oxytetracycline--anhydrous and Gram-Positive-Bacterial-Infections

To determine the prevalence of indicator bacteria resistant to antimicrobials among poultry in three Southeast Asian countries (Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand), we examined the antimicrobial susceptibilities of commensal bacteria isolated from chickens. In total, 125, 117 and 180 isolates of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, respectively, were used to test for antimicrobial susceptibility. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial treatment was most frequently observed with oxytetracycline with a prevalence of 73.6% (E. coli), 69.2% (E. faecalis) and 92.2% (E. faecium). Resistance to fluoroquinolones, which are critically important medicines, was also frequently observed in E. coli (48.8%), E. faecalis (17.9%) and E. faecium (82.8%). The prevalence of indicator bacteria resistant to most of the antimicrobials tested in these countries was higher than those for developed countries. The factors underlying antimicrobial resistance may include inappropriate and/or excessive use of antimicrobials. These results highlight the need for monitoring the emergence and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries.

Topics: Animals; Asia, Southeastern; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enterococcus faecalis; Enterococcus faecium; Epidemiological Monitoring; Escherichia coli; Fluoroquinolones; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Oxytetracycline; Poultry Diseases; Prevalence; Species Specificity

To describe the clinical manifestations and outcomes in 4 patients with endophthalmitis caused by Bacillus cereus and Chlamydia trachomatis.. Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.. Four patients who had cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation with phacoemulsification at a secondary eye-care center presented with endophthalmitis. Cultures and direct fluorescein assay (DFA) were performed on vitreous aspirates from all patients.. Cultures were positive for B cereus and DFAs were positive for C trachomatis in all patients. Despite timely intervention, at the end of follow-up, 1 patient had 20/200 visual acuity and another, counting fingers at 3 m. Phthisis bulbi developed in the 2 other patients.. The course of infection with B cereus and C trachomatis poses a potential threat, especially because of the limited data on treatment of endophthalmitis secondary to C trachomatis.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus cereus; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Clarithromycin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Endophthalmitis; Eye Infections, Bacterial; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Lens Implantation, Intraocular; Middle Aged; Ofloxacin; Oxytetracycline; Phacoemulsification; Polymyxin B; Postoperative Complications; Vitreous Body

Paenibacillus larvae is the causal agent of American Foulbrood (AFB) disease, the most virulent bacterial disease of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) brood. Oxytetracycline is the main antibiotic used for prevention and control of AFB. Using the polymerase chain reaction, isolates were screened for the presence of the tetracycline resistance tet(K) and tet(L) determinants. Four isolates (5%), which correlated with the Tc-resistant phenotypes, were found to carry the tet(K) determinant, whereas none carried the tet(L) determinant. P. larvae cells were also screened for the presence of extrachromosomal DNA and evidence obtained that tetracycline resistance is plasmid-encoded. A few P. larvae isolates were found to be able to transfer the tet(K) determinant to Bacillus subtilis, suggesting that a conjugation mechanism may be involved in the transfer of the tetracycline-resistant phenotype. Minimum inhibitory concentrations to tetracycline were determined for 75 isolates of P. larvae from different geographical origins and found to range between 0.062 and 128 microg tetracyclineml(-1), with MIC(50) and MIC(90) values of 1 and 4, respectively. According to results from P. larvae populations, isolates could be considered as susceptible when their MICs were <4, intermediate for MICs values 4-8 and resistant for MICs > or = 16. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Tc(r)Paenibacillus species carrying a tet(K) gene, and also the first record of P. larvae strains carrying tet(K) determinants and its correlation with the presence of extrachromosomal DNA.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Bees; Conjugation, Genetic; DNA, Bacterial; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Plasmids; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Tetracycline Resistance