pazopanib and Stomach-Neoplasms

Gastric carcinosarcoma is most frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage when the tumor is generally large with invasion into other organs, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis. Standard chemotherapy has not been established, and surgery is the only curative treatment. Here, we present a case of postoperative recurrence of gastric carcinosarcoma under long-term tumor control with pazopanib.. A 77-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of nausea and vomiting. Computed tomography and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a type 1 tumor arising from the gastric antrum and extending into the duodenal bulb. He underwent distal gastrectomy (D2) with Roux-en-Y reconstruction. Histopathologically, the tumor had mixed adenocarcinoma and sarcoma components. According to the tumor-node-metastasis classification, the diagnosis was primary gastric carcinosarcoma pT1bN1M0 stage IB. Liver metastasis was detected 2 months after surgery; multiple lung metastases were detected 17 month after surgery. A genomic profiling test was performed using liver specimens as the patient became refractory to chemotherapy commonly used for gastric cancer, and the test revealed FGFR2 amplification along with TP53 R209*, AKT3 N127D, NOTCH1 A2036T, and POLD1 M161I. The patient was treated with pazopanib (800 mg/daily), and the tumor growth was controlled for 11 months.. We report a case of postoperative recurrence of gastric carcinosarcoma under long-term tumor control with pazopanib. This case suggested that pazopanib may be effective in treating gastric carcinosarcoma.

Topics: Aged; Carcinosarcoma; Gastrectomy; Humans; Indazoles; Male; Pyrimidines; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2; Stomach Neoplasms; Sulfonamides

VEGF inhibition in gastric cancer has a proven benefit in the second line setting. Pazopanib, an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor, selectively inhibits VEGFR-1, -2 and -3, c-kit and PDGF-R resulting in inhibition of angiogenesis. This open-label randomized phase II trial (2:1) investigated the efficacy of combining pazopanib with FLO (5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin) vs FLO alone (internal control arm) as first-line treatment in patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ). Eighty-seven patients were randomized and 78 patients were eligible and evaluable (PaFLO arm 51 patients, FLO arm 27 patients). The PFS rate at 6 months (primary endpoint) was 34% in the PaFLO arm vs 30% in the FLO arm. Comparing PaFLO with FLO median PFS was 4.66 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.87-6.46) vs 4.47 months (95% CI 1.79-7.14) (95% CI, hazard ratio [HR] 0.96 (0.60-1.55), P = .882 [exploratory]); median OS was 10.19 months (95% CI 5.46-14.92) vs 7.33 months (95% CI 4.93-9.73), (95% CI HR 1.01 [0.62-1.65], P = .953, exploratory), disease control rate was 72% vs 59%. PaFLO was well tolerable, toxicities were slightly higher in the PaFLO arm. Major adverse events were loss of appetite, nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Adding pazopanib to chemotherapy shows signs of efficacy but no major improvement in this randomized phase 2 trial. The PFS at 6 months in both arms was lower than expected from the literature. Biomarkers identifying subgroups who benefit and novel combinations are needed. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01503372.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Esophagogastric Junction; Female; Fluorouracil; Humans; Indazoles; Male; Middle Aged; Oxaliplatin; Pyrimidines; Stomach Neoplasms; Sulfonamides

The aim of this study was to use immunohistochemistry (IHC) to determine the effect of FGFR2 and VEGFR2 expression on treatment outcomes for patients with metastatic or recurrent advanced gastric cancer (AGC) receiving a combination of pazopanib with CapeOx (capecitabine and oxaliplatin).. We conducted a single-arm, open-label phase II study to determine the efficacy and toxicity of the combination of pazopanib with CapeOx in 66 patients with metastatic or recurrent AGC (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01130805). IHC analysis of FGFR2 and VEGFR2 was possible in 54 patients (81.8 %).. Among 54 patients, the median age was 51.5 years (range 23-72 years). Male patients were 59.3 %. Seven patients (13.5 %) had tumor tissues that expressed FGFR2 by IHC. No patients had tumors that expressed VEGFR2. Among seven patients with tumors with FGFR2 expression, six achieved partial response (PR) with a 85.7 % response rate and one patient with stable disease. Among 47 patients with tumors without FGFR2 expression, one had complete response and 27 had PR (59.5 %). A significant difference in PFS was seen between patients who were positive and negative for FGFR2 using IHC (8.5 vs. 5.6 months, P = 0.050). By prognostic analysis for PFS, only FGFR2 status by IHC (positive vs. negative) had significant prognostic value for predicting PFS.. FGFR2 expression by IHC might be a useful biomarker for predicting treatment outcomes of patients with metastatic or recurrent AGC treated with a combination of pazopanib and CapeOx.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Capecitabine; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Indazoles; Male; Organoplatinum Compounds; Oxaliplatin; Prognosis; Pyrimidines; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2; Stomach Neoplasms; Sulfonamides; Young Adult

We designed a single-arm, open label phase II study to determine the efficacy and toxicity of the combination of pazopanib with CapeOx (capecitabine and oxaliplatin) in metastatic /recurrent advanced gastric cancer (AGC) patients. Previously untreated AGC patients received capecitabine (850 mg/m2 bid, day 1-14) plus oxaliplatin (130 mg/m2, day 1) in combination with pazopanib (800 mg, day 1-21) every three weeks. Treatment was continued until progression of the disease or intolerable toxicity was observed. In all, 66 patients were treated with pazopanib plus CapeOx. The median age of the patients was 51.5 years (range, 23.0-77), and the median ECOG performance status was 1 (0-1). Among all 66 patients, one complete response and 37 partial responses were observed (overall response rate, 62.4%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 45.7-73.5% accounting for the 2-stage design of this trial). Stable disease was observed in 23 patients (34.8%), revealing a 92.4% disease control rate. The median progression free survival and overall survival were 6.5 months (95% CI, 5.6-7.4) and 10.5 months (95% CI, 8.1-12.9), respectively. Thirty-four patients (51.5%) experienced a treatment-related toxicity of grade 3 or more. The most common toxicities of grade 3 or more were neutropenia (15.1%), anemia (10.6%), thrombocytopenia (10.6%), anorexia (7.6%), nausea (3.0%), and vomiting (3.0%). There were no treatment-related deaths. The combination of pazopanib and CapeOx showed moderate activity and an acceptable toxicity profile as a first-line treatment in metastatic / recurrent AGC patients (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01130805).

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Capecitabine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Indazoles; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Organoplatinum Compounds; Oxaliplatin; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Pyrimidines; Stomach Neoplasms; Sulfonamides; Young Adult

Treatment options for patients with metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP NETs) are still limited. We investigated the antitumour activity and safety profile of pazopanib--a multitarget drug with anti-angiogenic activity in patients with metastatic GEP NETs.. This was a nonrandomised, open-labeled, single-center phase II study. Pazopanib was orally administered at a dose of 800 mg daily continuously with a 28-day cycle. The primary end point was an objective response rate according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). The secondary end points were progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and safety. An independent review of objective response was planned. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT number 01099540. Correlative biomarker analyses were performed.. Between April 2010 and February 2012, a total of 37 patients were enrolled. Thirty-two percent of the enrolled patients had pancreatic primary and 22% of the patients had colorectal primary NETs. This phase II study demonstrated an objective response rate of 18.9% (7 of the 37, 95% CI 8.0-35.2) and a disease control rate (CR+confirmed PR+stable disease) of 75.7% (28 of the 37, 95% CI, 58.8-88.2) in metastatic GEP NETs. The independent review demonstrated a higher overall response rate of 24.3% (95% CI, 11.8-41.2%) with nine confirmed PRs.. Pazopanib showed a comparable efficacy to other targeted agents not only in pancreatic NETs but also in NETs originating from gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Disease-Free Survival; Female; Humans; Indazoles; Intestinal Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pyrimidines; Stomach Neoplasms; Sulfonamides; Survival Rate; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged, 80 and over; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagus; Fatal Outcome; Female; Humans; Indazoles; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Pyrimidines; Stomach; Stomach Neoplasms; Sulfonamides; Treatment Outcome

Genomic profiles of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are still insufficiently understood, and the genetic alterations associated with drug responses have not been studied. Here, we performed whole exome sequencing of 12 GEP-NETs from patients enrolled in a nonrandomized, open-labeled, single-center phase II study for pazopanib, and integrated our results with previously published results on pancreas (n = 12) and small intestine NETs (n = 50). The mean numbers of somatic mutations in each case varied widely from 20 to 4682. Among 12 GEP-NETs, eight showed mutations of more than one cancer-related gene, including TP53, CNBD1, RB1, APC, BCOR, BRAF, CTNNB1, EGFR, EP300, ERBB3, KDM6A, KRAS, MGA, MLL3, PTEN, RASA1, SMARCB1, SPEN, TBC1D12, and VHL. TP53 was recurrently mutated in three cases, whereas CNBD1 and RB1 mutations were identified in two cases. Three GEP-NET patients with TP53 mutations demonstrated a durable response and one small intestinal grade (G) 1 NET patient with BRAF V600E mutation showed progression after pazopanib treatment. We found BRAF V600E (G1 NET from rectum and two G3 NETs from colon) and BRAF G593S (G2 NET from pancreas) missense mutations (9.1%) in an independent cohort of 44 GEP-NETs from the rectum (n = 26), colon (n = 7), pancreas (n = 4), small intestine (n = 3), stomach (n = 3) and appendix (n = 1) by Sanger sequencing. All tumor specimens were obtained before chemotherapy. In conclusion, BRAF V600E mutation is likely to result in resistance to pazopanib but may be a potentianally actionable mutation in metastatic GEP-NETs patients.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Cohort Studies; Exome; Female; Genome, Human; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Indazoles; Intestinal Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Mutation; Neoplasm Grading; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Prognosis; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; Pyrimidines; Stomach Neoplasms; Sulfonamides

Rational development of targeted MET inhibitors for cancer treatment requires a quantitative understanding of target pharmacodynamics, including molecular target engagement, mechanism of action, and duration of effect.. Sandwich immunoassays and specimen handling procedures were developed and validated for quantifying full-length MET and its key phosphospecies (pMET) in core tumor biopsies. MET was captured using an antibody to the extracellular domain and then probed using antibodies to its C-terminus (full-length) and epitopes containing pY1234/1235, pY1235, and pY1356. Using pMET:MET ratios as assay endpoints, MET inhibitor pharmacodynamics were characterized in MET-amplified and -compensated (VEGFR blockade) models.. By limiting cold ischemia time to less than two minutes, the pharmacodynamic effects of the MET inhibitors PHA665752 and PF02341066 (crizotinib) were quantifiable using core needle biopsies of human gastric carcinoma xenografts (GTL-16 and SNU5). One dose decreased pY1234/1235 MET:MET, pY1235-MET:MET, and pY1356-MET:MET ratios by 60% to 80% within 4 hours, but this effect was not fully sustained despite continued daily dosing. VEGFR blockade by pazopanib increased pY1235-MET:MET and pY1356-MET:MET ratios, which was reversed by tivantinib. Full-length MET was quantifiable in 5 of 5 core needle samples obtained from a resected hereditary papillary renal carcinoma, but the levels of pMET species were near the assay lower limit of quantitation.. These validated immunoassays for pharmacodynamic biomarkers of MET signaling are suitable for studying MET responses in amplified cancers as well as compensatory responses to VEGFR blockade. Incorporating pharmacodynamic biomarker studies into clinical trials of MET inhibitors could provide critical proof of mechanism and proof of concept for the field. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3683-94. ©2016 AACR.

Topics: A549 Cells; Animals; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Cell Line; Cell Line, Tumor; Crizotinib; HEK293 Cells; HT29 Cells; Humans; Immunoassay; Indazoles; Indoles; Kidney Neoplasms; Mice; Mice, Nude; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met; Pyrazoles; Pyridines; Pyrimidines; Small Molecule Libraries; Stomach Neoplasms; Sulfonamides; Sulfones; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

Renal cell cancer has been rarely reported as a cause of gastric or esophageal metastases. They usually present with gastrointestinal bleeding and most cases have been managed surgically or endoscopically. We report the case of a 38-year-old man with a 4-year history of metastatic renal cell carcinoma admitted to the emergency room with melena and anemia. At endoscopy, three esophageal polypoid lesions (middle and distal thirds) and a 7 cm mass in the gastric fundus were identified. Biopsy revealed esophageal mucosa infiltrated by renal cell carcinoma. Radiotherapy was administered (30 Gy in 10 fractions), followed by pazopanib, with excellent tolerance and without new bleeding episodes. Computed tomography scan showed complete disappearance of the esophageal and fundic lesions at 3 months follow-up. Twenty-four months after being initiated on pazopanib, there is no radiological evidence of disease. This is the first reported case showing complete remission of gastric and esophageal metastases after treatment with radiotherapy and pazopanib.

Topics: Adult; Antineoplastic Agents; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Combined Modality Therapy; Esophageal Neoplasms; Gastric Fundus; Humans; Indazoles; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Pyrimidines; Stomach Neoplasms; Sulfonamides

Pazopanib is an orally bioavailable, ATP-competitive, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor mainly targeting VEGFR2 and PDGFR tyrosine kinases, but the biologic sequences of pazopanib activities beyond antiangiogenesis are poorly defined. We used a panel of 38 gastric cancer cell lines to test the efficacy of pazopanib. In a growth inhibition assay, genomic changes indicated that pazopanib had differential effects on cell growth. Treatment of the KATO-III, OCUM-2M, SNU-16, and HSC-39 gastric cancer cell lines harboring FGFR2 amplification with pazopanib resulted in marked decreases of cell survival with IC50 in ranges of 0.1 to 2.0 μmol/L, whereas the same treatment of those cell lines without FGFR2 amplification had no growth-inhibitory effects. In the ectopic FGFR2-expressing model, treatment with the indicated concentrations of pazopanib significantly inhibited cell growth and colony formation by FGFR2-expressing NIH 3T3 cells with wild-type (WT) FGFR2 and mutant FGFR2 (S252W). Pazopanib also selectively suppressed constitutive FGFR2 signaling and phosphorylation of downstream effectors. In cell-cycle analysis, FGFR2-amplified cells underwent cell-cycle arrest at the G1-S phase after pazopanib treatment, whereas there were no significant effects on cell-cycle progression in cells without FGFR2 amplification treated with pazopanib. In addition, pazopanib increased a substantial fraction of sub-G1 only in FGFR2-amplified cells. These findings show that the activation of FGFR2 signaling by amplification may be a critical mediator of cell proliferation in a small subset of gastric cancer patients and that pazopanib may provide genotype-correlated clinical benefits beyond the setting of highly vascular tumors.

Topics: Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Disease-Free Survival; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Indazoles; Mice; NIH 3T3 Cells; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Pyrimidines; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2; Stomach Neoplasms; Sulfonamides