oxytocin and Endocrine-System-Diseases

Hypopituitarism is defined as one or more partial or complete pituitary hormone deficiencies, which are related to the anterior and/or posterior gland and can have an onset in childhood or adulthood. The most common aetiology is a sellar or suprasellar lesion, often an adenoma, which causes hypopituitarism due to tumour mass effects, or the effects of surgery and/or radiation therapy. However, other clinical conditions, such as traumatic brain injury, and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, can result in hypopituitarism, and there are also genetic causes of hypopituitarism. Furthermore, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat cancer is increasing the risk of hypopituitarism, with a pattern of hormone defects that is different from the classic patterns and depends on mechanisms that are specific for each drug. Moreover, autoantibody production against the pituitary and hypothalamus has been demonstrated in studies investigating the development or worsening of some cases of hypopituitarism. Finally, evidence suggests that posterior pituitary damage can affect oxytocin secretion. The aim of this Review is to summarize current knowledge on non-classic and emerging causes of hypopituitarism, so as to help clinicians improve early identification, avoid life-threatening events and improve the clinical care and quality of life of patients at risk of hypopituitarism.

Topics: Adenoma; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Autoimmune Hypophysitis; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Dwarfism, Pituitary; Empty Sella Syndrome; Endocrine System Diseases; Genetic Diseases, Inborn; Humans; Hypoglycemia; Hypogonadism; Hypophysitis; Hypopituitarism; Hypothyroidism; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Oxytocin; Pituitary Apoplexy; Pituitary Neoplasms; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

In recent years, multiple hormones have been investigated in relation to female sexual function. Because consumers can easily purchase products claiming to contain these hormones, a clear statement regarding the current state of knowledge is required.. To review the contribution of hormones, other than estrogens and androgens, to female sexual functioning and the evidence that specific endocrinopathies in women are associated with female sexual dysfunction (FSD) and to update the previously published International Society of Sexual Medicine Consensus on this topic.. The literature was searched using several online databases with an emphasis on studies examining the physiologic role of oxytocin, prolactin, and progesterone in female sexual function and any potential therapeutic effect of these hormones. The association between common endocrine disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, pituitary disorders, and obesity, and FSD also was examined.. Quality of data published in the literature and recommendations were based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Education system.. There is no evidence to support the use of oxytocin or progesterone for FSD. Treating hyperprolactinemia might lessen FSD. Polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity, and metabolic syndrome could be associated with FSD, but data are limited. There is a strong association between diabetes mellitus and FSD.. Further research is required; in particular, high-quality, large-scale studies of women with common endocrinopathies are needed to determine the impact of these prevalent disorders on female sexual function.

Topics: Contraceptive Agents, Female; Dyspareunia; Endocrine System Diseases; Female; Humans; Hyperprolactinemia; Metabolic Syndrome; Obesity; Oxytocics; Oxytocin; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Prevalence; Referral and Consultation; Sexual Behavior

Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Endocrine System Diseases; Endorphins; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Humans; Hypothalamic Hormones; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Oxytocin; Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones; Pituitary Hormones; Somatostatin; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; Vasopressins

Topics: Diabetes Insipidus; Endocrine System Diseases; Female; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Male; Neurophysins; Osmolar Concentration; Oxytocin; Pituitary Function Tests; Polyuria; Radioimmunoassay; Vasopressins

Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Endocrine System Diseases; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Growth Disorders; Growth Hormone; Humans; Hypothalamic Hormones; Oxytocin; Pituitary Hormones; Somatostatin

Topics: Calcitonin; Carboxypeptidases; Cathepsins; Depression, Chemical; Endocrine System Diseases; Endopeptidases; Enzymes; Glucagon; Hormones; Insulin; Liver; Oxytocin; Pancreas; Parathyroid Hormone; Peptides; Proinsulin; Stimulation, Chemical; Trypsin

Topics: Adrenal Insufficiency; Ascites; Brain Injuries; Diabetes Insipidus; Eclampsia; Endocrine System Diseases; Female; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Oxytocin; Pregnancy; Vasopressins; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Aged; Brain Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Oxytocin; Vasopressins; Water-Electrolyte Balance