oxytetracycline--anhydrous and Escherichia-coli-Infections

Topics: Administration, Oral; Anesthesia, General; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cats; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chloramphenicol; Drug Interactions; Escherichia coli Infections; Horse Diseases; Horses; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kidney Diseases; Liver Diseases; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Postoperative Complications; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Streptococcus; Substance-Related Disorders; Sulfonamides; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Acute Radiation Syndrome; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Diphtheria; Enterobacter aerogenes; Escherichia coli Infections; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Pharmacology; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Radiation Injuries, Experimental; Rats; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of enrofloxacin (ERFX) as a second-line antibiotic for treatment of acute Escherichia coli (E. coli) mastitis. Forty-two cows with naturally occurring acute E. coli mastitis were enrolled. On the first day of treatment (day 0), empirically selected antibiotics (oxytetracycline: n = 32, kanamycin: n = 10) were administered. Although systemic signs improved in 10 cows (first-line group), the signs remained unchanged or worsened in 32 cows on day 1, including two cows that were found dead. The 30 surviving cows were randomly assigned to second-line groups constituting an ERFX group (n = 19) or a control group (n = 11) that was treated with other antibiotics. Response to each treatment was evaluated by measuring clinical signs from day 0 to day 3, subsequent quarter milk recovery, and the 60-day survival rate. Appetite on day 3 was significantly better in the ERFX group compared to the control group. No significant differences were observed in the 60-day survival rate or the subsequent milk recovery between the ERFX group and the control group. Thus, the use of ERFX as a second-line antibiotic for the treatment of acute E. coli mastitis could induce a rapid appetite recovery.

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appetite; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Disease Progression; Drug Therapy, Combination; Enrofloxacin; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Kanamycin; Mastitis; Oxytetracycline; Retreatment; Time Factors; Treatment Failure; Treatment Outcome

The goals of this study were to evaluate factors affecting recovery and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in intrauterine E. coli in post-partum dairy cows with and without metritis from commercial California dairy farms. Using a cross-sectional study design, a total of 307 cows were sampled from 25 farms throughout California, from which a total of 162 intrauterine E. coli isolates were recovered. During farm visits, cows within 21 days post-partum were categorized in one of three clinical presentation groups before enrollment: metritis (MET, n = 86), defined as a cow with watery, red or brown colored, and fetid vaginal discharge; cows with purulent discharge (PUS, n = 106), defined as a non-fetid purulent or mucopurulent vaginal discharge; and control cows, (CTL, n = 115) defined as cows with either no vaginal discharge or a clear, non-purulent mucus vaginal discharge. Cows diagnosed as MET had significantly higher odds for recovery of E. coli compared to cows diagnosed as CTL (OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.17-3.96), with no significant difference observed between PUS and CTL, and PUS and MET. An increase in days in milk (DIM) at the time of sampling was significantly associated with a decrease in the odds ratio for E. coli recovery from intrauterine swabs (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89-0.98). All intrauterine E. coli were resistant to ampicillin (AMP), with an AMR prevalence of 30.2% and 33.9% observed for chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline, respectively. Only 8.6% of isolates were resistant to ceftiofur (CEFT), one of the most common drugs used to treat cows on farms sampled. No significant difference in the prevalence of AMR was observed among clinical groups at the individual cow level. At the farm level, a significantly higher odds for isolating intrauterine E. coli resistant to chlortetracycline (OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 3.7-58.0) or oxytetracycline (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.4-33.8) was observed at farms that used an intrauterine infusion of oxytetracycline as a treatment for metritis when compared to those farms that did not use this practice. Findings from this study indicate the need for further research supporting a broader understanding of farm practices driving AMR in cows with metritis, as well as data to increase the accuracy of breakpoints for AMR classification of intrauterine E. coli from cattle.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chlortetracycline; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Endometritis; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Farms; Female; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Risk Factors

The diarrhoea incidence rate is often high among weaning piglets. In light of the fact that Cortex phellodendri has long been used to treat diarrhoea in China, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of Cortex Phellodendri Extract (CPE) on diarrhoea in weaning piglets and the mechanism behind such effects. In the first trial, 36 diarrhoeal weaning piglets were randomly divided into three groups. The control group was injected with 20 mg oxytetracycline/kg BW, while the two treatment groups were orally administered with 10 mg and 20 mg CPE/kg BW respectively. In the second trial, 96 weaning piglets were randomly divided into two groups. The control group was fed basal diet, while 300 mg CPE/kg BW was added to the diet of the treatment group. The pathogenic bacteria were then isolated and identified from the diarrhoeal faecal samples. Cell adhesion and RT-PCR tests were used to investigate the effect of CPE on the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria to IPEC-J2 cells. 16S rDNA-based high-throughput sequencing was used to analyse faecal microflora. The results showed that CPE reduced the diarrhoea incidence rate (p < 0.05) and diarrhoea index (p < 0.05) compared to control group, and increased the richness and evenness of weaning piglets' gut microbiota. Escherichia coli (E. coil) was identified as the causative organism. Cell adhesion and RT-PCR tests suggested that CPE reduced the adhesion of E. coli to IPEC-J2 cells (p < 0.05) and the expression of fae and faeG gene (p < 0.05) responsible for encoding E. coli fimbriae protein.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animal Feed; Animals; Diarrhea; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Injections; Male; Oxytetracycline; Plant Extracts; Random Allocation; Sus scrofa; Swine; Swine Diseases; Weaning

The purpose of this study was to clarify the therapeutic effects of oxytetracycline (OTC) as a first-line antibiotic in cattle with acute Escherichia coli mastitis and systemic signs. Drug susceptibility was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of E. coli isolated from cows with acute E. coli mastitis (n=38). Cattle were divided into OTC-susceptible (S, n=30) and OTC-resistant (R, n=8) groups. They were further subdivided according to susceptibility to the antibiotic used as a second treatment, into susceptible-susceptible (SS, n=30), resistant-susceptible (RS, n=5), and resistant-resistant (RR, n=3) groups. Clinical signs on the day after initial treatment were compared between S and R groups as short-term indicators of treatment effects. The 28-day survival rate of cattle was then compared among SS, RS, and RR groups as a long-term indicator of treatment effects. There were no differences in clinical signs between S and R groups on the day after the first dose, but the 28-day survival rate was significantly greater in the SS group than in the RR group (P=0.04). The results demonstrated that an effective drug is essential for first-line treatment of acute coliform mastitis. However, anticipating the effectiveness of a first-line antibiotic based on clinical symptoms at the second day of treatment is impossible. It is important to build a picture of drug resistance trends in cattle herds for empirical selection of antibiotics to be administered.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Japan; Mastitis, Bovine; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Treatment Outcome

We determined if antibiotics residues that are excreted from treated animals can contribute to persistence of resistant bacteria in agricultural environments. Administration of ceftiofur, a third-generation cephalosporin, resulted in a ∼ 3 log increase in ceftiofur-resistant Escherichia coli found in the faeces and pen soils by day 10 (P = 0.005). This resistant population quickly subsided in faeces, but was sustained in the pen soil (∼ 4.5 log bacteria g(-1)) throughout the trial (1 month). Florfenicol treatment resulted in a similar pattern although the loss of florfenicol-resistant E. coli was slower for faeces and remained stable at ∼ 6 log bacteria g(-1) in the soil. Calves were treated in pens where eGFP-labelled E. coli were present in the bedding (∼ 2 log g(-1)) resulting in amplification of the eGFP E. coli population ∼ 2.1 log more than eGFP E. coli populations in pens with untreated calves (day 4; P < 0.005). Excreted residues accounted for > 10-fold greater contribution to the bedding reservoir compared with shedding of resistant bacteria in faeces. Treatment with therapeutic doses of ceftiofur or florfenicol resulted in 2-3 log g(-1) more bacteria than the estimated ID50 (2.83 CFU g(-1)), consistent with a soil-borne reservoir emerging after antibiotic treatment that can contribute to the long-term persistence of antibiotic resistance in animal agriculture.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cephalosporins; Drug Residues; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Oxytetracycline; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Thiamphenicol

An experiment was performed to compare the microbiological efficacy of four treatments (oxytetracycline, trimethoprim-sulphonamide, amoxicillin (AMX) or enrofloxacin (ENR)) to control experimental colibacillosis induced by an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. The protocol was also developed in order to study resistance gene transfer. Broilers were first orally inoculated with multiresistant E. coli bearing plasmid genes conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones (qnr), cephalosporins (blaCTX-M or blaFOX), tetracycline or trimethoprim-sulphonamide. They were then inoculated in their air sacs with the APEC and treated as soon as symptoms appeared. Internal organs from dead or sacrificed birds were cultivated on non-supplemented or supplemented media. The inoculated O78 APEC was recovered significantly less frequently in ENR treated group (26%) compared to untreated group (47%). This was not true for other treated groups. Isolates obtained on non-supplemented media had the same susceptibility profile as the inoculated APEC. However, one isolate from the AMX-treated group obtained on AMX-supplemented media was resistant to AMX only, and one isolate from the same group obtained on ENR-supplemented media, showed a resistance profile suggesting acquisition of one of the multiresistance plasmids present in the intestinal microbiota. Molecular analysis performed on this multiresistant isolate confirmed the presence of a conjugative plasmid with qnr and blaCTX-M resistance genes. Thus, the experiment illustrated the emergence of resistant isolates in internal organs, probably via acquisition of a plasmid from the intestinal microbiota.

Topics: Amoxicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Enrofloxacin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Fluoroquinolones; Oxytetracycline; Poultry Diseases

An experiment was conducted in animal facilities to compare the impacts of four avian colibacillosis treatments-oxytetracycline (OTC), trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine (SXT), amoxicillin (AMX), or enrofloxacin (ENR)-on the susceptibility of Escherichia coli in broiler intestinal tracts. Birds were first orally inoculated with rifampin-resistant E. coli strains bearing plasmid genes conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones (qnr), cephalosporins (bla(CTX-M) or bla(FOX)), trimethoprim-sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, or tetracyclines. Feces samples were collected before, during, and after antimicrobial treatments. The susceptibilities of E. coli strains were studied, and resistance gene transfer was analyzed. An increase in the tetracycline-resistant E. coli population was observed only in OTC-treated birds, whereas multiresistant E. coli was detected in the dominant E. coli populations of SXT-, AMX-, or ENR-treated birds. Most multiresistant E. coli strains were susceptible to rifampin and exhibited various pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles, suggesting the transfer of one of the multiresistance plasmids from the inoculated strains to other E. coli strains in the intestinal tract. In conclusion, this study clearly illustrates how, in E. coli, "old" antimicrobials may coselect antimicrobial resistance to recent and critical molecules.

Topics: Amoxicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Bird Diseases; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Enrofloxacin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Feces; Fluoroquinolones; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Plasmids; Sulfadimethoxine; Trimethoprim

The clinical and microbial efficacy of antimicrobial treatments of avian colibacillosis was studied, using an experimental model on chickens previously inoculated with multiresistant commensal Escherichia coli strains. One E. coli with pMG252 plasmid containing bla(FOX5) and qnrA1 genes and another E. coli with pMG298 plasmid containing bla(CTX-M15) and qnrB1 genes were first orally inoculated to chickens Both isolates were also resistant to chloramphenicol, sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim, streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, and tetracycline. The birds were then experimentally infected with an avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), via the air sac. Treatments (oxytetracycline (OTC), trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxin (SXT), amoxicillin (AMX) or enrofloxacin (ENR) were then offered at the therapeutic doses. Symptoms, lesions in dead or sacrificed birds, and isolation and characterization of APEC from internal organs were studied. Results showed that OTC, SXT or ENR treatments could control the pathology. AMX worsened the disease, possibly due to endotoxin shock. All APEC re-isolated from internal organs showed the same antimicrobial susceptibility as the APEC inoculated strain, except for one APEC isolate from an infected OTC-treated bird, which acquired tetracycline resistance only, and one APEC isolate recovered from the air sacs of a chicken in the infected SXT-treated group, which acquired the pMG252 plasmid and became multi-resistant. Thus three antimicrobials could control the disease but the experimental model enabled, to our knowledge, the first observation of plasmid transfer from a bacterium of the intestinal tract to a pathogenic isolate from the respiratory tract.

Topics: Amoxicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enrofloxacin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Male; Oxytetracycline; Plasmids; Poultry Diseases; Sulfadimethoxine; Trimethoprim

To investigate the effects of rearing practices of commercial broiler chickens on the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli isolates, fecal E. coli isolates obtained in 4 farms were screened for anitimicrobial resistance. Ten E. coli isolates were recovered from each of the fecal samples collected from 10 birds in the farms at the ages of 2 days, 14-17 days, and 47-50 days. In 2 out of the 4 farms, no antimicrobials were used during the rearing period. In the other two farms, following collection of the fecal samples at 14 and 15 days of age, oxytetracycline (OTC), sulfadimethoxine (SDMX), and tylosin were given to birds on one farm and SDMX was used in the other. Isolates resistant to ampicillin and OTC that were obtained from an untreated flock at different sampling times were closely related to each other by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns (PFGE) of XbaI-digested chromosomal DNA. PFGE analysis together with in vitro conjugation experiments suggested that diversity of resistance phenotypes within a clone may be resulted from the acquisition and loss of R-plasmids in an untreated and a treated flock. The numbers of resistance phenotypes observed among fecal isolates increased during the growth of the chickens in all the farms. The results in the present study suggest that persistence of commensal E. coli strains resistant to antimicrobials even in the absence of antimicrobial administration. It is also hypothesized that horizontal transmission of resistance determinants resulted in the emergence of different resistance phenotypes in those farms.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Plasmids; Poultry Diseases; Sulfadimethoxine; Tylosin

A randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial was performed at a research feedlot in western Canada. Auction-market-derived steers (n = 288) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) no antimicrobials on arrival; 2) oxytetracycline in the starter ration for 14 d; and 3) long-acting oxytetracycline subcutaneously on day 0. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of 7 antimicrobials were determined for 3 generic fecal E. coli isolates per animal on arrival and throughout the feeding period. There was a low prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in generic E. coli isolates from calves on arrival. There were increased proportions of cattle with resistant E. coli isolates early in the feeding period among calves in groups 2 and 3. Individual animal treatments were not associated with increased proportions of cattle with resistant E. coli isolates preslaughter. There was no difference in the proportion of animals with E. coli isolates resistant to tetracycline between the treatment groups preslaughter. However, there were significantly more animals with tetracycline resistant isolates of E. coli preslaughter than at arrival.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Canada; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Prevalence; Random Allocation; Tetracycline Resistance

To determine effects of exposure of parental animals to antibiotics on antibiotic resistance in bacteria of offspring, sows were either treated or not treated with oxytetracycline prior to farrowing and their pigs were challenged with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and treated or not treated with oxytetracycline and apramycin. Fecal Escherichia coli were obtained from sows, and E. coli and salmonella were recovered from pigs. Antibiotic resistance patterns of isolates were determined using a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) analysis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and electroporation were used to characterize the genetic basis for the resistance and to determine the location of resistance genes. Treatments had little effect on resistance of the salmonella challenge organism. The greatest resistance to apramycin occurred in E. coli from pigs treated with apramycin and whose sows had earlier exposure to oxytetracycline. Resistance to oxytetracycline was consistently high throughout the study in isolates from all pigs and sows; however, greater resistance was noted in pigs nursing sows that had previous exposure to that drug. The aac(3)-IV gene, responsible for apramycin resistance, was found in approximately 90% of apramycin-resistant isolates and its location was determined to be on plasmids. Several resistant E. coli bio-types were found to contain the resistance gene. These results indicate that resistance to apramycin and oxytetracycline in E. coli of pigs is affected by previous use of oxytetracycline in sows.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Animals, Suckling; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Female; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nebramycin; Oxytetracycline; Pregnancy; Random Allocation; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Swine; Swine Diseases

The prevalence of antimicrobial drug-resistant bacteria is typically highest in younger animals, and prevalence is not necessarily related to recent use of antimicrobial drugs. In dairy cattle, we hypothesize that antimicrobial drug-resistant, neonate-adapted bacteria are responsible for the observed high frequencies of resistant Escherichia coli in calves. To explore this issue, we examined the age distribution of antimicrobial drug-resistant E. coli from Holstein cattle at a local dairy and conducted an experiment to determine if low doses of oxytetracycline affected the prevalence of antimicrobial drug-resistant E. coli. Isolates resistant to tetracycline (>4 microg/ml) were more prevalent in <3-month-old calves (79%) compared with lactating cows (14%). In an experimental trial where calves received diets supplemented with or without oxytetracycline, the prevalence of tetracycline-resistant E. coli was slightly higher for the latter group (P = 0.039), indicating that drug use was not required to maintain a high prevalence of resistant E. coli. The most common resistance pattern among calf E. coli isolates included resistance to streptomycin (>12 microg/ml), sulfadiazine (>512 microg/ml), and tetracycline (>4 microg/ml) (SSuT), and this resistance pattern was most prevalent during the period when calves were on milk diets. To determine if prevalence was a function of differential fitness, we orally inoculated animals with nalidixic acid-resistant strains of SSuT E. coli and susceptible E. coli. Shedding of SSuT E. coli was significantly greater than that of susceptible strains in neonatal calves (P < 0.001), whereas there was no difference in older animals (P = 0.5). These data support the hypothesis that active selection for traits linked to the SSuT phenotype are responsible for maintaining drug-resistant E. coli in this population of dairy calves.

Topics: Aging; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dairying; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Prevalence

Using a self-paired observational study, the association between therapeutic oxytetracycline use and the prevalence of virulence genes in commensal Escherichia coli (E. coli) from cattle was examined. Faeces were collected from 39 yearling bulls prior to and after treatment with oxytetracycline and from 44 untreated animals. Between samplings all animals received in-feed chlortetracycline for 16 days. Five E. coli were isolated from each sample and tested by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) capable of detecting all verotoxin (vt) genes. Positive isolates were further tested with a multiplex PCR to detect vt1, vt2, eaeA and hlyA. For vt, 23 animals were positive at both samplings, 26 negative at both samplings, 22 negative animals became positive and 12 positive animals became negative. Sixty-eight per cent of the discordant pairs changed from vt-negative to vt-positive (95% CI 48-80) suggesting pressure toward becoming vt-positive perhaps due to the transfer of genes due to mixing of cattle in the months between samplings or an effect of chlortetracycline.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chlortetracycline; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Injections, Subcutaneous; Oxytetracycline; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Seasons; Serotyping; Shiga Toxins; Time Factors

The purpose of the present study was to compare the ability of enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, and sulfadimethoxine to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by Escherichia coli (colibacillosis) in broiler chickens. The chickens were raised in 80 pens (20 birds per pen) with 20 pens representing each treatment group under simulated commercial conditions that produced a colibacillosis challenge scenario. Each group of 20 randomized pens (replicates) was given one of four water treatments. Chickens that received enrofloxacin had significantly less mortality (P < 0.01), lower average gross pathology (colibacillosis) scores (P < 0.01), and better feed-conversion ratios (P < 0.05) than did chickens that received either oxytetracycline or no medication. Chickens that received enrofloxacin had significantly less mortality and lower pathology scores than those that received sulfadimethoxine and numerically lower feed conversion than the sulfadimethoxine group. Results from the present study show that enrofloxacin is superior to oxytetracycline and sulfadimethoxine for the control of morbidity and mortality caused by E. coli in broiler chickens. Our findings will help veterinarians choose and prescribe the most efficacious antimicrobial when treating colibacillosis.

Topics: Air Sacs; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Body Weight; Chickens; Enrofloxacin; Escherichia coli Infections; Fluoroquinolones; Oxytetracycline; Poultry Diseases; Quinolones; Sulfadimethoxine; Treatment Outcome

Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EC O157) is an important cause of foodborne disease. Cattle are reservoirs for the bacteria and are implicated in transmission to humans. Prevalence data in prefeedlot calves are limited. With the use of sensitive methods, a cohort of weaned beef calves (n = 408) was sampled before and after preconditioning to estimate fecal point prevalence and describe changes in EC O157 fecal shedding. EC O157 isolates were confirmed and characterized by PCR and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Calves from 29 cow-calf farms were commingled at three preconditioning sites and placed on a transition ration containing oxytetracycline (200 g/ton) for 45 days. Initial animal-level fecal point prevalence was 2.5% (95% confidence interval, 1 to 5) with a herd-level prevalence of 17.2% (95% confidence interval, 6 to 36). Point prevalence following the preconditioning feeding period was 0%. An unexpected finding in our study was EC O157 isolates that were Shiga toxin-deficient. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis subtypes of EC O157 were unique in epidemiologically unlinked herds, except one herd that had two unique subtypes. We expected, but observed, neither increased fecal shedding in the cohort nor horizontal transmission of unique EC O157 subtypes. The absence of fecal shedding following the 45-day feeding period might be attributable to seasonal influences, inhibitory concentrations of oxytetracycline in the transition ration, or transient colonization that ended before sampling. EC O157 is apparently widely dispersed at low prevalence in U.S. prefeedlot, weaned calves.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cohort Studies; Disease Reservoirs; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli O157; Feces; Oxytetracycline; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Serotyping; United States; Weaning

A Mycoplasma synoviae (MS)-free flock of broiler breeders was housed for brooding and rearing on an MS endemic farm. PCR revealed that the flock became infected within nine weeks. At 22 weeks the flock was transferred to a clean and disinfected house on a previously depopulated farm. The birds were then subjected to three treatments with fluoroquinolones due to recurrent Escherichia coli peritonitis and from the 32 weeks of age they received 600 ppm of oxytetracycline hydrochloride continuously in the feed. Monitoring by PCR showed a decrease in MS positive birds after 34 weeks of age and MS may have been eradicated as judged by consistent negative results in PCR. We conclude that intensive antibiotic treatments supported by adequate biosecurity could clear MS from infected broiler breeders.

Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Brazil; Chickens; Disease Outbreaks; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Hygiene; Male; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Oxytetracycline; Peritonitis; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poultry Diseases

To assess the duration of fecal shedding upon initial infection, the duration of shedding after subsequent re-infection and the effects of dietary restriction and antibiotic treatment on shedding recrudescence, four, one-week-old calves were orally inoculated on three separate occasions with 5x10(8) cfu of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain 86-24 Nal-R. Fecal shedding was followed by serial culture three times weekly. Following the first inoculation, the calves shed E. coli O157:H7 in their feces for a mean of 30 days, with a range of 20 to 43 days. Following the second and third inoculations, the calves shed E. coli O157:H7 in their feces for 3-8 days. In each of the three inoculations, feed was withheld from the calves for 24 h after they had become fecal culture negative. Two calves resumed shedding, one for 1 day and the other for 4 days, after food was withheld after the third inoculation, but not in the first two inoculations. In the third inoculation, one calf resumed shedding for one day after treatment with oxytetracycline. No E. coli O157:H7 strain 86-24 Nal-R was found in the calves at necropsy. These calves did not exhibit persistent low-level shedding, and did not appear to be persistently colonized with E. coli O157:H7.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Colony Count, Microbial; Disease Reservoirs; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli O157; Feces; Latex Fixation Tests; Male; Oxytetracycline

This study describes the influence of bioptivet GB on minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for oxytetracycline (OTC) of the intestinal E. coli flora of young broiler chickens after oral administration at a dosage equivalent to a prophylactic course of treatment. From day 6 until day 15 one group of 50 birds received a diet containing 124 ppm OTC, another group of 75 birds served as non medicated control. Investigated E. coli had been isolated from cloacal swabs and from caecal contents. MIC of 1581 E. coli strains were determined by agar dilution test procedures. MIC of OTC for the investigated strains were either > or = 128 micrograms/ml (resistant) or < or = 4 micrograms/ml (susceptible). Even from undosed birds resistant strains were isolated frequently, especially from samples of caecal contents. Administration of bioptivet GB resulted in a statistically significant increase in the average MIC. Statistically higher average MIC were recorded among isolates from cloacal swabs only during application of the drug. For strains from caecal contents this could be demonstrated until the end of the experiment.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Intestines; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Poultry Diseases; Tetracycline Resistance

Faecal samples collected from three populations of healthy adult volunteers (290 pigfarmers, 316 abattoir workers, 160 (sub)urban residents) living in the south of The Netherlands were analysed for the prevalence and degree of antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli. Significant differences in prevalence of resistance to amoxicillin, neomycin, oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim were observed. The pigfarmers showed the highest percentages of resistance and the (sub)urban residents the lowest. In contrast no significant differences in high degrees of resistance were observed, except for neomycin. Although both pigfarmers and abattoir workers have regular contact with pigs differences in prevalences of resistance were observed. However, because abattoir workers with intensive and less intensive pig(carcass) contact did not show significant differences, this is probably not the only important source of resistant E. coli in pigfarmers. The high antibiotic use by pigfarmers (5%) and abattoir workers (8%) than by (sub)urban residents (0%) did not result in significantly different resistance percentages.

Topics: Abattoirs; Agricultural Workers' Diseases; Amoxicillin; Animals; Colony Count, Microbial; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Food Inspection; Humans; Neomycin; Netherlands; Occupational Diseases; Oxytetracycline; Prevalence; Suburban Population; Sulfamethoxazole; Swine; Trimethoprim Resistance

The majority of the 78 enteropathogenic (EPEC) and the 151 non-EPEC Escherichia coli strains isolated from preterm neonates during an outbreak of gastroenteritis in a hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxaxole, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and ampicillin, but only a few strains were resistant to cefazolin, cefamandole, cefotaxime, amikacin and nalidixic acid. Fourteen different antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed in the 229 strains of E. coli analysed. Eighty-two percent of the EPEC strains belonged to two resistance pattern compared with 79% of non-EPEC strains which exhibited three resistance patterns. There was no consistent relationship between plasmid profile group and antimicrobial resistance pattern, although one resistance pattern was more frequently observed in EAF-positive strains belonging to the dominant plasmid profile group. Nine percent of the EPEC strains were resistant to gentamicin compared to 37% in the non-EPEC group. No correlation was observed between administration of gentamicin and percentage of resistant strains isolated. None of the nine neonates receiving gentamicin died during the outbreak. Gentamicin resistance was observed in E. coli strains from six out of these nine neonates. Five out of fourteen neonates who received other antimicrobials, or no antibiotic treatment at all, died.

Topics: Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Kenya; Oxytetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Investigators have found that oxytetracycline decreases the adhesion of K88+ Escherichia coli to intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. This occurs with oxytetracycline-sensitive E coli at drug concentrations less than those required to prevent growth and with E coli that are resistant to the drug. We conducted experiments to determine whether oxytetracycline alters the disease caused by an oxytetracycline-resistant K88+ enterotoxigenic strain of E coli. Oxytetracycline-treated pigs (inoculated with K88+ E coli) did not differ from nontreated pigs in the incidence or severity of diarrhea, nor in the shedding of K88+ E coli. However, during recovery, weight gain by treated pigs was slower than that of nontreated pigs. The control pigs were not inoculated with E coli, and they remained clinically normal. Oxytetracycline-treated controls gained weight faster than nontreated controls. Some controls were genetically resistant to K88+ E coli, others were susceptible. The K88-resistant oxytetracycline-treated controls gained weight faster than the K88-susceptible oxytetracycline-treated and non-treated controls.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Diarrhea; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Oxytetracycline; Swine; Swine Diseases; Time Factors; Weaning

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Conjugation, Genetic; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Oxytetracycline; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Of 70 E. coli isolates from urinary tract infection 44 isolates were groupable with the 164 O antisera. The most predominant O groups were O21, O6, O2, O8, and O15. Twenty four of the isolates had K antigens of which K3 occurring in E. coli O21 was most common. Sixty five of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, septrin and oxytetracycline or a combination thereof. It is suggested that ampicillin, chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline should be used judiciously and on the advice of a medical practitioner to reduce the incidence of drug resistance and R-factor.

Topics: Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin Resistance; Serotyping; Urinary Tract Infections

Drug resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from pet birds (mynahs, macaws, finches, common bengals, parrots, and flamingos) imported into Japan from 10 foreign countries in 1977 and 1978 was investigated. Of the 309 strains isolated from 127 pet birds in the Animal Quarantine Service, 232 (75.1%) were drug resistant. Furthermore, strains resistant to oxytetracycline hydrochloride, dihydrostreptomycin, and sulfadimethoxine were relatively common. Resistance patterns varied from single to sextuple resistance, and 148 (63.8%) of the resistant strains had conjugative R plasmids. These results suggest that the high incidence of drug resistance and R plasmids in E. coli strains isolated from these pet birds may be a reflection of the prophylactic use of antibiotics for the prevention of diseases which increasingly occur with importation of the birds. Furthermore, the results suggest that the birds may be potential reservoirs of drug-resistant E. coli for families who raise and have intimate contact with such birds.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Birds; Chloramphenicol; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Kanamycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Parrots; Penicillin Resistance; Plasmids; Psittaciformes

Topics: Animals; Diarrhea; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Oxytetracycline; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Oxytetracycline; Swine; Swine Diseases

Daily monitoring of milk over a 120-day period for bacteria and neutrophil counts revealed that following experimental E coli mastitis, five out of 28 infections resulted in the development of a long continued and recurring condition. Intermittent periods of acute inflammation were observed in the gland, pyrexia was noted, and if bacteria were isolated they were always of the same serotype as the original infecting strain. Failure to isolate bacteria and the lack of overt inflammation during periods of remission suggested that the bacteria were not in the gland cistern but within gland tissue. In one animal antibiotic therapy with a drug which was active in vitro was ineffective in vivo. However another antibiotic proved effective.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Framycetin; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Oxytetracycline; Recurrence

Experiments were conducted to study transfer of an enterotoxin (Ent) plasmid from a porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to an E coli K12 strain in the intestine of newly weaned pigs. The Ent plasmid carried genes for resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides, thereby permitting a selection for tetracycline-resistant exconjugants in the feces of the pigs. In vivo transfer of the Ent plasmid was demonstrated to occur when the pigs were given large oral inocula of donor and recipient cultures, 1 hour apart. Differences in extent of transfer were not detected in pigs given antibiotic-free feed compared with littermates on feed containing oxytetracycline at 50 g/ton. In one experiment, tetracycline-resistant Ent- exconjugants were found which appeared to have received an R plasmid from an enteropathogenic type of E coli resident in the intestine.

Topics: Animals; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enterotoxins; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Intestines; Oxytetracycline; Plasmids; R Factors; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline

The clinically used topical antibiotic ointments, gentamicin 0.1%, oxytetracycline 3% w/polymyxin 0.1% and chloramphenicol 2% and an experimental preparation, 10-undecen-1-yl thiopseudourea iodide (AHR-1911) were studied for anti-infective action applied externally on the skin of mice inoculated subcutaneously with S. aureus and E. coli. In both infections statistically significant difference was encountered between curative and "clinical" healing rate in the case of the less effective preparations and/or dosages. The method appears suitable to establish and to compare the in vivo activity of ointments. This is not directly related to that of the aqueous drug solutions. AHR-1911, a powerful inhibitor of nucleic acid and protein synthesis, showed a bimodal action, with maximal effectiveness at 0.12-0.25% concentration, due presumably to the anti-inflammatory effect of higher concentrations. Direct evidence for the absorption of the drug from the application site was obtained using 14C labeled AHR-1911.

Topics: Abscess; Administration, Topical; Animals; Drug Combinations; Drug Evaluation; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Isothiuronium; Mice; Ointments; Oxytetracycline; Polymyxins; Skin Ulcer; Staphylococcal Infections; Thiourea

An open comparative study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of 4 antibiotic regimens in eradicating acute bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract. Patients in each treatment group had similar physical parameters, severity of disease and bacterial pathogens, and were treated for 10 days with either erythromycin estolate, erythromycin stearate, ampicillin or oxytetracycline in the recommended dosage. Each patient was reviewed daily by physical examination and the bacteriological findings from throat swab and salivary washings. The results showed that erythromycin stearate produced more rapid bacterial eradication and clinical resolution of symptoms and fever than with the other antibiotic preparations, and was well tolerated by most patients.

Topics: Acute Disease; Ampicillin; Bacterial Infections; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Estolate; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin Resistance; Respiratory Tract Infections; Stearates

Topics: Aerosols; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Polymyxins; Powders; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections

Methacycline prepared at the All-Union Research Institute of Antibiotics was characterized by high activity against staphylococci and gramnegative bacteria. A somewhat higher antistaphylococcal activity of methacycline as compared to oxytetracycline was found. The concentrations of methacycline in the kidneys, liver and lungs corresponded to its levels in the blood and were 3 times higher than those of oxytetracycline administered in close doses. Methacycline was characterized by a higher chemotherapeutic activity as compared to oxytetracycline in the treatment of staphylococcal pneumonia. The values of CD50 of methacycline were 1.5 times lower than those of oxytetracycline.

Topics: Animals; Biological Availability; Dogs; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Kinetics; Methacycline; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Proteus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Rats; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracyclines

Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Amebiasis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Clostridium Infections; Diarrhea; Dysentery, Bacillary; Enterotoxins; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Humans; Iodoquinol; Metronidazole; Oxytetracycline; Salmonella Infections; Serotyping; Staphylococcal Infections; Vibrio Infections; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colicins; Conjugation, Genetic; Crosses, Genetic; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Hemolysin Proteins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Phenotype; Swine

Topics: Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Chlortetracycline; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Intestinal Mucosa; Kidney; Lethal Dose 50; Liver; Lung; Macaca; Mice; Mice, Inbred A; Oxytetracycline; Rabbits; Rats; Shock, Septic; Tetracycline

Topics: Botulism; Chloramphenicol; Cholera; Clostridium perfringens; Codeine; Diarrhea; Dysentery, Amebic; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Food; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Opium; Oxytetracycline; Salmonella Infections; Staphylococcus; Stress, Physiological; Tetracycline; Travel; Virus Diseases

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacterial Infections; Ducks; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Furazolidone; Male; Oxytetracycline; Pasteurella Infections; Poultry Diseases; Pyrimidines; Quinoxalines; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Sulfadimethoxine; Sulfonamides

Topics: Air Sacs; Animal Feed; Animals; Autopsy; Body Weight; Chickens; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli Infections; Furazolidone; Nitrofurans; Oxytetracycline; Poultry Diseases; Sulfonamides; Time Factors

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Doxycycline; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Methacycline; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Oxytetracycline; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Agglutination Tests; Antibodies; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Male; Oxytetracycline; Serotyping; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Depression, Chemical; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enteritis; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Infant; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Streptomycin; USSR

Topics: Animals; Cell Count; Disease Models, Animal; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Kidney; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Oxytetracycline; Pyelonephritis; Rats; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Chlortetracycline; Depression, Chemical; Doxycycline; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Kinetics; Methacycline; Oxytetracycline; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Escherichia coli Infections; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intravenous; Kidney; Liver; Lung; Male; Muscles; Myocardium; Oxytetracycline; Pyelonephritis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Solubility; Spleen; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Tritium

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bacteriuria; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Methacycline; Middle Aged; Oxytetracycline; Proteus Infections; Rifampin; Sulfamethoxypyridazine; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chronic Disease; Diffusion; Dogs; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Middle Aged; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Oleandomycin; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Prostate; Prostatitis; Sulfonamides

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Enterobacter; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oxytetracycline; Proteus Infections; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adult; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephaloridine; Child; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Colistin; Enteritis; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Kanamycin; Nalidixic Acid; Neomycin; Oleandomycin; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin Resistance; Polymyxins; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Viomycin

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Culture Media; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enteritis; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Germany, East; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Infant; Methods; Oxytetracycline; Serotyping; Streptomycin

Topics: Alanine; Amino Acids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arginine; Aspartic Acid; Child; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enteritis; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Glutamates; Glycine; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Oxytetracycline; Proline; Serine; Streptomycin; Viomycin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enteritis; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Neomycin; Oxytetracycline; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacteria; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Infections; Influenza, Human; Intestinal Fistula; Intestinal Neoplasms; Lung Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Orthomyxoviridae; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Peritonitis; Pleural Diseases; Postoperative Complications; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Suppuration; Surgical Wound Infection; Urinary Tract Infections

Yuill, Thomas M. (University of Wisconsin, Madison), and Robert P. Hanson. Coliform enteritis of cottontail rabbits. J. Bacteriol. 89:1-8. 1965.-Mortality from enteritis occurred among 78 penned adult cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) during severe winter weather, and in 9 juvenile rabbits held in captivity during the summer. This mortality was associated with high numbers of Escherichia coli throughout the intestinal tract. Grossly normal cottontails from the laboratory, from the outdoor penned colony, and from the wild had few E. coli, and these were usually restricted to the lower gut. It was possible to induce mortality of adult rabbits by holding them at -20 C for 2 to 14 days. The animals that died during exposure to low temperatures had signs of enteritis and high numbers of E. coli throughout the intestinal tract. It was possible to prolong the life of cottontails held at -20 C by antibiotic suppression of their intestinal E. coli. A marked slowing in the rate of passage of materials through the intestine ensued after exposure at -20 C. This phenomenon may have been important in the alteration of the distribution of the intestinal microflora. Limited infection by E. coli occurs in rabbits in the wild. Of 47 serum samples from grossly normal cottontails collected in the wild, 42 contained E. coli agglutinins. The rabbit's defenses are apparently sufficient to control this organism under all but extremely unfavorable circumstances. The age of the rabbit appeared to influence its susceptibility to enteritis. Juvenile rabbits experienced enteritis, tissue invasion, and death under conditions which did not produce any enteric changes in adults.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antibodies; Drug Therapy; Endotoxins; Enteritis; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Intestines; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Rabbits; Seasons

Topics: Animals; Chlortetracycline; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Lagomorpha; Oxytetracycline; Pharmacology; Pyelonephritis; Rabbits; Research

Topics: Anthelmintics; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Aqueous Humor; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Conjunctivitis; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Endophthalmitis; Escherichia coli Infections; Helminthiasis; Keratitis; Keratitis, Dendritic; Lens, Crystalline; Manometry; Mycoses; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Virus Diseases

Topics: Abortion, Septic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bile Ducts; Chloramphenicol; Emetine; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Oxytetracycline; Paraplegia; Penicillins; Peritonitis; Pregnancy; Pressure Ulcer; Pseudomonas Infections; Pyelonephritis; Pyoderma; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clostridium perfringens; Escherichia coli Infections; Oxytetracycline; Pharmacology; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Rabbits; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Wound Healing; Wound Infection

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Enterocolitis; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Infant; Neomycin; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Statistics as Topic; Streptomycin; Sulfanilamide; Sulfanilamides; Sulfonamides

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Chlortetracycline; Escherichia coli Infections; Oxytetracycline; Pharmacology; Pyelonephritis; Rabbits; Research

Topics: Escherichia coli Infections; Oxytetracycline; Pharmacology; Prednisolone; Pyelonephritis; Rats; Research; Sulfisomidine; Ureter

Topics: Escherichia coli Infections; Oxytetracycline; Pharmacology; Pyelonephritis; Research

Topics: Drug Therapy; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Alcaligenes; Alcohols; Anti-Infective Agents; Chloramphenicol; Classification; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli Infections; Fermentation; Humans; Inositol; Nitrofurantoin; Oxytetracycline; Pseudomonas Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sucrose; Sulfathiazoles; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine

Topics: Child; Chlortetracycline; Diethylstilbestrol; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gentian Violet; Humans; Ointments; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Piperazines; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Vulvovaginitis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlortetracycline; Dogs; Enterobacter aerogenes; Escherichia coli Infections; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Oxytetracycline; Parotid Neoplasms; Penicillins; Peritonitis; Pharmacology; Proteus Infections; Rabbits; Rats; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides

Topics: Abscess; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlortetracycline; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Mastitis; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Puerperal Infection; Punctures; Staphylococcal Infections

Topics: Escherichia coli Infections; Oxytetracycline; Pyelonephritis; Rats; Research

Topics: Burns; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Influenza, Human; Klebsiella; Oximetry; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumonia; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Statistics as Topic; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfanilamide; Sulfanilamides

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Colistin; Colitis; Drug Therapy; Enterocolitis; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Gastroenteritis; Oxytetracycline; Staphylococcal Infections

Topics: Biliary Tract; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Cholangitis; Cholecystitis; Colistin; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Duodenum; Escherichia coli Infections; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin

Topics: Cholera; Diarrhea; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Oxytetracycline

Topics: Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Meningitis; Meningitis, Escherichia coli; Oxytetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacteriology; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Gynecology; Humans; Obstetric Labor Complications; Oxytetracycline; Streptomycin; Urinary Tract

Topics: Abscess; Embolism; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Lung; Lung Abscess; Oxytetracycline; Pulmonary Embolism

Topics: Bacteriology; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Meningitis; Oxytetracycline; Streptomycin