pectins and Diabetes-Mellitus--Type-2

Obesity and type II diabetes are closely related to the rapid digestion of starch. Starch is the major food-energy source for most humans, and thus knowledge about the regulation of starch digestion can contribute to prevention and improved treatment of carbohydrate metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Pectins are plant polysaccharides with complex molecular structures and ubiquitous presence in food, and have diverse effects on starch digestion. Pectins can favorably regulate in vivo starch digestion and blood glucose level responses, and these effects are attributed to several reasons: increasing the viscosity of digesta, inhibiting amylase activity, and regulating some in vivo physiological responses. Pectins can influence starch digestion via multiple mechanisms simultaneously, in ways that are highly structure-dependent. Utilizing the multi-functionalities of pectin could provide more ways to design low glycemic-response food and while avoiding the unpalatable high viscosity in food by which is commonly caused by many other dietary fibers.

Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fiber; Digestion; Humans; Pectins; Starch

To examine the effects of sugar beet pectin (SBP) and polydextrose (PDX) on fasting plasma glucose concentration, serum lipid profile and postprandial glycemia in middle-aged subjects with abnormal glucose metabolism.. A placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel double-blinded study.. Subjects were recruited via newspaper announcements. Seventy subjects were recruited of which 66 completed the study.. The intervention period lasted for 12 weeks during which the subjects consumed a drink enriched with either SBP (n=22) or PDX (n=22) or without fiber enrichment (control group, n=22). The daily dose of the drinks was 4 dl. The subjects were also given nutrition counseling. Postprandial glycemia was examined in 24 subjects (n=8 in each group) at 0 and 12 weeks after a standardized breakfast.. Fasting plasma glucose concentration did not change in the SBP and PDX groups, whereas it increased in the control group (P=0.007). On the contrary, the glycosylated hemoglobin A1(c) increased marginally but significantly (P< or =0.05) in the intervention groups without a change in the control group. In postprandial glycemia, no differences between the groups were found. In both the SBP and PDX groups, fasting serum High-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration increased (P< or =0.05) without a change in the control group. Total to HDL-cholesterol ratio decreased in all groups (P< or =0.05).. It was found that SBP and PDX do not have positive effects on fasting or postprandial plasma glucose concentrations or serum lipid profile in subjects with abnormal glucose metabolism.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Beta vulgaris; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fiber; Double-Blind Method; Fasting; Female; Glucans; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Pectins; Postprandial Period

The short-term effect of high fiber intake on fish-oil treatment in 15 free-living, non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients was evaluated by using a controlled, sequential study design. During an 8-wk fish-oil-treatment period when patients received 20 g fish oil/d, the usual daily fiber intake was increased with a 15-g pectin supplement at midpoint. Fish oil alone lowered triacylglycerol and very-low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations by 41% and 36%, respectively (both P < 0.01 by the end of the treatment period) with unchanged mean total, low-density-, and high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations. When the fiber intake was increased, however, total and low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations decreased significantly (P < 0.001 and < 0.05, respectively) with fish-oil treatment. The cholesterol ester fraction of plasma lipids was reduced by 34% when compared with fish oil alone (P < 0.05). The plasma triacylglycerol fraction decreased further by 44% (P < 0.001). Other beneficial effects observed included a 30% decline in the fatty acid fraction (P < 0.002) by end of the treatment period. Diabetic control was maintained during the 12-wk study. In conclusion, a high fiber intake may be beneficial in fish oil-treated diabetic patients.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose; Copper; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fiber; Female; Fish Oils; Humans; Magnesium; Male; Middle Aged; Pectins; Zinc

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Ginseng) has traditionally been used to treat diabetes. Polysaccharide is the main active component of ginseng, and has been proved to have hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects, but its mechanism remains unclear.. This study aimed to evaluate the effect and the potential mechanism of rhamnogalacturonan-I enriched pectin (GPS-1) from steamed ginseng on lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats.. GPS-1 was prepared by water extraction, ion-exchange and gel chromatography. High-glucose/high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin was used to establish T2DM rat models, and lipid levels in serum and liver were tested. 16S rRNA sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to detect the changes of gut microbiota and metabolites. The protein and mRNA levels of lipid synthesis-related genes were detected by Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.. The polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and hepatic lipid accumulation in T2DM rats were alleviated after GPS-1 intervention. GPS-1 modulated the gut microbiota composition of T2DM rats, increased the levels of short-chain fatty acids, and promoted the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide tyrosine tyrosine. Further, GPS-1 activated AMP-activated protein kinases, phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase, reduced the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c and fatty acid synthases in T2DM rats.. The regulation effects of GPS-1 on lipid metabolism in T2DM rats are related to the regulation of gut microbiota and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase pathway.

Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Lipid Metabolism; Panax; Pectins; Rats; Rhamnogalacturonans; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Tyrosine

This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of nature and modified 'Guanximiyou' pummelo peel pectin (GGP and MGGP) in alleviating T2DM through in vitro and in vivo. After modification, pectin was transformed from high methoxy pectin (HMP) to low methoxy pectin (LMP), and the content of galacturonic acid was increased. These made MGGP have stronger antioxidant capacity and better inhibition effect on corn starch digestion in vitro. In vivo experiments have shown that both GGP and MGGP inhibited the development of diabetes after 4 weeks of ingestion. However, MGGP can more effectively reduce blood glucose and regulate lipid metabolism, and has significant antioxidant capacity and the ability to promote SCFAs secretion. In addition, 16S rRNA analysis showed that MGGP changed the composition of intestinal microbiota in diabetic mice, decreased the abundance of Proteobacteria, and increased the relative abundance of Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, Oscillospirales and Ruminococcaceae. The phenotypes of the gut microbiome also changed accordingly, indicating that MGGP can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, alleviate intestinal functional metabolic disorders and reverse the potential risk of related complications. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that MGGP, as a dietary polysaccharide, may inhibit the development of diabetes by reversing the imbalance of gut microbiota.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mice; Pectins; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S

Wound-healing delay is one of the major problems of type 2 diabetes, representing also a clinical emergency in non-healing chronic wounds. Natural antioxidants show interesting wound-healing properties, including those extracted from waste derived from olive oil production. Olive mill wastewater is one of the main by-products of the olive oil-making process, and it is rich in high-value secondary metabolites, mainly hydroxytyrosol. We proposed an eco-friendly extraction method, employing both ultrasound-assisted and Soxhlet techniques and ethanol as a solvent, to recover valuable molecules from Roggianella cv (

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Olea; Olive Oil; Pectins; Swine; Wastewater

To validate neuroprotective effect of pectin against neuropathic pain in diabetic rodents.. Pectin was isolated and characterised from different sources to validate its neuroprotective effect against T2DM associated neuropathic pain. The antioxidant activity of pectins was done by the DPPH method. Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced in Wistar albino rats by high-fat diet and high-fat emulsion feeding for 2 weeks followed by a single i.p. of Sterptozotocin in 3rd week. The animals were grouped as positive control and Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck peel pectin (CSL-OP) as test group and treated for the next 4 weeks. Body weight and blood glucose were measured up to 8 weeks; however, behavioural assessment was done at the end of 5th to 8th week.. CSL-OP restored the reduced body weight and elevated blood glucose with increased pain threshold and improved walking performance.. CSL-OP prevented progression of early diabetic neuropathy with anti-oxidant activity.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Neuropathies; Hyperalgesia; Neuralgia; Neuroprotective Agents; Pectins; Rats; Rats, Wistar

The intake of diets rich in carbohydrates with a high-glycaemic load provides excessive energy consumption and low nutritional quality, contributing to cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes and obesity, among other pathologies. Natural options such as the use of low-methoxyl pectin to develop sugar free formulations is growing since they form gel without sucrose, providing stability and viscosity of numerous foodstuffs. In this paper, we have reviewed the consumer habits of sugar intake and the potential of pectin in the elaboration of low-glycaemic index foods, as well as the structure, applications and sources of pectin. Special attention has been paid on the structure-function relationship of low-methoxyl pectins considering their effects on type I and II diabetes. It has been shown that these pectins reduce the post-prandial glycaemic responses and have an important and recognised potential for the treatment and prevention of diabetes. Rheological behaviour of pectin, impact on intestinal microbiota and on different biomarkers have been postulated as the potential involved mechanisms. As future trends, it is necessary to consider new sources and structures of pectin that present improved functionalities. For this purpose, the obtainment of pectin and derivatives should be placed in a framework of sustainable food systems.

Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Humans; Pectins; Rheology; Viscosity

Type 2 diabetes is one of the most common noncommunicable diseases worldwide. The quality of life of people with this metabolic disorder is highly related to nutrition, given that products for glycemic control are of great importance for them. In this study, we have developed marmalades for glycemic control with the aims to investigate the most important sensory characteristics, to study the impact of the sensory properties on the acceptability of these marmalades, and to evaluate a difference in the acceptability of the marmalade samples between healthy people and people with type 2 diabetes. The main objects of the investigation were agar-, gelatin-, and pectin-based marmalades with maltitol, dried fruits, and berries for glycemic control. By means of descriptive sensory analysis, we have shown that major factors of the sensory differentiation of marmalade samples are the type of gelling agent and presence of nonsoluble components such as apple puree, which influencing the perception of "off-flavor," "gumminess," and "springiness" sensory attributes. Results of this research show that even with significant differences in sensory attributes it is possible to develop marmalade for glycemic control that will have no differences in the total liking score for the perception of both healthy people and patients with type 2 diabetes.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Agar; Chemical Phenomena; Condiments; Consumer Behavior; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Carbohydrates; Female; Food Handling; Food Preferences; Food, Preserved; Fruit; Gelatin; Humans; Male; Malus; Pectins; Quality of Life; Sensation; Sweetening Agents; Taste

The present investigation was aimed to formulate and evaluate Metformin loaded pectin (PCM) nanoparticles (NPs) for sustained action for management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).. The nanoparticles were formulated by ionic gelation technique. The nano-formulations were subjected for the analyses of entrapment efficiency and drug release stud for 12h. The optimized formulation examined various in vitro characterizations such as particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology and FTIR studies. The in vitro heamocomptability, protein binding stability and glucose uptake studies were performed with nanoparticles.. The PCMNP-4 showed drug entrapment efficiency, 68 ± 4.2 % and demonstrated favourable in vitro prolonged release characteristics. The mean particles diameter of optimized formulation was 482.7 nm and 0.270 poly dispersity index (PI), had spherical shape and zeta potential of (+38.85 mV). In addition, the nanoparticles were reasonably stable in the presence of excess bovine serum albumin, which suggested that the nanoparticles may also be stable in the blood stream. The percentage of haemolysis induced by Metformin and placebo PCNPs were less than 5%. The results indicated that the PCMNPs are hemocompatible and therefore, safe for oral administration. The glucose uptake was increased 1.5 fold in RBCs and L6 skeleton muscle cell line compared with Metformin.. Hence, the designed nanoparticle system could possibly be advantageous in terms of prolonged release, to achieve reduced dose frequency and improve patient compliance.

Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Metformin; Nanoparticles; Pectins; Rats

In this study, a particular pectic polysaccharide (FPLP) was extracted and purified from the fruits of Ficus pumila Linn. through boiling water extraction, alcohol precipitation, diethylaminoethyl-Sepharose Fast Flow chromatography and Superdex™ G-75 gel filtration chromatography. Analysis of high-performance gel permeation chromatography, FTIR, GC-MS, methylation and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy revealed that FPLP (Mw: 34.69kDa) is a linear (1,4)-α-d-galacturonic acid binding 1.30% branched chain hexenuronic acid with 23.34% methyl esterification. Treatment with FPLP ameliorated hyperglycaemia in association with an improvement in hepatic glycogen metabolism in C57BL/KsJ db/db mice. The activation of IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/GS insulin signalling pathway and AMPK/GSK3β/GS signalling pathway and the regulation of glucokinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase expressions involved in hepatic glycogenesis and glycogenolysis were considered the therapeutic mechanisms of FPLP. These results provide a new insight for investigating the effects of pectic polysaccharides on blood glucose control and suggest that FPLP is a promising nutraceutical for treatment of T2DM.

Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Ficus; Fruit; Hexuronic Acids; Hypoglycemic Agents; Liver; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Pectins; Signal Transduction

This study was performed to investigate the anti-diabetic effect of citrus pectin in type 2 diabetic rats and its potential mechanism of action. The results showed that fasting blood glucose levels were significantly decreased after 4 weeks of citrus pectin administration. Citrus pectin improved glucose tolerance, hepatic glycogen content and blood lipid levels (TG, TC, LDL-c and HDL-c) in diabetic rats. Citrus pectin also significantly reduced insulin resistance, which played an important role in the resulting anti-diabetic effect. Moreover, after the pectin treatment, phosphorylated Akt expression was upregulated and GSK3β expression was downregulated, indicating that the potential anti-diabetic mechanism of citrus pectin might occur through regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Together, these results suggested that citrus pectin could ameliorate type 2 diabetes and potentially be used as an adjuvant treatment.

Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Gene Expression; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; Humans; Oncogene Protein v-akt; Pectins; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Rats; Signal Transduction

The lipid-lowering effect of a new mixture of fiber consisting in guar and apple-pectin in combination with apple-pomaces has been estimated in 15 female type 2-diabetics [age mean = 62 (52-70) yr] with hypercholesterolemia (total-chol > 240 mg/dl and LDL-chol > 130 mg/dl). After a dietetic run-in-phase of 3 weeks the patients received the fiber mixture (1 package of 17 g with about 5.9 g water-soluble fiber) dissolved in 250 ml water for the next 9 weeks: during the first 3 weeks 2 portions per day, the next 3 weeks twice 1/2 portion and the last 3 weeks one 1/2 portion daily. The fiber mixture had to been consumed 30 minutes before taking a main meal. Regular intake of the fiber product led to a significant decrement in blood lipids, and this improvement under 2 portions daily has been maintained for the most part with the reduced dosage. The total-chol levels decreased by 11.3% during the first 3 weeks of fiber intake (p < 0.05) and by -12.6% during the next 3 weeks (p < 0.05), the decrease during the last 3 weeks under the reduced fiber intake was -9.6% (ns). The HDL-chol levels remained approximately the same during the whole period of observation. The triglyceride concentrations in serum could be lowered by -15.5% during the first 3 weeks of fiber intake, and by -19.2% during the next 3 weeks (p < 0.05), finally the decrease was -12.3% (ns). The atherogenic index (Chol-/HDL-chol) could be reduced on an average of 14.3% in relation to the initial value.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Aged; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Diabetic; Dietary Fiber; Drug Combinations; Female; Galactans; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Mannans; Middle Aged; Pectins; Plant Gums; Triglycerides

The effects of sustained pectin ingestion on gastric emptying, glucose tolerance, and hormone responses were studied in 12 stable, non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetic patients. Patients were placed on a 2400 kcal, low-fiber (3 g) diet for 2 wk, followed by 4 wk of an isocaloric diet supplemented with 20 g apple pectin/d. Gastric-emptying half-time, plasma glucose, glucagon, and human pancreatic polypeptide levels were determined. Gastric-emptying half-time was prolonged 43% (p less than 0.025) by pectin supplementation and returned to normal 3 d after its discontinuation. Fiber supplementation decreased the incremental area under the glucose tolerance curve from 34.8 +/- 3.0 to 27.9 +/- 3.2 mmol/L (p less than 0.01) but did not affect hormonal responses to a meal. Sustained pectin ingestion slowed the gastric-emptying rate and improved glucose tolerance; however, a direct relationship could not be demonstrated between changes in gastric emptying and changes in the incremental area under the glucose curve (r = 0.22).

Topics: Adult; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fiber; Female; Food, Fortified; Gastric Emptying; Glucose Tolerance Test; Homeostasis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pectins

Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Diabetic; Fruit; Humans; Insulin; Obesity; Pectins

Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Diabetic; Dietary Carbohydrates; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Insulin; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Pectins

Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Circadian Rhythm; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Diabetic; Dietary Carbohydrates; Female; Food, Fortified; Humans; Insulin; Male; Middle Aged; Pectins