may explain such diseases as carcinoma. The exacting details of the intestinal microecology need further elaboration.

Topics: Bile Acids and Salts; Body Water; Calcium; Cellulose; Cholesterol, Dietary; Colon; Colonic Neoplasms; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Fiber; Digestive System; Food Analysis; Gastric Acid; Homeostasis; Humans; Iron Deficiencies; Japan; Pectins; Zinc

Epidemiologic reports have linked how intakes of dietary fiber with numerous diseases and abnormal conditions. They range from diverticulitis to coronary thrombosis, from simple constipation to possible carcinoma of the colon. The supposed etiology underlying these and other conditions is discussed in terms of the properties of cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses, including pectin, which collectively make up dietary fiber. Other major organic components of plant foods, apart from fiber, protein, fat, sugars and starches, are considered briefly. The desirability of improved nomenclature is emphasized. Urgently needed is a thorough study of the biochemistry and metabolism, using experimental animals, of dietary fiber in foods. Only when this is done can there be a good understanding of the mechanisms involved and a realization of the possibilities suggested by the epidemiologic studies.

Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Cathartics; Cellulose; Colon; Colonic Diseases; Dental Caries; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Fiber; Digestion; Food Analysis; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Lignin; Male; Obesity; Pectins; Polysaccharides; Terminology as Topic

Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Fruit; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Insulin; Pancreatic Function Tests; Pectins

A mixture of soybean proteins and pectins (EMD 35327) was given to 10 obese people with and without diabetes for a period of 3 weeks in a dosage of a total of 1000 kcal/d. The control group consisted of 10 obese who were given a conventional 1000 kcal mixed diet. In comparison to the control group the test group showed a highly significant decrease of serum cholesterol, a significantly better loss of weight and somewhat lower post-prandial blood sugar and triglyceride levels. The latter two could not be statistically proven due to the small number of probands. There were no side effects worth noticing.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Diabetes Mellitus; Diet, Reducing; Dietary Proteins; Female; Glycine max; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Pectins; Triglycerides

To define the type of dietary fibre of fibre analogue with the greatest potential use in diabetic treatment, groups of four to six volunteers underwent 50-g glucose tolerance tests (GTT) with and without the addition of either guar, pectin, gum tragacanth, methylcellulose, wheat bran, or cholestyramine equivalent to 12 g fibre. The addition of each substance significantly reduced blood glucose concentration at one or more points during the GTT and generally reduced serum insulin concentrations. The greatest flattening of the glucose response was seen with guar, but this effect was abolished when hydrolysed non-viscous guar was used. The reduction in the mean peak rise in blood glucose concentration for each substance correlated positively with its viscosity (r = 0.926; P less than 0.01), as did delay in mouth-to-caecum transit time (r = 0.885; P less than 0.02). Viscous types of dietary fibre are therefore most likely to be therapeutically useful in modifying postprandial hyperglycaemia.

Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Cellulose; Cholestyramine Resin; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Fiber; Eating; Edible Grain; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Insulin; Male; Pectins; Viscosity

Postprandila glycaemia and rise in serum insulin after carbohydrate-containing meals were reduced by the addition of guar flour or pectin, or both. After a liquid test meal (four subjects) the 30-min blood glucose was reduced from 6.33 +/- 0.19 mmol/litre (114 +/- mg/dl), mean +/- SEM, in the control subjects of 4.77 +/- 0.17 mmol/litre (86 +/- 3 mg/dl) by addition of guar gum (P less than 0.05). The mean insulin level was also significantly lower at 15 min. A breakfast test meal (bread, butter, marmalade, and tea) resulted in a mean 15-min blood glucose of 6.18 +/- 0.21 mmol/litre (111 +/- 4 mg/dl) in eight subjects; 10 g of pectin added to the marmalade reduced this level to 5.64 +/- 0.17 mmol/litre (102 +/- 3 mg/dl) (P less than 0.01). The insulin levels were significantly lower at 15, 30, and 45 min. A similar meal in which guar was added to the bread and pectin to the marmalade resulted in significant reductions of blood glucose at 15 min (P less than 0.002) and 30 min (P less than 0.01). The insulin values were also significantly lower throughout the first 90 min of the test. This action of unavailable carbohydrate may prove useful in the dietary control of diabetes.

Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Cellulose; Diabetes Mellitus; Diet, Diabetic; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fiber; Female; Humans; Insulin; Male; Pectins

Two test meals were taken in random order on separate days by 8 non-insulin-requiring diabetic volunteers after 14-hour overnight fasts. Addition of 16 g guar and 10 g pectin to the control meal containing 106 g carbohydrate decreased markedly and significantly the rise in blood-glucose between 30 and 90 minutes and also resulted in significantly lower insulin levels between 30 and 120 minutes. When these meals were fed to 3 insulin-dependent diabetic subjects, a similar flattening of the post-prandial glucose rise ensued. This addition of certain forms of dietary fibre to the diet of diabetics significantly decreases post-prandial hyperglycaemia and would be expected to improve the control of blood-glucose concentration.

Topics: Blood Glucose; Cellulose; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fiber; Eating; Female; Humans; Insulin; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Mannans; Middle Aged; Pectins; Polysaccharides; Time Factors

To fully research the anti-diabetic activity of apricot polysaccharide, low temperature plasma (LTP) was used to modify apricot polysaccharide. The modified polysaccharide was isolated and purified using column chromatography. It was found that LTP modification can significantly improve the α-glucosidase glucosidase inhibition rate of apricot polysaccharides. The isolated fraction FAPP-2D with HG domain showed excellent anti-diabetic activity in insulin resistance model in L6 cell. We found that FAPP-2D increased the ADP/ATP ratio and inhibited PKA phosphorylation, activating the LKB1-AMPK pathway. Moreover, FAPP-2D activated AMPK-PGC1α pathway, which could stimulated mitochondrial production and regulate energy metabolism, promoting GLUT4 protein transport to achieve an anti-diabetic effect. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data showed that the LTP modification could increase the CH bond content while decreasing the C-O-C/C-O bond content, indicating that LTP destroyed the C-O-C/C-O bond, which enhanced the anti-diabetes activity of the modified apricot pectin polysaccharide. Our findings could pave the way for the molecular exploitation of apricot polysaccharides and the application of low-temperature plasma.

Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Diabetes Mellitus; Pectins; Polysaccharides; Prunus armeniaca; Temperature

Diabetic wound is considered as a kind of chronic wound prone to infection and difficult to repair due to high glucose level in the blood of patients. In this research, a biodegradable self-healing hydrogel with mussel inspired bioadhesion and anti-oxidation properties is fabricated based on Schiff-base cross-linking. The hydrogel was designed from dopamine coupled pectin hydrazide (Pec-DH) and oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose (DCMC) for mEGF loading as a diabetic wound repair dressing. The Pectin and CMC as natural feedstock endowed the hydrogel with biodegradability to avoid possible side effects, while the coupled catechol structure could enhance the tissue adhesion of the hydrogel for hemostasis. The results showed the Pec-DH/DCMC hydrogel formed fast and can cover irregular wounds with good sealing effect. The catechol structure also improved the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability of the hydrogel, which can eliminate the negative effect of ROS during wound healing. The in vivo diabetic wound healing experiment revealed the hydrogel as mEGF loading vehicle greatly enhanced the diabetic wound repairing rate in mice model. As a result, the Pec-DH/DCMC hydrogel could show advantages as EGF carrier in wound healing applications.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Catechols; Cellulose; Cellulose, Oxidized; Diabetes Mellitus; Excipients; Hemostasis; Hydrazines; Hydrogels; Mice; Pectins; Prunella; Reactive Oxygen Species

Examine the formation of pectin-insulin nanoparticles and their blood glucose lowering properties.. The calcium pectinate nanoparticles were prepared by ionotropic gelation method, with alginate, sodium chloride or Tween 80 as additive. Their in vitro physicochemical, drug release and in vivo blood glucose lowering characteristics were evaluated.. Spherical calcium pectinate-insulin nanoparticles were characterized by size, zeta potential, insulin content and insulin association efficiency of 348.4 ± 12.9 nm, -17.9 ± 0.8 mV, 8.4 ± 1.0% and 63.8 ± 7.4%, respectively. They released less than 25% insulin following 24 h in simulated intestinal medium and exhibited delayed blood glucose lowering effect in rats. Incorporation of solubilizer sodium chloride or Tween 80 into nanoparticles did not enhance blood glucose lowering capacity owing to sodium chloride reduced matrix insulin content and Tween 80 interacted with water and had its blood glucose dilution effect negated. Combination of nanoparticles with alginate gel to allow prolonged intestinal residence and more insulin release did not enhance their blood glucose lowering capacity because of calcium alginate-cross-linked gel formation that could retard insulin release and migration into systemic circulation.. Physicochemical responses of additives in vivo affected blood glucose regulation property of pectin-insulin nanoparticles.

Topics: Alginates; Animals; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Gels; Glucuronic Acid; Hexuronic Acids; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin; Male; Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Pectins; Polysorbates; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium Chloride

Topics: Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Coronary Disease; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Pectins; Triglycerides

Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Diabetic; Fruit; Humans; Insulin; Obesity; Pectins

Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Diabetic; Dietary Carbohydrates; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Insulin; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Pectins

Dietary fibers comprise a very heterogenous group of indigestible plant compounds. Whereas they exert only little effects on the recovery of the digestible parts of a meal they can modify various digestive processes. Most important seems to be the ability to inhibit digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, which enables better treatment of diabetics. The observation that serum cholesterol can be decreased by certain dietary fibers finds special interest also because of the possible reduction of risk for developing atherosclerosis. The various effects depend upon the physicochemical properties of the different fibers: they comprise the ability to bind water and organic substances, viscosity and cationic-exchange.

Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Cholesterol; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Fats; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Proteins; Glucose; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Secretion; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Ketone Bodies; Obesity; Pectins

The effect of four kinds dietetic fruit products, sweetened by Sorbitol (pectin nectar, apricot nectar, apple and strawberry jam) on blood sugar and insulin needs of the patients was studied in 40 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. The results were compared with those, obtained with the consumption of similar fruit products, sweetened by industrial sugar. The study was performed by an apparatus for automatic regulation of blood sugar (artificial endocrine pancreas--Biostator), which supplies the organism of the patients, overloaded with the respective product, with insulin, depending on the degree of glycemia and guarantees "normal" utilization of the product. The results obtained reveal that the blood sugar is slightly increased with the dietetic products, the peak of the blood sugar curve is lower and less insulin is supplied automatically by the biostator during the loading with the product. All values are lower, with a statistical significance, for the dietetic products as compared with the non-dietetic ones (p less than 0.05 to 0.001). Those data provide grounds to recommend the products studied as proper to be included in the diet of the diabetic patients.

Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Diet, Diabetic; Fruit; Humans; Insulin; Pectins; Sorbitol; Sweetening Agents

Dietary fibre may retard glucose absorption in normal and diabetic subjects. It is, however, unclear which type of fibre would be most suitable for this purpose. We therefore studied whether pectin differs from fibre from barley (85%) and citrus (15%) (Dumovital) in its effect on postprandial blood glucose responses. Eight insulin-dependent diabetics fasted overnight and were then given a meal without their morning insulin. The basic meal, composed of 90 g white bread and 120 g jam (total carbohydrate 105 g), was given three times: alone, with 15 g pectin and with 15 g Dumovital fibre. Blood glucose was measured for three hours. The tests showed that pectin administration considerably inhibited the postprandial rise in blood glucose, while Dumovital showed no such effect. Barley/citrus fibre (a mixture of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectin) has not the same inhibiting effect on postprandial rise in blood glucose as pure pectin in insulin-dependent diabetics. Thus, the specific type of fibre must be considered when prescribing dietary fibre to diabetics.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Glucose; Cellulose; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Fiber; Hordeum; Humans; Insulin; Pectins; Time Factors

Twenty-two subjects, six of them obese, five latent diabetics, six overt diabetics, and five control subjects, were given a daily dietary supplement of 16 g guar gum and 10 g pectin for three successive days. Postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses to an initial standard meal and to a fiber-enriched meal given 72 h later were compared. A significant decrease of blood glucose levels was found in all subjects, with maximal response in the obese group. We conclude that supplementing the diet with certain fibers can be regarded as an important therapeutic measure in the treatment of diabetic and obese patients.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose; Cellulose; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Fiber; Female; Galactans; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Insulin; Male; Mannans; Middle Aged; Obesity; Pectins; Plant Gums

Plant fibers are the portions of plant foods that are not digested in the human small intestine. During this century, remarkable advances have been made in defining the characteristics and importance of most nutrients such as carbohydrate, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Plant fibers have largely been neglected because they considered to have no nutritive values. In the last decade, however, considerable attention has been focused on the various plant fibers because of their influence on gastrointestinal physiology. Evidence is emerging that plant fibers have profound influences on human nutrition because they alter the absorption and metabolism of many nutrients. We will review the evidence that plant fibers greatly influence the absorption and subsequent metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.

Topics: Animals; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Cellulose; Cholesterol; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Fiber; Digestion; Digestive System Physiological Phenomena; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Lignin; Lipid Metabolism; Lipoproteins; Liver; Male; Pectins; Polysaccharides; Resins, Plant; Triglycerides; Water

Nineteen patients suffering from chemical diabetes either with (group A, ten cases) or without (group B, nine cases) reactive hypoglycaemia were included in the study and compared with seven control (group C). The following variables were measured over a 5 hour period during a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): (i) blood glucose by continuous monitoring; (ii) plasma insulin and glucagon levels by radioimmunoassay. Furthermore, in five diabetics of group A, the data from the standard OGTT were compared with those from a pectin-supplemented OGTT (9 g per square meter of body surface). Although the insulin response was similar glucagon levels were significantly higher (45.1 +/- 11.8 pmol/l) (p less than 0.01) in group B than in group A (9.6 +/- 1.3) and C (8.1 +/- 1.4 at 30 minutes). The high glucagon levels noted in group B may explain the absence of reactive hypoglycaemia. The pectin supplementation improved the OGTT pattern by blunting the blood glucose peak (p less than 0.05), and avoiding the reactive hypoglycaemia (p less than 0.01). The addition of pectin did not produce any significant effect on the insulin response while a significant increase in glucagon concentrations (p less than 0.05) was observed beyond the 150th minute. Therefore, the data suggest that pectin may improve the OGTT pattern by increasing the glucagon response in the late period of the test. The development of postprandial reactive hypoglycaemia seldom coincides with a plasma glucagon peak, while the absence of reactive hypoglycaemia tends to be associated with high levels of glucagon, as is the case in overt diabetes mellitus.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Glucagon; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemia; Male; Middle Aged; Pectins

Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Cellulose; Cholesterol; Constipation; Coronary Disease; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Fiber; Humans; Obesity; Pectins

Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Carbohydrates; Humans; Male; Pectins

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Insulin; Pectins