oxytocin and Mastitis

Topics: Amenorrhea; Breast Feeding; Cesarean Section; Colitis; Diet; Female; Humans; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Infant Care; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Jaundice, Neonatal; Lactation; Mastitis; Milk, Human; Nutritive Value; Obesity; Oxytocin; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Prolactin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Lactation; Mastitis; Oxytocin; Pregnancy

The reduction of antibiotic use in food producing animals becomes increasingly important. Therefore, suitable alternatives for mastitis treatment in dairy cows have to be considered. Oxytocin (OT) induces milk ejection and hence supports milk removal from infected mammary quarters. Beyond udder emptying, the injection of very high dosages of OT causes increased somatic cell counts (SCC) in milk and enables the transfer of immunoglobulins (Ig) from blood into milk through a reduced blood-milk barrier integrity. The aim of the present study was to investigate pathogen-specific changes of SCC, the blood derived milk components lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum albumin (SA), and IgG in milk of cows suffering from mastitis caused by different pathogens treated with two intravenous injections of high dosages of OT (100 IU). Milk samples from 184 dairy cows from different farms were collected on day 1 (day of clinical examination and mastitis diagnosis) and on days 2, 3, 14, and 28. Bacteriological examination (day 1) identified involved pathogens. Cows were randomly assigned to treatment (OT injections on days 1 and 2) or control group (no OT). Independently of the assigned experimental group, cows received the common therapy protocol of the veterinary practice after sample collection if the general condition was affected. Milk SCC, LDH, SA, and IgG changed specifically depending on involved pathogens. Highest values of all three parameters were measured in mastitis caused by Streptococcus uberis. Changes were less pronounced with other Streptococci spp., Staphylococci spp. or Corynebacterium bovis. Oxytocin treatment did not affect any of the studied parameters independent of the involved pathogen. Only in quarters infected with Staphylococci other than Staphylococcus aureus a decreased SCC and increased IgG concentrations in quarters, where no pathogens were detected, were observed. Thus, high dosage OT administration is obviously not suitable as a stand-alone mastitis treatment in dairy cows.. Die Reduzierung des Antibiotikakonsums bei Tieren in der Lebensmittelproduktion wird immer wichtiger. Daher müssen geeignete Alternativen zur Mastitisbehandlung bei Milchkühen geprüft werden. Oxytocin (OT) induziert das Einschiessen der Milch in das Milchgangsystem und unterstützt somit das Ausmelken der Milch aus infizierten Vierteln der Milchdrüse. Über die Euterentleerung hinaus führt die Injektion sehr hoher OT-Dosierungen durch eine verringerte Integrität der Blut-Milch-Schranke zu einer erhöhten Anzahl somatischer Zellen (SCC) in der Milch und ermöglicht den Transfer von Immunglobulinen (Ig) aus der Blutbahn in die Milch. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, bei an Mastitis erkrankten und mit zwei hohen Dosen Oxytocin (100 IE iv.) behandelten Kühen, in Abhängigkeit des Pathogens die Veränderungen von SCC, den aus Blut stammenden Milchkomponenten Lactatdehydrogenase (LDH), Serumalbumin (SA) und IgG in Milch zu untersuchen. Milchproben von 184 Milchkühen aus verschiedenen Betrieben wurden am Tag 1 (Tag der klinischen Untersuchung und Mastitisdiagnose) und an den Tagen 2, 3, 14 und 28 entnommen. Der Nachweis der Krankheitserreger erfolgte mittels einer bakteriologischen Untersuchung (Tag 1). Die Kühe wurden zufällig der Behandlungs- (OT-Injektionen an den Tagen 1 und 2) oder der Kontrollgruppe (kein OT) zugeordnet. Unabhängig von der zugewiesenen Versuchsgruppe wurden die Kühe mit reduziertem Allgemeinzustand nach der Probenentnahme gemäss dem Therapieprotokoll der Tierarztpraxis behandelt. Milch-SCC, LDH, SA und IgG änderten sich spezifisch in Abhängigkeit der beteiligten Pathogene. Die höchsten Werte aller drei Parameter wurden bei durch Streptococcus uberis verursachten Mastitiden gemessen. Die Veränderungen waren bei Streptococci spp., Staphylococci spp. oder Corynebacterium bovis weniger ausgeprägt. Unabhängig vom verursachenden Pathogen hatte die Oxytocin-Behandlung keinen Einfluss auf einen der untersuchten Parameter. Einzig bei Mastitiden verursacht durch andere Staphylokokken als Staphylococcus aureus wurden eine verminderte SCC gemessen und bei Mastitiden ohne Nachweis eines Pathogens konnte eine erhöhte IgG-Konzentration beobachtet werden. Daher ist eine hochdosierte OT-Verabreichung nicht als eigenständige Mastitisbehandlung bei Milchkühen geeignet.. La réduction de l’utilisation d’antibiotiques chez les animaux destinés à l’alimentation devient de plus en plus importante. Par conséquent, des alternatives appropriées au traitement des mammites chez les vaches laitières doivent être envisagées. L’ocytocine (OT) induit l’éjection du lait et favorise donc l’élimination du lait des quartiers infectés. Au-delà de la vidange de la mamelle, l’injection de doses très élevées d’OT entraîne une augmentation du nombre de cellules somatiques (CSC) dans le lait et permet le transfert d’immunoglobulines (Ig) du sang vers le lait grâce à une réduction de l’intégrité de la barrière sang-lait. Le but de la présente étude était d’étudier les changements spécifiques aux agents pathogènes du CSC, les composants du lait dérivés du sang que sont la lactate déshydrogénase (LDH) et l’albumine sérique (SA) ainsi que les IgG dans le lait de vaches souffrant de mammites causées par différents agents pathogènes traités par deux injections intraveineuses de doses élevées d’OT (100 UI). Des échantillons de lait de 184 vaches laitières de différentes exploitations ont été prélevés au jour 1 (jour de l’examen clinique et diagnostic de mammite) et aux jours 2, 3, 14 et 28. L’examen bactériologique (jour 1) a identifié les agents pathogènes impliqués. Les vaches ont été assignées au hasard au traitement (injections d’OT les jours 1 et 2) ou au groupe témoin (pas d’OT). Indépendamment du groupe auquel elles étaient attribuées, les vaches ont reçu le protocole thérapeutique usuel du cabinet vétérinaire après le prélèvement de l’échantillon si leur état général était affecté. Le CSC, la LDH, la SA et les IgG du lait ont varié spécifiquement en fonction des agents pathogènes impliqués. Les valeurs les plus élevées des trois paramètres ont été mesurées dans les mammites causées par Streptococcus uberis. Les changements étaient moins prononcés avec d’autres Streptococci spp., Staphylococci spp. ou Corynebacterium bovis. Le traitement à l’ocytocine n’a affecté aucun des paramètres étudiés indépendamment de l’agent pathogène impliqué. On a uniquement observé, dans les mammites causées par des staphylocoques autres que Staphylococcus aureus, une diminution du CSC et, dans les mammites où aucun agent pathogène n’a été détecté, une augmentation des concentrations d’IgG dans les quartiers. Ainsi, l’administration d’OT à forte dose n’est pas appropriée comme traitement unique des mammites chez les vaches laitières.. La riduzione dell’uso di antibiotici negli animali per la produzione alimentare sta assumendo un’importanza sempre maggiore. Di conseguenza, è opportuno considerare delle alternative adeguate per il trattamento della mastite nelle vacche da latte. L’ossitocina (OT) induce l’eiezione del latte e quindi aiuta la rimozione di questo dai quarti mammari infetti. L’iniezione di dosi molto elevate di OT provoca non solo lo svuotamento della mammella, ma pure un aumento del numero di cellule somatiche (SCC) nel latte permettendo quindi il trasferimento di immunoglobuline (Ig) dal sangue al latte attraverso una ridotta integrità della barriera tra sangue e latte. Lo scopo del presente studio era di esaminare i cambiamenti patogeno-dipendenti dal SCC, i componenti del latte derivati dal sangue del lattato deidrogenasi (LDH), l’albumina del siero (SA) e le IgG nel latte, delle vacche affette da mastite causata da diversi patogeni e trattate con due iniezioni intravenose ad alti dosaggi di OT (100 UI). I campioni di latte provenienti da 184 vacche da latte di diverse aziende sono stati raccolti il giorno 1 (giorno dell’esame clinico e della diagnosi di mastite) e nei giorni 2, 3, 14 e 28. L’esame batteriologico (giorno 1) ha identificato gli agenti patogeni coinvolti. Le vacche sono state assegnate in modo casuale al gruppo con il trattamento (iniezioni di OT il giorno 1 e 2) o al gruppo di controllo (nessuna OT). Indipendentemente dal gruppo sperimentale assegnato, se dopo la raccolta del campione le condizioni generali dell’animale risultavano compromesse, le vacche ricevevano un comune protocollo terapeutico dello studio veterinario. Si è rilevato che a seconda degli agenti patogeni coinvolti, l’SCC del latte, la LDH, la SA e le IgG cambiavano in modo specifico. I valori più alti fra tutti e tre i parametri sono stati misurati in caso di mastite causata da Streptococcus uberis. I cambiamenti erano meno pronunciati con gli Streptococchi spp., Staphylococci spp. o Corynebacterium bovis. Si è notato che il trattamento con ossitocina non influenzava nessuno dei parametri studiati, indipendentemente dal patogeno coinvolto. Si è osservato nei quarti infettati da stafilococchi diversi dallo Staphylococcus aureus una diminuzione della SCC mentre nei quarti dove non venivano rilevati agenti patogeni si evidenziava un aumento delle concentrazioni di IgG. Pertanto, la somministrazione di OT ad alto dosaggio non è ovviamente adatta al trattamento stand-alone della mastite nel

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cell Count; Corynebacterium; Female; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Oxytocin; Streptococcus

Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Lactation Disorders; Mastitis; Oxytocin; Pregnancy; Puerperal Infection

The Postpartum Dysgalaktie Syndrome (PPDS) also known as metritis agalactia mastitis (MMA), is considered the most common disease of the sow after farrowing. The reasons for PPDS are multifactorial and are to be found in the areas of management and hygiene, feeding, water supply and animal specific factors such as body condition and age of the sows. In this study a veterinary herd health management was carried out in 28 pig farms with PPDS, with the aim to reduce the PPDS prevalence and animal treatment incidence (TI). In 20 of 28 problem farms the PPDS-prevalence could be decreased from 37.4% (± 21.8%) to 24.5% (± 14.1%). The TI was not significantly reduced. The most effective procedures to reduce the PPDS-prevalence were the use of a prepartal transition feed, optimizing the PPDSdiagnostic and the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) and oxytocin in the PPDS-treatment.. Das Postpartale Dysgalaktie Syndrom (PPDS), auch Metritis Mastitis Agalaktie (MMA) genannt, gilt als die häufigste Erkrankung der Muttersau nach dem Abferkeln. Die Ursachen für das Auftreten sind multifaktoriell und sind in den Bereichen Management und Hygiene, Fütterung, Wasserversorgung und tierspezifische Faktoren wie Kondition und Alter der Muttersauen zu suchen. Im Rahmen dieser Studie wurde in 28 Schweinezuchtbetrieben mit PPDS-Problematik eine tierärztliche Bestandesbetreuung durchgeführt, mit dem Ziel die PPDS-Prävalenz und die Tierbehandlungsinzidenz (TI) zu senken. Die PPDS-Prävalenz sank in 20 von 28 Problembetrieben von 37.4% (± 21.8%) auf 24.5% (± 14.1%). Die TI konnte nicht signifikant gesenkt werden. Die effektivsten Massnahmen die PPDS-Prävalenz zu senken, waren der Einsatz eines Geburtsvorbereitungsfutters, die Optimierung der PPDS-Diagnostik und der Einsatz von nichtsteroidalen Antiphlogistika (NSAID) und Oxytocin bei der PPDS-Behandlung.. Le syndrome de dysgalactie postpartum (PPDS), aussi appelé mammite, métrite, agalactie (MMA) est considéré comme la pathologie des truies la plus fréquente en période post partum. Ses causes sont multifactorielles et doivent être recherchées aussi bien dans le domaine de la gestion, de l’hygiène, de l’alimentation et de l’abreuvement que dans des facteurs propres aux animaux, comme la condition et l’âge. Dans le cadre de cette étude, on a effectué un suivi d’exploitation dans 28 exploitations d’élevage porcin avec une problématique de PPDS, dans le but de réduire la prévalence de cette affection et l’index des traitements. La prévalence de la PPDS s’est réduite dans 20 des 28 exploitations de 37.4% (± 21.8%) à 24.5% (± 14.1%). L’index des traitements n’a pas pu être abaissé significativement. Les mesures les plus efficaces pour abaisser la prévalence de la PPDS ont été l’utilisation d’un aliment de préparation à la mise-bas, l’optimisation du diagnostic de PPDS et l’utilisation d’antiinflammatoires non-stéroïdiens (AINS) et d’ocytocine pour traiter les cas de PPDS.. La sindrome da disgalasia post-partum (PDS), detta anche sindrome Mastite, Metrite, Agalassia (MMA), è considerata la più frequente malattia della scrofa dopo il parto. Le cause della comparsa della malattia sono multifattoriali e sono da ricercare nei settori della gestione e dell’igiene, nell’alimentazione, nell’approvvigionamento di acqua e in fattori specifici agli animali quali condizioni e età delle scrofe. Nell’ambito di questo studio è stato condotto un trattamento veterinario dell’effettivo in 28 allevamenti di suini con problemi legati alla PDS con l’obiettivo di diminuire la prevalenza di PDS e l’incidenza del trattamento degli animali. La prevalenza di PDS era diminuita in 20 delle 28 aziende dal 37.4% (± 21.8%) al 24.5% (± 14.1%). L’incidenza del trattamento non poteva essere ridotta in modo significativo. Le misure più efficaci per ridurre la prevalenza di PDS si sono rivelate l’uso di mangimi prenatale, ottimizzazione della diagnosi da PDS, l’uso di farmaci antinfiammatori non steroidei (FANS) e ossitocina nel trattamento della PDS.

Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Female; Incidence; Mastitis; Oxytocin; Prevalence; Swine; Swine Diseases

Between 1995 and 2003 a total of 1 827 women suffering from puerperal mastitis was studied. Etiology of the disease was defined, white cell counts and microbiologic cultures were obtained. According to the results the illness was classified and treated. Since in all cases we found either simple congestion or non-infectious inflammation of the breast treatment consisted of intensified emptying of the breast by breast feeding every 2 hours and in some cases additional manual expression of milk. Antibiotics and bromocriptine were not used. In 1 826 cases fever and flue symptoms had resolved within 25-36 hours. Redness and soreness had resolved within 2-3 days. Relapse did not occur and none of the women developed an abscess. One woman had to be treated with antibiotics because the baby refused to nurse at the diseased breast and emptying had to be done by hand.

Topics: Breast Feeding; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Inflammation; Leukocyte Count; Mastitis; Oxytocin; Prolactin; Puerperal Disorders

Topics: Abscess; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Lactation; Mastitis; Oxytocin; Postoperative Care; Pregnancy; Suction; Therapeutic Irrigation

The disk method with Ericson and Bauer's solid nutrient media were employed to ascertain the drug resistance of a total of 54 strains of Escherichia coli, 25 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 11 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, 7 strains of Corynebacterium pyogenes, 7 strains of Streptococcus uberis, 2 strains of Streptococcus agalactiae, and 1 strain of Streptococcus disgalactiae isolated from utero-cervical exudate and milk samples of sows with clinical symptoms of mastitis-metritis-agalactia (MMA). It was found that gentamycin only suppressed 100 per cent of the strains. So far as the other chemotherapeutic agents were concerned the organisms showed a varying extent of resistance. After determining the sensitivity of the strains to drugs two groups of pigs (from which the strains referred to were isolated) were subject to treatment. All 20 sows of the first group were treated with oxytocin only, while the 446 animals of the second group were treated with gentamycin in combination with oxytocin. It was found that effective therapy in the case of MMA was impossible with the application of preparations on the base of the hind lobe of the pituitary only. It is necessary to use chemotherapeutic means tow which the isolated organisms are susceptible.

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Cervix Uteri; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Endometritis; Female; Gentamicins; Lactation Disorders; Mastitis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Milk; Oxytocin; Pregnancy; Swine; Swine Diseases; Syndrome

Topics: Female; Humans; Mastitis; Oxytocin; Pregnancy; Puerperal Disorders

The dose-response and time-response relationships between injected oxytocin and intramammary pressure were investigated in normal lactating sows. In less than 39 s after 20, 40, or 80 U of oxytocin was given (IM injection), there was a rapid initial increase in intramammary pressure (15 to 27 mm of Hg) which lasted 22 to 32 s. After this initial response, there were secondary oscillations in pressure which lasted approximately 40 minutes (20 U) and up to 60 minutes (40 or 80 U). Changes in intramammary pressure during each oscillation varied between 1 and 5 mm of Hg. Mean values for frequency and amplitude of oscillations and total work (area under the trace) were measured. Compared with response obtained after 20 U of oxytocin was given, responses obtained at the 40-U or 80-U dose level had an increased frequency (150.0% and 249.0%, respectively) and total work (36.6% and 104.4%, respectively), but not amplitude. Thus, there may be some clinical advantage in milk let-down effect when sows are given the larger doses of oxytocin (40 or 80 U). These results indicate that newborn pigs should be allowed to nurse at the same time in which oxytocin is injected.

Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Endometritis; Female; Lactation Disorders; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis; Oxytocin; Pregnancy; Swine; Swine Diseases; Syndrome

Mammary gland responsiveness to exogenous oxytocin during lactation was assessed by measuring changes in intramammary pressure of healthy sows given (IM injection) synthetic oxytocin (40 U). Response to oxytocin was measured once a week for the first 8 weeks of lactation. Recordings of pressure changes were expressed as mean area (cm2) under the trace at each 10-minute interval over 30 minutes after oxytocin had been given. During the 2nd week of lactation, there was a 55.3% increase (P less than 0.05) in responsiveness to oxytocin (25.1 +/- 4.2 cm2/10 minutes) as compared with the 1st week (13.9 +/- 2.2 cm2/10 minutes). Responsiveness decreased, however, from the 2nd to the 8th week. Since the incidence of mastitis-metritis-agalactia in sows is particularly high during the 1st week of lactation, low responsiveness of the mammary gland to oxytocin may be a contributing factor.

Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Endometritis; Female; Lactation; Lactation Disorders; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis; Oxytocin; Pregnancy; Swine; Swine Diseases; Syndrome

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Fatty Acids; Female; Glycerides; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Injections, Intravenous; Lactation; Lipid Metabolism; Mastitis; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Oxytocin; Phospholipids; Pregnancy; Species Specificity; Time Factors

Topics: Cytodiagnosis; Female; Humans; Lactation Disorders; Mastitis; Oxytocin; Pregnancy; Skin Temperature

Topics: Acidosis; Actinomycosis; Animals; Chronic Disease; Endometritis; Ergotism; Female; Hypocalcemia; Lactation Disorders; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis; Necrosis; Obstetric Labor Complications; Oxytocin; Pregnancy; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Lactation; Lactation Disorders; Mastitis; Oxytocin; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Sucking Behavior

Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Lactation Disorders; Mastitis; Oxytocin; Pregnancy; Puerperal Disorders; Thrombophlebitis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Drug Therapy; Female; Humans; Infrared Rays; Mastitis; Oxytocin; Pregnancy; Preventive Medicine; Puerperal Infection; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sulfanilamide; Sulfanilamides; Sulfonamides

Topics: Biomedical Research; Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Lactation; Mastitis; Oxytocin

Topics: Arginine Vasopressin; Epinephrine; Female; Humans; Kymography; Lactation; Mastitis; Milk Ejection; Oxytocin; Pharmacology; Rabbits; Research; Vasopressins

Topics: Biomedical Research; Communicable Diseases; Drug Therapy; Female; Humans; Mastitis; Oxytocin; Pregnancy; Puerperal Disorders

Topics: Biomedical Research; Female; Humans; Mastitis; Oxytocics; Oxytocin

Topics: Biomedical Research; Female; Humans; Mastitis; Oxytocin; Postpartum Period

Topics: Biomedical Research; Breast; Female; Humans; Lactation Disorders; Mastitis; Oxytocin

Topics: Female; Humans; Lactation Disorders; Mastitis; Oxytocics; Oxytocin; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Puerperal Infection

Topics: Female; Humans; Mastitis; Oxytetracycline; Oxytocin

Topics: Biomedical Research; Female; Humans; Mastitis; Oxytocin

Topics: Communicable Diseases; Female; Humans; Mastitis; Oxytocin; Postpartum Period