oxytetracycline--anhydrous and Bacterial-Infections

The history of the tetracyclines involves the collective contributions of thousands of dedicated researchers, scientists, clinicians, and business executives over the course of more than 60 years. Discovered as natural products from actinomycetes soil bacteria, the tetracyclines were first reported in the scientific literature in 1948. They were noted for their broad spectrum antibacterial activity and were commercialized with clinical success beginning in the late 1940s to the early 1950s. The second-generation semisynthetic analogs and more recent third-generation compounds show the continued evolution of the tetracycline scaffold toward derivatives with increased potency as well as efficacy against tetracycline-resistant bacteria, with improved pharmacokinetic and chemical properties. Their biologic activity against a wide spectrum of microbial pathogens and their uses in mammalian models of inflammation, neurodegeneration, and other biological systems indicate that the tetracyclines will continue to be successful therapeutics in infectious diseases and as potential therapeutics against inflammation-based mammalian cell diseases.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Drug Discovery; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; History, Ancient; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Soil Microbiology; Streptomyces aureofaciens; Tetracycline Resistance; Tetracyclines

Topics: Aminoglycosides; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Female; Horse Diseases; Horses; Kinetics; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rifampin

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cattle; Child; Chlortetracycline; Cross Infection; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Food Preservation; Germ-Free Life; Growth; Humans; Male; Meat; Oxytetracycline; Public Health; Rats; Sulfonamides; Time Factors

No clinical trials have been conducted in India on the efficacy of parenteral antibacterials to treat footrot in sheep. In addition, there are no studies worldwide on the efficacy of parenteral antibacterials to treat chronic footrot. Sixty two sheep with acute footrot and 30 sheep with chronic footrot from 7 villages in Kashmir, India were recruited into two separate trials. Sheep with acute footrot were allocated to one of three treatments using stratified random sampling: long acting parenteral oxytetracycline, long acting parenteral enrofloxacin and topical application of potassium permanganate solution (a traditional treatment used by sheep farmers in India). In a quasi pre-post intervention design, sheep with chronic footrot that had not responded to treatment with potassium permanaganate were randomly allocated to treatment with one of the two parenteral antibacterials mentioned above. Sheep with acute footrot were treated on day 0 and those with chronic footrot on days 0, 3, 6 and 9. Sheep were monitored for up to 28 days after treatment. Time to recovery from lameness and initial healing of lesions was assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves, nonparametric log-rank and Wilcoxon sign-rank tests.. There was significant correlation in recovery from lameness and presence of healing lesions in sheep with acute (r = 0.94) or chronic (r = 0.98) footrot. Sheep with acute footrot which were treated with parenteral antibacterials had a significantly more rapid recovery from lameness and had healing lesions (median = 7 days) compared with those treated with topical potassium permanganate solution (less than 50% recovered in 28 days). The median time to recovery in sheep with chronic footrot treated with either antibacterial was 17 days; this was significantly lower than the median of 75 days lame before treatment with antibacterials. The median time to recovery for both acute and chronic footrot increased as the severity of lesions increased. There was no difference in time to recovery by age, body condition score, duration lame, or presence of pus in the foot within acute and chronically affected sheep.. We conclude that use of parenteral antibacterials to treat sheep lame with either acute or chronic footrot in India is highly effective. This is likely to improve welfare and give economic benefits to the farmers.

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Chronic Disease; Delayed-Action Preparations; Enrofloxacin; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Foot Diseases; India; Lameness, Animal; Male; Oxytetracycline; Potassium Permanganate; Sheep; Sheep Diseases

Two experiments were designed to determine the efficacy of intraglandular antibiotic treatment in beef bulls. Experiment 1 was designed to evaluate the glandular tissue reaction to intraglandular antibiotic treatment. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine the efficacy intraglandular injection of antibiotics for the treatment of naturally occurring cases of vesicular adenitis. Healthy beef bulls (n=15), 2 and 3 years of age, were randomly allocated to three equal treatment groups to receive 10% of the daily recommended parenteral dose of penicillin, ceftiofur, or oxytetracycline in a volume of 6 mL injected directly into one of the vesicular glands. Ultrasonography was performed before, immediately after, and at 24, 48 and 168 h after intraglandular injection. The size and hardness of vesicular glands injected with oxytetracycline was greater (P<0.01) than those injected with ceftiofur. Ultrasonographic pixel intensity increased (P<0.01) after treatment with antibiotics, especially after treatment with oxytetracycline or penicillin. In Experiment 2, yearling beef bulls with clinical vesicular adenitis (n=14) were referred to the Western College of Veterinary Medicine for treatment. Eight bulls had unilateral and six had bilateral vesicular adenitis. The most common isolate was Arcanobacterium pyogenes. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was isolated from one bull. Bulls were subjected to rectal palpation and ultrasonography of the vesicular glands, semen collection by electroejaculation, and intraglandular treatment with ceftiofur (n=13) and if necessary, a second intraglandular treatment of penicillin (n=6). One bull was treated only with an initial intraglandular injection of penicillin. Bulls were evaluated once a week over 6 weeks by palpation of the glands, and evaluation of semen. All bulls recovered from vesicular adenitis after 3-6 weeks. There was a difference in the amount of pus (P=0.042), leukocytes (P<0.001) and blood (P=0.003) present in ejaculates from before treatment to 3 weeks after treatment. Pixel intensities in ultrasonographic images of healthy or affected vesicular glands, whether treated or untreated, did not change over time. Intraglandular injection of ceftiofur in yearling bulls via the ischiorectal fossa was effective for treating vesicular adenitis.

Topics: Administration, Rectal; Anal Sacs; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cephalosporins; Lymphadenitis; Male; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin G; Semen; Statistics, Nonparametric; Ultrasonography

This study aimed to assess oxytetracycline (OTC) residue levels in honey up to 12 weeks after treatment of honeybee colonies with two methods of application (in liquid sucrose and in powdered icing sugar). Significantly greater mortality was seen in the all stages of brood development for the treated colonies when compared with the controls. Samples of honey were extracted up to 12 weeks after treatment and analysed by HPLC following metal chelation with a limit of quantitation of 0.05 mg/kg. These data showed that the current method of application of Terramycin in liquid form results in very high residue levels in honey with residues of 3.7 mg/kg eight weeks after application. Further work is required to determine whether the levels can be further reduced by changes in the method of application whilst ensuring efficacy and minimizing the effects on brood.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Bees; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Residues; Food Contamination; Honey; Oxytetracycline; Powders; Solutions

A large-scale mortality of larval and juvenile halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus occurred at a semi-commercial halibut farm in Atlantic Canada. Investigation of the cause revealed aquareovirus particles in necrotic liver tissue of affected fish. Cytopathic effect on CHSE-214 cell lines occurred from all fish cultured for viruses, and the viral morphology of the particles in culture was consistent with that observed in necrotic host tissue. The virus was placed in the family of Reoviridae, genus Aquareovirus based on morphology and RT-PCR results. Multifocal hepatocellular necrosis was a consistent finding in all fish as well as acute necrosis of proximal renal tubules. Concurrent bacterial infections were present in some specimens. Fish experimentally treated with oxytetracycline or a combination of oxytetracycline and chloramine-T had a significantly lower mortality rate than untreated fish. Fish treated with chloramine-T alone had a significantly elevated mortality rate compared to controls. Despite supportive medical therapy, mortality levels in treated and untreated groups remained elevated, supporting the hypothesis that the primary pathogen was of viral origin. This is the first report of elevated mortalities in Atlantic halibut associated with an aquareovirus.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Aquaculture; Bacterial Infections; Cells, Cultured; Chloramines; Drug Synergism; Fish Diseases; Flatfishes; Liver; Oxytetracycline; Reoviridae; Reoviridae Infections; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Tosyl Compounds

Retention of the fetal membranes and post-partal endometritis (RFM) are common problems in dairy cows. Treatment often includes manual removal of the placenta in combination with antibiotic treatment. Earlier studies have shown that cows with endometritis post-partum have a strong tendency to recover spontaneously. The present study focused on treatments of post-partal endometritis with the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, flunixin (F) either alone or combined with oxytetracycline (T). The study was conducted in two experiments, using 12 primiparous cows in each. As a model for RFM, premature parturition was induced in late pregnant heifers by injecting PGF2alpha (25 mg i.m.) twice with a 24 h interval. In each experiment the cows were set into four groups and treated with either T (10 mg/kg BW i.m. once daily), F (2.2 mg/kg BW p.o. twice daily), a combination of T and F (dosage, as above) or conservatively (group 0, no drugs). The treatment periods lasted from days 11-14 post-partum in experiment I (groups T1, F1, TF1 and 0) and from days 3-6 post-partum in experiment 2 (groups T2, F2, TF2 and 0). Jugular vein blood samples were collected for analyses of flunixin and total white blood cells. Uterine biopsies were collected twice weekly for investigation of endometrial microbiology. Rectal palpation and ultrasonographic examinations were performed three times weekly for investigations of uterine involution and ovarian activity. No attempts were made to remove the placentas manually. The experiment lasted until day 56 post-partum. The induction of parturition was successful in all heifers and 22 of 24 animals had RFM. All RFM cows had bacterial endometritis. The predominant bacteria were Escherichia coli alpha-haemolytic streptococci, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes, Bacteroides spp., Pasteurella spp. and Proteus spp. Fusobacterium necrophorum and A. pyogenes could be isolated for 3-5 weeks post-partum and E. coli Pasteurella and Proteus could be isolated for 2-3 weeks post-partum. Animals treated with tetracycline after placental shedding (T1 and TF1) had a more rapid recovery from infections with A. pyogenes and F. necrophorum than animals that were not treated with tetracycline. No other genera were affected. Antibiotic treatment before placental shedding (T2 and TF2) did not shorten the uterine infection but altered the bacterial flora, seen as an overgrowth of Proteus spp. (p < 0.05) and increased frequency of Paste

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Bacterial Infections; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Clonixin; Dairying; Drug Therapy, Combination; Endometritis; Female; Injections, Intramuscular; Leukocyte Count; Milk; Oxytetracycline; Parity; Placenta, Retained; Pregnancy; Puerperal Infection; Treatment Outcome; Ultrasonography; Uterus

The efficacy of intrauterine oxytetracycline and a combination of benzydamine and tetracycline in preventing uterine infections in 150 Italian Friesian cows with retained placentas were compared. The animals were divided into three equal groups. Sixteen per cent of the oxytetracycline-treated group, 12 per cent of the benzydamine-tetracycline-treated group and 76 per cent of the untreated group developed endometritis. The difference between the two treatment groups was not significant but both treatments were effective in preventing septic complications in cows with retained placentas.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Benzydamine; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Therapy, Combination; Endometritis; Female; Oxytetracycline; Placenta Diseases; Pregnancy; Puerperal Infection; Tetracycline

In a single blind, randomized study, 46 patients with acute external otitis were treated with either oxytetracycline/hydrocortisone with polymyxin B (TPB) or hydrocortisone-17-alpha-butyrate eardrops for 7 days. Pseudomonas pyocyanea, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staph. aureus were the microorganisms most frequently found in the ear canal. Fungi were not found in any culture. The overall cure rate was 80%. No significant difference in therapeutic efficacy was noted between the preparations except regarding Staph. aureus, which was cultured from 17% of the patients. Although the butyrate solution did not contain any antibiotic supplement, it seemed to be more effective than TPB in treating the staphylococcal infections. These findings suggest that such other factors as the hydrogen ion concentration, the steroid potency or the vehicle per se are of importance for the successful treatment of acute external otitis.

Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Topical; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Bacterial Infections; Child; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Male; Middle Aged; Otitis Externa; Oxytetracycline; Polymyxin B; Polymyxins; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Single-Blind Method

In a randomized trial, 55 patients with acute external otitis were treated with either topical framycitin/gramicidin (Sofradex) or oxytetracycline/hydrocortisone (Terracortril) with polymyxin B (TPB) ear-drops for 1 week. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas pyocyanea were the bacteria most frequently found in the ear canal; 78% of the patients were cured. However, no significant differences in therapy were found when either of the preparations was used. S. aureus seemed to be most resistant to treatment, while P. pyocyanea was less of a therapeutic problem. Additionally, previous episodes of external otitis or other skin diseases did not seem to influence any treatment given.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Bacterial Infections; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dexamethasone; Drug Combinations; Ear Canal; Female; Framycetin; Gramicidin; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Male; Middle Aged; Otitis Externa; Oxytetracycline; Polymyxin B; Polymyxins; Pseudomonas; Random Allocation; Staphylococcus aureus

In a randomized study comprising 60 patients, six different prophylactic regimens were evaluated for their effectiveness in eradicating bacteria on the conjunctivas before surgery. Gentamicin sulfate ophthalmic solution was the only antibiotic able to eliminate bacteria in almost all of the examined patients. The other drugs (chloramphenicol solution, oxytetracycline-polymyxin B ointment, sulphamethizole, bacitracin-neomycin and ristocetin-polymyxin B solutions) were not effective, although most of the isolated strains were sensitive to the respective antibiotics, probably because of the short treatment period (18 h). The problem of prophylactic therapy of ophthalmology is discussed, and some guide lines are given.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Cataract Extraction; Chloramphenicol; Clinical Trials as Topic; Conjunctiva; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neomycin; Oxytetracycline; Polymyxin B; Preoperative Care; Ristocetin; Sulfamethizole; Surgical Wound Infection

A prospective randomized study on the effects of Enterobiotic (oxytetracycline + neomycin) given per os to patients operated upon electively and curatively for carcinoma coli and recti is presented. 75 patients were treated and 66 were controls. A highly significant reduction of peroperative total and Gram-negative bacterial growth from the bowel was registered and a probably significant reduction of anaerobic bacterial growth. In the whole material a highly significant lower incidence of wound sepsis and intra-abdominal infectious complications occurred in the treated group, compared with the control group. This applies also to the resection material, while the difference is of probable significance in the excision group. 13 of 66 patients died, 8 of septic complications, all in the non-treated group. There was no mortality in the pretreated group. The difference between the noninfected and the infected patient groups was significant as regards the preoperative intraluminal total growth of bacteria and the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. The subsequent non-infected patients show a significantly increased number of cultures not showing any growth of bacteria. No negative side effects of Enterobiotic therapy were noted.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Bacteriological Techniques; Colonic Neoplasms; Drug Combinations; Feces; Female; Humans; Intestines; Intraoperative Care; Male; Neomycin; Oxytetracycline; Postoperative Care; Prospective Studies; Random Allocation; Rectal Neoplasms; Surgical Wound Infection

In the available literature some evidence has been shown, implying that antibiotic prophylaxis in connection with colorectal surgery might increase the frequency of local recurrences of the carcinoma. 134 patients undergoing elective curative surgery of the large bowel have been followed for 20-52 months. 66 patients had been pretreated with Enterobiotic; 68 patients were controls. In our study, we found no difference between the pretreated and non-pretreated group concerning the frequency of anastomotic suture line recurrences or other types of local recurrences in the operation field.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Clinical Trials as Topic; Colon; Colonic Neoplasms; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Middle Aged; Neomycin; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm Seeding; Oxytetracycline; Preoperative Care; Random Allocation; Rectal Neoplasms; Risk; Surgical Wound Infection; Tablets

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cross Infection; Doxycycline; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Klebsiella; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Oxytetracycline; Proteus mirabilis; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Time Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bacterial Infections; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diabetes Complications; Doxycycline; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli; Female; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Oxytetracycline; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus pyogenes; Thoracic Diseases; Time Factors

Oxytetracycline (OTC) is commonly employed in fish farms to prevent bacterial infections in China, and because of their widely and intensive use, the potential harmful effects on organisms in aquatic environment are of great concern. Ciliates play an important role in aquatic food webs as secondary producers, and Pseudocohnilembus persalinus, is one kind of them which are easily found in fish farms, surviving in polluted water. Therefore, using P. persalinus as experimental models, this study investigated the effects of oxytetracycline (OTC) on the growth, antioxidant system and morphological damage in pollution-resistant ciliates species. Our results showed that the 96-h EC

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Fish Diseases; Gene Expression Regulation; Oligohymenophorea; Oxidative Stress; Oxytetracycline; Protozoan Proteins; Superoxide Dismutase

The application of the original Koch postulates and the molecular Koch postulates in the definition of the etiological agents of polymicrobial diseases has received little or no attention. In the present study, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of oral samples (n = 3) from each of 3 categories of animals (healthy, diseased [gingivitis], and then oxytetracycline-treated) was used and revealed different bacterial community structures in a model polymicrobial disease (gingivitis) and after clinical cure. Potential microbes associated with the disease and belonging to the following families were identified: Fusobacteriaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Alcanivoracaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, and Neisseriaceae. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometric analysis of culturable anaerobic bacteria culture supernatant revealed 3 major compounds (2-hydroxycaproic acid, phenyllactic acid, and indole acetic acid) that differentiated the healthy and disease groups. Results indicate that different microbial community structures were associated with the healthy and disease oral states. The results demonstrate the potential of DGGE as a tool in the detection and designation of etiological agents of polymicrobial diseases.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Zoo; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Base Sequence; DNA, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Gingivitis; Macropodidae; Molecular Sequence Data; Oxytetracycline; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Bacterial Infections; Delayed-Action Preparations; Female; Foot Diseases; Goats; Hoof and Claw; Injections, Intramuscular; Oxytetracycline

Fermented sausages, although presumed safe for consumption, sometimes cause serious bacterial infections in humans that may be deadly. Not much is known about why and when this is the case. We tested the hypothesis that residual veterinary antibiotics in meat can disrupt the fermentation process, giving pathogenic bacteria a chance to survive and multiply. We found that six commercially available starter cultures were susceptible to commonly used antibiotics, namely, oxytetracycline, penicillin, and erythromycin. In meat, statutorily tolerable levels of oxytetracycline and erythromycin inhibited fermentation performance of three and five of the six starter cultures, respectively. In model sausages, the disruption of meat fermentation enhanced survival of the pathogens Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium compared to successful fermentations. Our work reveals an overlooked risk associated with the presence of veterinary drugs in meat.. Antibiotics have for a long time been used as growth promoters in farm animals, and while they are banned as such in Europe, their clinical use in farm animals still accounts for the majority of consumption. Here, we examined how acceptable levels of antibiotics in meat influence fermentation. Our results show that commonly used bacterial starter cultures are sensitive to residual antibiotics at or near statutorily tolerable levels, and as a result, processed sausages may indeed contain high levels of pathogens. Our findings provide a possible explanation for outbreaks and disease cases associated with consumption of fermented sausages and offer yet another argument for limiting the use of antimicrobials in farm animals.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Erythromycin; Europe; Fermentation; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Meat; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Veterinary Drugs

Forty cows between day 1 and day 21 post-calving were examined for the presence of postpartum metritis in a dairy herd that had recently experienced an increase in metritis and that had previously tested positive against bovine herpes virus 4 (BoHV-4) by various methods. Antibodies against BoHV-4 were detected in sera from 15 of 22 cows. For the virological study, uterine swab samples of 22 cows with metritis were used and tested for BoHV-4 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), virus isolation (VI), and immunofluorescence techniques. Twenty-two point seven per cent (5/22) of the vaginal discharge samples obtained from cows with metritis were found positive for BoHV-4 DNA by PCR. All of these samples were also positive in VI and/or immune fluorescence assay (IF). Swab samples were also tested for bacteria. Empirical therapy with a broad spectrum antibiotic (oxytetracycline) was administrated, pending culture and antibiotic sensitivity result. All cows with puerperal metritis or clinical metritis (CM) were treated with intra-uterine (i.u.) administration of oxytetracycline and with intramuscular (i.m.) injections of dinoprost tromethamine (PGF(2)α) for three consecutive days. Concurrently, with the administration of oxytetracycline and PGF(2)α, cows with a rectal temperature >39.5°C received an additional treatment with oxytetracycline (i.m) for three consecutive days. According to the antibiotic test result, on day 3 after the last oxytetracycline and PGF(2)α administrations, all cows were treated with a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (i.u.) for three consecutive days. All cows with metritis and that were positive for BoHV-4 recovered clinically after the administration of antibiotic and PGF(2)α. In conclusion, postpartum metritis cases in cows infected BoHV-4 recovered clinically following early diagnosis and prolonged treatments with a combination of antibiotics and PGF(2)α.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; beta-Lactams; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dinoprost; Female; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Bovine; Oxytetracycline; Postpartum Period; Puerperal Infection; Turkey; Uterine Diseases; Vagina

Enterococci, major broiler intestinal colonizers, play a recognized role in antimicrobial resistance transmission. Several virulence mechanisms, such as biofilm expression, have been identified. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin, enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, and gentamicin and biofilm production of 34 isolates from intensive and extensive farming system broilers were evaluated. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. In extensive-reared broilers (n = 18), resistance to enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, and gentamicin was high (83.33, 55.56, 100, and 83.33%, respectively). Intensive farming broilers (n = 16) showed a lower resistance level for enrofloxacin and streptomycin and a higher resistance level for oxytetracycline and gentamicin. The relation between antimicrobial susceptibility and farming system was not significant for all drugs tested (P > or = 0.05). Enterococci produced biofilm at 24 h (47.0%), 48 h (55.9%), and 72 h (58.8%). Resistance to gentamicin and streptomycin was related to biofilm production at all time points (P < or = 0.05), whereas resistance to enrofloxacin was only related to biofilm at 24 h (P < or = 0.05; Friedman's test). No relation was found between susceptibility to oxytetracyclin and biofilm formation at any of the 3 time points studied (P > or = 0.05). Poultry are colonized by biofilm-producing and antimicrobial-resistant enterococci, independently of the farming system. Results show a relation between resistance to the majority of the drugs tested and biofilm production, which reenforces the importance of these virulence factors in animal and public health.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Biofilms; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Enrofloxacin; Enterococcus; Escherichia coli; Fluoroquinolones; Gentamicins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Streptomycin; Vancomycin

An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to detect residues of tetracycline (TC), epi-tetracycline (eTC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) in animal hair was developed. Hair samples were washed with water, extracted with NH(4)OH 0.1M, purified by SPE-C(18) cartridge and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry (ESI(+), MRM mode) with satisfactory results. For the first time, accumulation of TC, eTC and OTC was confirmed in livestock hairs after a therapeutic treatment with TC and OTC, respectively. Administered drug residues were detectable in hair samples up to 2 months after the last treatment, providing a retrospective evidence of TC and OTC administration. Hair analysis seems to offer a wider window of detection than edible tissues.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cattle; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Residues; Hair; Muscles; Oxytetracycline; Swine; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Tetracycline

In the veterinary industry, short-acting or conventional oxytetracycline formulations are recommended for use once a day for 4 days, at a dose of 10 mg/kg. With the large degree of antimicrobial resistance reported, the efficacy of this dose was assessed using pharmacodynamic modelling. The specific parameters evaluated were based on the time-dependent activity of the tetracycline class of antimicrobials according to the total time above minimal inhibitory concentration (T > MIC) and the ratio of the total exposure in 24 hours, represented by area under the curve (AUC24), to the minimal inhibitory concentration (AUC24:MIC). The current pharmacokinetic study examined whether the prevailing antimicrobial resistance could be overcome by doubling the recommended conventional dose. Using reported MIC data for South Africa and elsewhere, modelling indicated the presence of a large degree of resistance. In general, doubling the dose only overcame resistance of 2 bacterial species in South Africa.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Area Under Curve; Bacterial Infections; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Colony Count, Microbial; Cross-Over Studies; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Random Allocation; Sheep; Sheep Diseases

In order to investigate the effects of tiamulin, neomycin, tetracycline, fluorophenicol, penicillin G, Linco-Spectin (0.15 mg mL(-1) lincomycin + 0.3 mg mL(-1) spectinomycin), erythromycin and oxytetracycline on controlling bacterial contaminations of the river buffalo semen, 120 mL diluted buffalo bull semen (diluted by tris-egg yolk extender) was divided into 5 mL tubes after initial evaluation and before (control sample) and at 0, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h after adding each of the above antibiotics at the recommended dose (D) and twice the recommended dose (Dx2) to the semen samples, each sample was cultured 4 times on Muller-Hinton agar medium and the results were recorded after 18 h incubation at 37 degrees C. Tiamulin, tetracycline, neomycin and fluorophenicol were ineffective. Oxytetracycline was effective in both D and Dx2 (p < 0.001). Penicillin G in both D and Dx2 was effective (p < 0.001). Linco-Spectin was effective, though not significant, in D at 2 h and in Dx2 at 0 h only. Erythromycin in D was not significantly effective, but, in Dx2 was effective (p < 0.001). Duration of the antibiotic exposure had no significant effect on the antibiotic potentials except for Linco-Spectin at 2 h (p < 0.014). The biochemical tests identified the contaminant bacteria as being a member of Arcanobacter (Corynebacterium) sp. In the next step, the semen sample of the same bull was taken, semen quality tests were carried out and the semen was diluted with the same extender (tris-egg yolk) + 7% glycerol, containing a double dose (Dx2) of these antibiotics and semen quality tests were carried out immediately after dilution, 18 h after storage at 4 degrees C and after the semen was packed in the straws, frozen in liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C) and later thawed in 37 degrees C water bath to investigate whether these antibiotics have any adverse effect on the spermatozoa during the process of freezing and thawing. The comparison of the results with those of the control group (the sample undergone the same process without adding antibiotics) indicated that oxytetracycline adversely affected sperm motility at 0 and 18 h, all the antibiotics had a lower percentage of sperm abnormal morphology than the control at 0 and 18 h, except for Linco-Spectin at 18 h and after freezing-thawing and tetracycline after freezing and thawing the sample which were the same as the control. Sperm viability was not affected by antibiotics before and after freezing. It was concluded that oxytetr

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Buffaloes; Diterpenes; Erythromycin; Lincomycin; Male; Neomycin; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin G; Semen; Spectinomycin; Temperature; Tetracycline; Thiamphenicol

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Bronchitis; Drug Combinations; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Monoterpenes; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Oxytetracycline; Sinusitis; Treatment Outcome

The antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC) has shown immense promise for combating the causative agent of Withering syndrome (WS), a Rickettsia-like procaryote (WS-RLP) that has severely impacted California abalone (Haliotis spp.) populations. Using histology and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy based metabolomics, the effects of OTC treatments (10, 20, or 30 days) on WS-RLP infected abalone in seawater temperatures of 13.4 +/- 1.2 and 17.3 +/- 1.3 degrees C were investigated over 160 days. The highly efficacious nature of OTC in combating WS-RLP at both temperatures was demonstrated by histology. Metabolomics revealed, however, that the most significant metabolic changes in foot muscle depended upon posttreatment duration, irrespective of treatment and temperature. This was quite unexpected and would have been overlooked using histology alone. Metabolic changes in all animals at both temperatures included decreased levels of amino acids and carbohydrates and elevated taurine, glycine-betaine, and homarine. Subtle metabolic differences between OTC-treated and untreated abalone were observed at 17.3 degrees C only. These findings provide clear evidence that OTC eradicates WS-RLP which in turn reduces the metabolic decay associated with WS at elevated seawater temperature. Furthermore, this study documents the sequential metabolic changes that occur during pre-clinical WS, and demonstrates the application of metabolic phenotyping for understanding environmental effects on host-pathogen-drug interactions.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Host-Parasite Interactions; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Metabolism; Mollusca; Oxytetracycline; Temperature

The antimicrobial agents used to treat bacterial fish diseases are archaic, and their uses may result in the emergence of drug-resistant bacterial strains. This study evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial activity of combinations of Tricide and neomycin or oxytetracycline on common disease-causing bacteria of fish and its possible use as an alternative treatment of these diseases. Tricide solutions containing of 8 mM United States Pharmacopeia (USP) disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate dehydrate (chelator) and 20 mM USP 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (buffer) potentate the antimicrobial action of neomycin and oxytetracycline when reacted in vitro with Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus iniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Serial passage of the test organisms in Tricide or Tricide and neomycin or oxytetracycline did not result in the development of resistant forms. Combinations of Tricide and neomycin or oxytetracycline reduced the amount of antibiotics necessary for fish therapy, render drug-resistant bacteria sensitive to antimicrobial therapy, may be used to decontaminate recently shipped fish, and should reduce the formation of antibiotic-resistant forms.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Buffers; Chelating Agents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Edetic Acid; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; In Vitro Techniques; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Oxytetracycline; Propylene Glycols

In 1994, tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus and Sarotherodon melanotheron) in wild and farmed populations on Oahu, Hawaii, USA, began to die of an unknown disease that was similar but not identical to piscirickettsiosis in salmonids. Only tilapia were affected. Diseased tilapia often swam erratically and had trouble staying at depth. Scattered cutaneous haemorrhage and exophthalmia were often noted. In many cases, fish were found dead with no clinical signs. Gills exhibited epithelial hyperplasia with severe multifocal consolidation of secondary lamellae. Multiple granulomas were observed in the gills, spleen, kidney, choroid gland and testes, but not in the liver. Tilapia mortalities occurred only during the cooler months (October to April) of the year and were not recorded during the warmer months (May to September). The mortalities declined with each successive year, after the 1994 outbreak, and currently losses are sporadic. Oxytetracycline-medicated feed reduced mortality. Cytologic examination of blood smears revealed moderate to large numbers of Gram-negative, pleomorphic, intracellular bacteria in rare circulating monocytes. Histologically, some predilection for nervous tissue and brain was observed. When viewed with transmission electron microscopy, pleomorphic coccoid bacteria, measuring 0.56 +/- 0.14 x 0.7 +/- 0.20 microm, occurred free in the cytoplasm and within phagolysosomes. The organisms had a double cell wall, no defined nucleus and variable electron-dense and -lucent areas. Unlike Piscirickettsia salmonis, the agent of piscirickettsiosis, the Hawaiian tilapia Piscirickettsia-like organism (HTPLO) does not form craterform lesions in the liver and is active above 20 degrees C. HTPLO can be transmitted horizontally by cohabitation, and cold stress induces the syndrome in juvenile tilapia from farms where the disease is endemic.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Aquaculture; Bacterial Infections; Disease Outbreaks; Fish Diseases; Gammaproteobacteria; Hawaii; Microscopy, Electron; Oxytetracycline; Seasons; Tilapia

The effect of surgery (insertion of an ileo-caecal cannula) and a subsequent parenteral treatment with oxytetracycline on the ileo-caecal and rectal coliform populations in 7 Swedish Yorkshire castrates were studied. Samples were collected during surgery as well as 3, 7, 14 and 20 days post surgery. The diversity of the enteric coliform flora was initially high both in the ileo-caecal ostium and in rectum. No alteration in the diversity of the enteric coliform flora was observed following surgery and treatment with oxytetracycline. As the insertion of ileo-caecal cannulas did not affect the intestinal coliform flora this study gives support to the use of this technique to mirror processes in the small intestine of pigs. Further, the diversity of the enteric coliform flora was unaffected by the parenteral treatment with oxytetracycline.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Bacterial Infections; Catheterization; Cecum; Enterobacteriaceae; Ileum; Male; Oxytetracycline; Postoperative Complications; Rectum; Swine; Swine Diseases

Free ranging reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) are driven into corral systems and handled each summer on the Seward Peninsula (Alaska, USA). During June and July of 1995-96 reindeer calves were inspected for injury, handled, weighed, and randomly treated with long-acting oxytetracycline. Calves that returned to subsequent handlings within the same year, received treatment only if they had been treated during their first handling. The effects of prophylactic antibiotic treatment and other factors, including weight, handling related injury, and sex on post-handling survival in reindeer calves were evaluated. Return rates of yearlings in 1996 and 1997 were analyzed using logistic regression. Weight change of calves between handlings was examined using a general linear model. Calf weight and handling injury were the only factors that significantly affected calf survival. No factor had a significant effect on calf weight change between handlings. Apparently, long-acting oxytetracycline was not an effective prophylactic treatment for this capture operation. The benefits of prophylactic antibiotic treatment have not been quantified and further studies of the effects and efficacy of prophylactic treatments are recommended. Ineffective treatments should be avoided because they may add additional stress to the captured animal. Managers should evaluate the potential effectiveness of a prophylactic treatment before indiscriminately applying one. Preventing calf injuries was the most effective method of reducing post-handling mortality in this study and should be given a high priority in the design of capture operations.

Topics: Alaska; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Bacterial Infections; Body Weight; Female; Handling, Psychological; Injections, Intramuscular; Linear Models; Male; Oxytetracycline; Random Allocation; Reindeer; Stress, Physiological

A combination of neomycin and metronidazole was compared with oxytetracycline for its activity against the intrauterine flora of 10 cows with retained placenta. In vitro the metronidazole/neomycin combination reduced the numbers of aerobic and obligately anaerobic bacteria much more effectively than did oxytetracycline.

Topics: Animals; Bacteria, Aerobic; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Bacterial Infections; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Metronidazole; Neomycin; Oxytetracycline; Placenta Diseases; Pregnancy; Puerperal Disorders; Uterine Diseases

Danofloxacin, a novel fluoroquinolone antimicrobial drug was evaluated in the treatment of acute bacterial pneumonia in recently housed beef cattle of approximately 300 kg liveweight. The clinical responses of 67 pneumonic cattle treated with danofloxacin were compared with those of 65 cattle treated with oxytetracycline, both treatments being given by intramuscular injection for either three or five days, depending on clinical response. Both treatments resulted in a rapid fall in group mean rectal temperature and improved the clinical condition of the majority of cases. However, in comparison with oxytetracycline, danofloxacin therapy was characterised by significantly fewer treatment days, a higher response rate, significantly better reduction of pyrexia and fewer cattle requiring re-treatment.

Topics: 4-Quinolones; Acute Disease; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacterial Infections; Body Temperature; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Evaluation; Fever; Fluoroquinolones; Housing, Animal; Oxytetracycline; Pneumonia

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Injections, Intravenous; Lung; Lung Diseases; Oxytetracycline; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Tissue Distribution

Prophylactic efficacy of 100 mg of long-acting oxytetracycline (OTC) given IM to neonatal pigs within 12 hours of birth was evaluated in a swine herd. The herd had a history of increased neonatal mortality, diarrhea, foot abscess, and arthritis in nursing pigs. Two trials were conducted in which liters and individual pigs were the treatment groups of interest. In both trials, OTC treatment failed to reduce mortality, diarrhea, or arthritis or the need for subsequent antimicrobial therapy (P greater than 0.05). Preweaning weight gains were not increased (P greater than 0.05) in treated pigs. However, in the individual pig trial, foot abscess rates were significantly (P = 0.01) lower in treated pigs (3.7%) than in nontreated pigs (8%). Aerobic bacteria isolated from pigs with diarrhea, arthritis, or foot abscess had minimum inhibitory concentrations for OTC greater than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml or were classed as resistant on the basis of disk-diffusion tests.

Topics: Abscess; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Arthritis, Infectious; Bacterial Infections; Diarrhea; Female; Foot Diseases; Male; Oxytetracycline; Prognosis; Random Allocation; Swine; Swine Diseases; Weight Gain

Flexibacter columnaris was isolated from 13 cultured Oreochromis niloticus showing respiratory disorders. The isolates developed typical swarming rhizoid colonies on Cytophaga agar medium. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed the susceptibility of F. columnaris isolated to oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol and erythromycin. A marked difference in the pathogenicity of seven tested isolates was observed: two were highly virulent, one was moderately virulent and four were avirulent. No experimental infection could be induced with the highly virulent isolates except after injuring one of the natural barriers of the fish body. The severity of the disease and the increased median death time shortened by keeping infected fishes with injured gills in water containing ammonia. In naturally infected O. niloticus, the disease became chronic as indicated by the presence of excessive proliferative and necrotic changes. On the other hand, severe dilatation of branchial blood vessel, oedema and round cell infiltration proved that, the disease among experimentally infected tilapias was acute.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Chloramphenicol; Cytophagaceae; Erythromycin; Fishes; Gills; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Respiration Disorders

Dogs with naturally occurring aerobic or anaerobic bacterial overgrowth have been examined before and after antibiotic therapy in order to assess reversibility of damage to the jejunal mucosa. Histological changes in peroral jejunal biopsies were relatively minor before and after treatment, but sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed specific biochemical abnormalities that responded to antibiotic therapy. Aerobic overgrowth was initially associated with a marked loss of the main brush border component of alkaline phosphatase activity; this recovered following treatment, suggesting that aerobic bacteria may cause reversible damage to the hydrophobic region of the brush border membrane. In contrast, anaerobic overgrowth was initially associated with a marked reduction in brush border density, indicative of a considerable fall in the glycoprotein-to-lipid ratio of the membrane. Density increased from 1.17 to 1.21 g/ml after antibiotic therapy, consistent with recovery from this relatively severe damage to the brush border caused by anaerobic bacteria. Reductions in soluble and peroxisomal catalase activities which could compromise mucosal protection against free radicals in dogs with aerobic overgrowth, and a loss of particulate malate dehydrogenase activity indicative of mitochondrial disruption in dogs with anaerobic overgrowth, were also reversed after treatment. These findings indicate that aerobic and anaerobic bacterial overgrowth can result in contrasting but potentially reversible damage to the jejunal mucosa which would not be detected by conventional investigative procedures.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Dogs; Intestinal Mucosa; Jejunal Diseases; Jejunum; Oxytetracycline; Subcellular Fractions

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Bacteroides; Clostridium perfringens; Cricetinae; Diarrhea; Disease Outbreaks; Escherichia coli; Mesocricetus; Oxytetracycline; Proteus; Rodent Diseases

The non-selective antibiotic treatment of dairy cows at the last milking in lactation was studied for its influence on the reduction in the occurrence of infectious processes in the udder after calving. The herd of 120 dairy cows, on an average, was housed in the K 98 cow-house and in a calving house equipped with the traditional technology. The non-selective treatment was performed in 125 dairy cows in the form of single administration of Oxymykoin foam (Galena) (70 cows) and Chronicin foam (Galena) (55 cows) after the last milking in lactation. The treatment of 53 bacteriologically positive cows with Oxymykoin foam had 86.8% therapeutic effectiveness; this indicates the excellent effectiveness of the preparation. Five additional new infections arose in this group of cows treated with Oxymykoin. The treatment of 36 bacteriologically positive cows with Chronicin foam had the effectiveness of 63.9%; in almost 2/5 of the treated cows (13 animals) the bacteria causing mastitis persisted in the post-parturient period. Eight new infections occurred in this group of treated cows. The results of the non-selective antibiotic treatment of dairy cows after the last milking in lactation prove the good effectiveness of the method reducing the percentage of infected cows in the period after calving.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Bacterial Infections; Cattle; Chloramphenicol; Female; Lactation; Mastitis, Bovine; Oxytetracycline; Pregnancy

Two series of patients with endophthalmitis were compared. In the group treated with antibiotics or fungistatics, only 1 eye (4.3%) could be salvaged, whereas in the group with pars plana vitrectomy and antibiotics or fungistatics, 7 eyes (33%) had adequate visual acuity afterwards.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Endophthalmitis; Humans; Injections; Mycoses; Oxytetracycline; Visual Acuity; Vitrectomy; Vitreous Body

After receiving once daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of oxytetracycline (15 mg/100 g bodyweight) for 7 days, laboratory rats had significantly different oxytetracycline serum levels depending on the method of injection. Regardless of injection method, the biological half-life of the antibiotic was 4.25 h and serum antibiotic levels never fell below therapeutic levels for certain rat pathogens during 24 h post-injection. Severe peritonitis and cellulitis were found in rats whether injected s.c. or i.p. and some animals lost bodyweight. It appeared that either injection method would be an effective treatment for certain infectious diseases of laboratory rats but tissue damage, probably from oxytetracycline's acidity, made both methods unattractive.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Female; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Injections, Subcutaneous; Oxytetracycline; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rodent Diseases

Studies were undertaken to determine the effectiveness of an oxytetracycline HCl formulation for the prophylaxis and treatment of chronic Moraxella bovis ocular infections in calves. Two separate experiments were performed. For the first, calves were separated into two groups and the eyes were infected with M. bovis. The eyes of these calves were observed and cultured for 37 consecutive days. On the 37th and 40th day, each of the five calves were treated intramuscularly with the drug (20 mg/kg of body weight). The other five calves (second group) remained untreated as controls. The cultures from the five treated calves were negative after the first antibiotic administration and remained so for 14 days. M. bovis was isolated from each eye of the control calves at least once during that time. None of the antibiotic-treated calves was completely resistant when reinfected with M. bovis. For the second experiment, calves were given a prophylactic administration of the formulation and were then infected with M. bovis 48 (n = 4 calves) or 72 (n = 4 calves) h later. These treatments resulted in a lower incidence of keratoconjunctivitis and a decreased duration of bacterial shedding, as compared to controls (n = 8 calves), but did not completely prevent the occurrence of disease or the establishment of ocular infections.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Delayed-Action Preparations; Keratoconjunctivitis; Male; Moraxella; Oxytetracycline

Acute ocular Moraxella bovis infections were induced in the UV-irradiated eyes of 10 calves. Eight calves developed corneal ulcers in at least 1 eye and were used for the treatment experiment. One randomly selected group of 4 calves with corneal ulcers and M bovis infections in 7 eyes was given a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation in 2 IM dosages of 20 mg/kg of body weight each, 72 hours apart. The other 4 calves with corneal ulcers in 6 eyes and M bovis in all 8 eyes served as nontreated controls. Bilateral ocular cultures were obtained and clinical observations were made daily for 20 days after treatment. After administration of the long-acting drug, new ulcers did not develop in the treated calves, whereas 5 new ulcers developed in the control-group calves during this time. The average durations of increased lacrimation/ulcerated eye were 2 and 12 days after treatment in the treatment and control groups, respectively; the average durations of blepharospasm were 3 and 8 days, respectively. Moraxella bovis was not isolated from any of the eyes of the treatment-group calves for the first 6 days after the antibiotic was administered, but was isolated from 1 eye of 1 treated calf on posttreatment day 7 and daily thereafter, for a total of 14 positive cultures of 160 ocular cultures obtained from the treatment-group calves after treatment. The bacterium was isolated from all eyes and from 144 of 160 cultures from the control-group calves during this time.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Blepharospasm; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Corneal Ulcer; Delayed-Action Preparations; Female; Keratoconjunctivitis; Male; Moraxella; Oxytetracycline; Tears

A group of 230 patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery was analyzed for the presence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Prophylaxis against DVT was practiced with low-dose heparin (either 5000 IU every eight hours, or 5000 IU every 12 hours for seven days) in 199 patients. Prevention of infection was attempted with preoperative administration of Enterobiotic in 155 patients and of Vibramycin in 11 patients. DVT was diagnosed in 46 patients. The frequency of DVT did not differ significantly between patients who underwent resections of the colon and those who underwent rectal surgery. DVT was diagnosed in 27 of the 73 infected patients, which was significantly higher than the incidence of 19 with DVT among the 157 uninfected patients. The frequency of DVT among patients in the two heparin regimens was 15 and 17 per cent respectively, which was significantly lower than with untreated patients. No lethal pulmonary embolism was found and no patient showed clinical signs of embolism. It is assumed that measures aimed at reducing postoperative infection, combined with low-dose heparin, will reduce the incidence of postoperative DVT after colorectal surgery.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Colon; Doxycycline; Heparin; Humans; Middle Aged; Neomycin; Oxytetracycline; Postoperative Complications; Premedication; Rectum; Thrombophlebitis

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Conjunctivitis; Female; Humans; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Ointments; Oxytetracycline; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections

Pharmacokinetic parameters of oxytetracycline were analysed in healthy preruminant veal calves after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration. The serum half-lives in the beta-elimination phase of both 10% and 20% solutions after i.v. injection of 10 mg/kg were similar (7.07 +/- 1.36 h and 7.16 +/- 1.17 h, mean +/- SD), whereas the total body clearance and the apparent volume of distribution were higher for the 20% solution. Serum concentrations above 0.5 microgram/ml were maintained with both formulations during 12-24 h but were only above 4 micrograms/ml to 5 h. Intramuscular administration of the 20% solution gave a complete absorption with two rate constants of absorption, a faster (t1/2 alpha 1 = 0.27 h) and a slower one (t1/2 alpha 2 = 10.90 h) responsible for the delayed elimination half-life after this route of application (t1/2 beta = 9.83 +/- 1.35 h). Mean serum concentrations reached a maximum level of 3.01 +/- 0.72 micrograms/ml at 4.01 +/- 2.84 h and decreased to 0.5 microgram/ml between 12 and 24 h. 50 mg/kg given orally with a milk replacer were found to have a mean bioavailability of 46.35%. A mean serum peak level of 4.99 +/- 1.37 micrograms/ml was achieved at 9.16 +/- 1.99 h and the mean concentration was still above 0.5 microgram/ml after 48 h. The elimination half-life (t1/2 beta = 10.66 +/- 3.15 h) reflected the slow absorption step (t1/2 alpha 2 = 10.15 h) following that responsible for the initial faster absorption (t1/2 alpha 1 = 1.99 h). Comparison of the area under the serum curves gave mean values of 117% for tetracycline and of 53% for chlortetracycline relative to oxytetracycline (arbitrarily fixed at 100%) after identical oral dosage of the three tetracyclines. We also propose and discuss a dosage schedule based on minimal inhibitory concentrations of different susceptible pathogens.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Biological Availability; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Half-Life; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Oxytetracycline; Species Specificity

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Bees; Oxytetracycline

An open comparative study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of 4 antibiotic regimens in eradicating acute bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract. Patients in each treatment group had similar physical parameters, severity of disease and bacterial pathogens, and were treated for 10 days with either erythromycin estolate, erythromycin stearate, ampicillin or oxytetracycline in the recommended dosage. Each patient was reviewed daily by physical examination and the bacteriological findings from throat swab and salivary washings. The results showed that erythromycin stearate produced more rapid bacterial eradication and clinical resolution of symptoms and fever than with the other antibiotic preparations, and was well tolerated by most patients.

Topics: Acute Disease; Ampicillin; Bacterial Infections; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Estolate; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin Resistance; Respiratory Tract Infections; Stearates

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Chloramphenicol; Eczema; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Streptomycin

Germs in patients suffering from nonspecific odontogenous infections described in a previous paper were analysed with regard to their resistance to chemotherapy (1964 to 1971). At the same time it was discovered that in the bacteria groups: staphyloccocus aureus, streptococci and pneumococci and enterobacteriaceae plus pseudomonas (344 strains) their sensitivity to penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracyclin, erythromycin, polymyxin B and nifurantin varied in several and significant ways. Significant changes were established in the resistance of staphylococcus aureus to all the potentially effective antibiotics, while from 1969 to 1971 the strains with the least resistance appeared. In the 1970 to 1971 period strepto- and pneumococci showed insensitivity to penicillin and streptomycin more frequently than before. From 1969 to 1971 entero-bacteriaceae and pseudomonas also showed evidence of increasing loss of sensitivity to chloramphenicol and oxytetracyclin, whereas the frequency of strains resistant to polymyxin B and nifurantine diminished. The findings are being discussed.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Chloramphenicol; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Erythromycin; Focal Infection, Dental; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nitrofurantoin; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Polymyxins; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin

Topics: Adult; Bacterial Infections; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Oxytetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Amebiasis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Clostridium Infections; Diarrhea; Dysentery, Bacillary; Enterotoxins; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Humans; Iodoquinol; Metronidazole; Oxytetracycline; Salmonella Infections; Serotyping; Staphylococcal Infections; Vibrio Infections; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Biopharmaceutics; Demeclocycline; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Family Practice; Female; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillin V; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus pyogenes; Time Factors

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacterial Infections; Ducks; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Furazolidone; Male; Oxytetracycline; Pasteurella Infections; Poultry Diseases; Pyrimidines; Quinoxalines; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Sulfadimethoxine; Sulfonamides

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Doxycycline; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Methacycline; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Oxytetracycline; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Bacterial Infections; Chickens; Oxytetracycline; Poultry Diseases; Solutions

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Genes; Intestinal Diseases; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Oxytetracycline; Parabiosis; Streptomycin

Topics: Aged; Bacterial Infections; Biliary Tract Diseases; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Oxytetracycline; Povidone; Pyelonephritis; Respiratory Tract Diseases

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Female; Humans; Neomycin; Oxytetracycline; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Vaginal Diseases

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Child; Doxycycline; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases; Oxytetracycline

Topics: Abdominal Injuries; Abscess; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Pathology; Spleen; Splenectomy; Splenic Diseases; Splenic Vein; Thrombosis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Child; Humans; Infant; Oxytetracycline; Peritonitis; Soft Tissue Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Environment; Humans; Lactobacillus; Oxytetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Neomycin; Oxytetracycline; Peritonitis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; In Vitro Techniques; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacteriology; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Urinary Tract

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Chlortetracycline; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacteriology; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Gonorrhea; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Intestine, Large; Intestines; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Streptomycin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Bacterial Infections; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Oxytetracycline

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Oxytetracycline; Peritonitis; Soft Tissue Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Chloramphenicol; Chloramphenicol Resistance; In Vitro Techniques; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Rickettsia Infections

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Oxytetracycline; Streptococcus pneumoniae