oxalic acid has been researched along with Dentin Hypersensitivity in 30 studies
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.
oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "The intensity of tooth sensitivity was assessed daily through the visual analog scale." | 3.11 | Effect of 1.5% potassium oxalate on sensitivity control, color change, and quality of life after at-home tooth whitening: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. ( Alves, EB; da Silva Pompeu, D; de Melo Alencar, C; Oliveira Barros, AP; Silva, CM; Takeuchi, EV, 2022) |
| "Dentine sensitivity was assessed at baseline and after 2 and 4 weeks by Yeaple probe (tactile pressure; patient-reported discomfort by visual analogue scale [VAS]), air blast (VAS) and global subjective sensitivity (VAS)." | 2.78 | Randomised clinical efficacy trial of potassium oxalate mouthrinse in relieving dentinal sensitivity. ( Amini, P; Gallob, JT; McGuire, JA; Sharma, D, 2013) |
| "Dentin sensitivity was assessed at baseline and during treatment by Yeaple probe (tactile pressure; patient-reported discomfort by visual analogue scale [VAS]), as well as response to air blasts (VAS)." | 2.78 | Randomized trial of the clinical efficacy of a potassium oxalate-containing mouthrinse in rapid relief of dentin sensitivity. ( Amini, P; McGuire, JA; Sharma, D, 2013) |
| "A total of 19 subjects with dentine hypersensitivity on both sides of their upper arch were selected." | 2.77 | Clinical evaluation of diamine silver fluoride/potassium iodide as a dentine desensitizing agent. A pilot study. ( Craig, GG; Knight, GM; McIntyre, JM, 2012) |
| "48 patients with dentine sensitivity were recruited." | 2.72 | Comparison of two topical treatments for dentine sensitivity. ( HeftitArthur, F; Merika, K; Preshaw, PM, 2006) |
| "This review defines dentine sensitivity (DS), its prevalence, its aetiology, the mechanism(s) responsible for DS, its diagnosis and its treatment." | 2.49 | Dentine sensitivity: past, present and future. ( Mantzourani, M; Sharma, D, 2013) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 2 (6.67) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 5 (16.67) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 18 (60.00) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 5 (16.67) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Sgreccia, PC | 2 |
| Damé-Teixeira, N | 2 |
| Barbosa, RES | 2 |
| Araújo, PF | 1 |
| Zanatta, RF | 1 |
| Garcia, FCP | 2 |
| Oliveira Barros, AP | 3 |
| da Silva Pompeu, D | 3 |
| Takeuchi, EV | 3 |
| de Melo Alencar, C | 3 |
| Alves, EB | 3 |
| Silva, CM | 3 |
| Galvão, ADM | 1 |
| Zeola, LF | 1 |
| Moura, GF | 1 |
| Teixeira, DNR | 1 |
| Gonzaga, RCQ | 1 |
| da Silva, GR | 1 |
| Soares, PV | 1 |
| Chapman, NR | 1 |
| Jones, SB | 1 |
| Bahal, P | 1 |
| He, T | 1 |
| Drake, P | 1 |
| Zou, Y | 1 |
| West, NX | 1 |
| Chinajitphan, N | 1 |
| Ajcharanukul, O | 1 |
| Kijsamanmith, K | 1 |
| Vongsavan, N | 1 |
| Matthews, B | 1 |
| Burnett, GR | 1 |
| Gallob, JT | 2 |
| Milleman, KR | 1 |
| Mason, S | 1 |
| Patil, A | 1 |
| Budhawant, C | 1 |
| Milleman, JL | 1 |
| Lynch, MC | 1 |
| Perfekt, R | 1 |
| McGuire, JA | 3 |
| Milleman, J | 1 |
| Gallob, J | 1 |
| Amini, P | 3 |
| Milleman, K | 1 |
| Brignardello-Petersen, R | 1 |
| Choi, AN | 1 |
| Jang, IS | 1 |
| Son, SA | 1 |
| Jung, KH | 1 |
| Park, JK | 1 |
| Pashley, DH | 3 |
| Mantzourani, M | 1 |
| Sharma, D | 3 |
| Gupta, N | 1 |
| Reddy, UN | 1 |
| Vasundhar, PL | 1 |
| Ramarao, KS | 1 |
| Varma, KP | 1 |
| Vinod, V | 1 |
| Dall'Orologio, GD | 1 |
| Ishihata, H | 1 |
| Finger, WJ | 1 |
| Sasaki, K | 1 |
| Antoniazzi, RP | 1 |
| Machado, ME | 1 |
| Grellmann, AP | 1 |
| Santos, RC | 1 |
| Zanatta, FB | 1 |
| Kim, MH | 1 |
| Kim, RJ | 1 |
| Lee, WC | 1 |
| Lee, IB | 1 |
| Varoni, EM | 1 |
| Zuccheri, T | 1 |
| Carletta, A | 1 |
| Palazzo, B | 1 |
| Cochis, A | 1 |
| Colonna, M | 1 |
| Rimondini, L | 1 |
| Huh, JB | 1 |
| Kim, JH | 1 |
| Chung, MK | 1 |
| Lee, HY | 1 |
| Choi, YG | 1 |
| Shim, JS | 1 |
| Erdemir, U | 1 |
| Yildiz, E | 1 |
| Kilic, I | 1 |
| Yucel, T | 1 |
| Ozel, S | 1 |
| Sartori, N | 1 |
| Lopes, GC | 1 |
| Vieira, LC | 1 |
| Craig, GG | 1 |
| Knight, GM | 1 |
| McIntyre, JM | 1 |
| Talesara, K | 1 |
| Kulloli, A | 1 |
| Shetty, S | 1 |
| Kathariya, R | 1 |
| Kolker, JL | 1 |
| Vargas, MA | 1 |
| Armstrong, SR | 1 |
| Dawson, DV | 1 |
| Yiu, CK | 1 |
| King, NM | 1 |
| Suh, BI | 1 |
| Sharp, LJ | 1 |
| Carvalho, RM | 1 |
| Tay, FR | 1 |
| Merika, K | 1 |
| HeftitArthur, F | 1 |
| Preshaw, PM | 1 |
| Gillam, DG | 1 |
| Mordan, NJ | 1 |
| Sinodinou, AD | 1 |
| Tang, JY | 1 |
| Knowles, JC | 1 |
| Gibson, IR | 1 |
| Andringa, HJ | 1 |
| Eichmiller, F | 1 |
| Mongiorgi, R | 1 |
| Prati, C | 1 |
| Toschi, E | 1 |
| Riva di Sanseverino, L | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical Evaluation of Different Potassium Oxalate Concentrations in Dentin: A Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT03083496] | 32 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-03-14 | Recruiting | |||
| A Prospective, Randomized, Proof-of-Concept Study Comparing the Efficacy of Sensi-IP Toothpaste With a Sodium Fluoride Toothpaste in the Treatment of Dentinal Hypersensitivity[NCT06166745] | 46 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-11-06 | Recruiting | |||
| Assessment of a Potassium Oxalate-Containing Formulation for the Relief of Dentinal Hypersensitivity[NCT01345292] | 226 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-04-30 | Completed | |||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
"At each visit, participants rated their perception of the pain/discomfort experienced by marking a single vertical line on a VAS scale from 0 to 100 mm, where 0 = No Pain/Discomfort and 100 = Intense Pain/Discomfort. Participants were instructed as follows: Please rate the intensity of the pain/discomfort you have experienced in the last two weeks when drinking cold/hot beverages and/or foods, eating sweet and sour foods, breathing cold air, brushing your teeth or performing any habits/behaviors that solicit your dentinal hypersensitivity pain/discomfort since you first started using the product. The dental recorder measured the length of the line from 0 to the participant's line and recorded the VAS score in mm." (NCT01345292)
Timeframe: 2 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (mm) (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Negative Control (Crest Regular Toothpaste) | 44.94 |
| Positive Control (Sensodyne Toothpaste) | 43.68 |
| 12027-027 (1.40% Potassium Oxalate Mouth Rinse) | 43.64 |
"At each visit, participants rated their perception of the pain/discomfort experienced by marking a single vertical line on a VAS scale from 0 to 100 mm, where 0 = No Pain/Discomfort and 100 = Intense Pain/Discomfort. Participants were instructed as follows: Please rate the intensity of the pain/discomfort you have experienced in the last two weeks when drinking cold/hot beverages and/or foods, eating sweet and sour foods, breathing cold air, brushing your teeth or performing any habits/behaviors that solicit your dentinal hypersensitivity pain/discomfort since you first started using the product. The dental recorder measured the length of the line from 0 to the participant's line and recorded the VAS score in mm." (NCT01345292)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (mm) (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Negative Control (Crest Regular Toothpaste) | 41.32 |
| Positive Control (Sensodyne Toothpaste) | 32.79 |
| 12027-027 (1.40% Potassium Oxalate Mouth Rinse) | 35.19 |
Tooth sensitivity was measured using a Cold Air Stimulus. When being assessed, participants rated their perception of the pain/discomfort experienced when cold air was directed at the exposed root of each tooth by marking a single vertical line on a VAS scale from 0 to 100 mm, where 0 = No Pain/Discomfort and 100 = Intense Pain/Discomfort. The dental recorder measured the length of the line from 0 to the participant's line and recorded the VAS score in mm. The score for each participant was calculated by averaging the scores for all study teeth for that participant. (NCT01345292)
Timeframe: 2 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (mm) (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Negative Control (Crest Regular Toothpaste) | 43.65 |
| Positive Control (Sensodyne Toothpaste) | 38.74 |
| 12027-027 (1.40% Potassium Oxalate Mouth Rinse) | 40.22 |
Tooth sensitivity was measured using a Cold Air Stimulus. When being assessed, participants rated their perception of the pain/discomfort experienced when cold air was directed at the exposed root of each tooth by marking a single vertical line on a VAS scale from 0 to 100 mm, where 0 = No Pain/Discomfort and 100 = Intense Pain/Discomfort. The dental recorder measured the length of the line from 0 to the participant's line and recorded the VAS score in mm. The score for each participant was calculated by averaging the scores for all study teeth for that participant. (NCT01345292)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (mm) (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Negative Control (Crest Regular Toothpaste) | 39.54 |
| Positive Control (Sensodyne Toothpaste) | 28.36 |
| 12027-027 (1.40% Potassium Oxalate Mouth Rinse) | 29.30 |
Tooth sensitivity was measured using a Yeaple probe. The force at which discomfort was felt by the participant was recorded on a scale of 10-80 grams. The score for each participant was calculated by averaging the scores for all study teeth for that participant. (NCT01345292)
Timeframe: 2 weeks
| Intervention | grams of force (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Negative Control (Crest Regular Toothpaste) | 10.10 |
| Positive Control (Sensodyne Toothpaste) | 13.16 |
| 12027-027 (1.40% Potassium Oxalate Mouth Rinse) | 12.51 |
Tooth sensitivity was measured using a Yeaple probe. The force at which discomfort was felt by the participant was recorded on a scale of 10-80 grams. The score for each participant was calculated by averaging the scores for all study teeth for that participant. (NCT01345292)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | grams of force (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Negative Control (Crest Regular Toothpaste) | 10.39 |
| Positive Control (Sensodyne Toothpaste) | 21.83 |
| 12027-027 (1.40% Potassium Oxalate Mouth Rinse) | 18.72 |
Tooth sensitivity was measured using a VAS. At each visit, participants rated their perception of the pain/discomfort experienced from the Yeaple probe by marking a single vertical line on a VAS scale from 0 to 100 mm, where 0 = No Pain/Discomfort and 100 = Intense Pain/Discomfort. The dental recorder measured the length of the line from 0 to the participant's line and recorded the VAS score in mm. The investigator recorded a VAS score of 0 mm for participants who did not experience discomfort at the maximum force of 80 grams. The score for each participant was calculated by averaging the scores for all study teeth for that participant. (NCT01345292)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (mm) (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Negative Control (Crest Regular Toothpaste) | 39.49 |
| Positive Control (Sensodyne Toothpaste) | 30.94 |
| 12027-027 (1.40% Potassium Oxalate Mouth Rinse) | 29.32 |
Tooth sensitivity was measured using a VAS. At each visit, participants rated their perception of the pain/discomfort experienced from the Yeaple probe by marking a single vertical line on a VAS scale from 0 to 100 mm, where 0 = No Pain/Discomfort and 100 = Intense Pain/Discomfort. The dental recorder measured the length of the line from 0 to the participant's line and recorded the VAS score in mm. The investigator recorded a VAS score of 0 mm for participants who did not experience discomfort at the maximum force of 80 grams. The score for each participant was calculated by averaging the scores for all study teeth for that participant. (NCT01345292)
Timeframe: 2 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (mm) (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Negative Control (Crest Regular Toothpaste) | 41.59 |
| Positive Control (Sensodyne Toothpaste) | 39.52 |
| 12027-027 (1.40% Potassium Oxalate Mouth Rinse) | 37.16 |
1 review available for oxalic acid and Dentin Hypersensitivity
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Dentine sensitivity: past, present and future.
Topics: Dental Pulp; Dentin; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Sensitivity; Humans; Oxalic Acid; Tooth Wea | 2013 |
16 trials available for oxalic acid and Dentin Hypersensitivity
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Assessment of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) improvement of different treatments for dentin hypersensitivity in noncarious cervical lesions-a randomized clinical study.
Topics: Dentin Sensitivity; Humans; Oral Health; Oral Ulcer; Oxalic Acid; Pain; Quality of Life; Single-Blin | 2022 |
Effect of 1.5% potassium oxalate on sensitivity control, color change, and quality of life after at-home tooth whitening: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Topics: Dentin Sensitivity; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxalic Acid; Quality of Life; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth | 2022 |
Effect of 1.5% potassium oxalate on sensitivity control, color change, and quality of life after at-home tooth whitening: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Topics: Dentin Sensitivity; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxalic Acid; Quality of Life; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth | 2022 |
Effect of 1.5% potassium oxalate on sensitivity control, color change, and quality of life after at-home tooth whitening: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Topics: Dentin Sensitivity; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxalic Acid; Quality of Life; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth | 2022 |
Effect of 1.5% potassium oxalate on sensitivity control, color change, and quality of life after at-home tooth whitening: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Topics: Dentin Sensitivity; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxalic Acid; Quality of Life; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth | 2022 |
Effect of 1.5% potassium oxalate on sensitivity control, color change, and quality of life after at-home tooth whitening: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Topics: Dentin Sensitivity; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxalic Acid; Quality of Life; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth | 2022 |
Effect of 1.5% potassium oxalate on sensitivity control, color change, and quality of life after at-home tooth whitening: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Topics: Dentin Sensitivity; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxalic Acid; Quality of Life; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth | 2022 |
Effect of 1.5% potassium oxalate on sensitivity control, color change, and quality of life after at-home tooth whitening: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Topics: Dentin Sensitivity; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxalic Acid; Quality of Life; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth | 2022 |
Effect of 1.5% potassium oxalate on sensitivity control, color change, and quality of life after at-home tooth whitening: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Topics: Dentin Sensitivity; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxalic Acid; Quality of Life; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth | 2022 |
Effect of 1.5% potassium oxalate on sensitivity control, color change, and quality of life after at-home tooth whitening: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Topics: Dentin Sensitivity; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxalic Acid; Quality of Life; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth | 2022 |
A long-term evaluation of experimental potassium oxalate concentrations on dentin hypersensitivity reduction: A triple-blind randomized clinical trial.
Topics: Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Sensitivity; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Oxalic Acid; Reducing | 2019 |
Low-power laser and potassium oxalate gel in the treatment of cervical dentin hypersensitivity-a randomized clinical trial.
Topics: Brazil; Dentin Sensitivity; Humans; Lasers, Semiconductor; Low-Level Light Therapy; Oxalic Acid | 2020 |
Potassium oxalate oral rinses for long-term relief from dentinal hypersensitivity: Three randomised controlled studies.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Dentifrices; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Sensitivity; Double-Blind | 2018 |
Potassium oxalate mouthrinse reduces dentinal hypersensitivity: A randomized controlled clinical study.
Topics: Dentin Sensitivity; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Mouthwashes; Oxalic Acid; Sodium Fluoride; Treatmen | 2018 |
Randomised clinical efficacy trial of potassium oxalate mouthrinse in relieving dentinal sensitivity.
Topics: Adult; Air; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Sensitivity; Drug Combinations; Female; Fluorides; F | 2013 |
Randomized trial of the clinical efficacy of a potassium oxalate-containing mouthrinse in rapid relief of dentin sensitivity.
Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Sensitivity; Drug Combinati | 2013 |
Effectiveness of desensitizing agents in relieving the pre- and postcementation sensitivity for full coverage restorations: a clinical evaluation.
Topics: Caseins; Cementation; Crowns; Dental Abutments; Dental Cements; Dental Restoration, Temporary; Denti | 2013 |
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the effectiveness of three dentin desensitizing treatment regimens.
Topics: Adult; Albumins; Chelating Agents; Dental Prophylaxis; Dentin; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin P | 2014 |
Effectiveness of a desensitizing agent for topical and home use for dentin hypersensitivity: a randomized clinical trial.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Dentin Sensitivity; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Middl | 2014 |
The effect of several dentin desensitizers on shear bond strength of adhesive resin luting cement using self-etching primer.
Topics: Dental Bonding; Dentin; Dentin Sensitivity; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Glutaral; Humans; Materials Testi | 2008 |
The efficacy of three desensitizing agents used to treat dentin hypersensitivity.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Air; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Sensitivity; Double-Blind Method; Female; Foll | 2010 |
Clinical performance of cervical restorations with desensitizing agents: 18-month clinical trial.
Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Chi-Square Distribution; Composite Resins; Dental Cements; Dental Restoration, | 2012 |
Clinical evaluation of diamine silver fluoride/potassium iodide as a dentine desensitizing agent. A pilot study.
Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Dentin Sensitivity; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Male | 2012 |
Comparison of two topical treatments for dentine sensitivity.
Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Dentin Permeability; Dentin Sensitivity; Female; Fluorides, Topical; Hu | 2006 |
13 other studies available for oxalic acid and Dentin Hypersensitivity
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
The ability of a potassium oxalate gel strip to occlude human dentine tubules; a Novel in vitro: In situ Study.
Topics: Adult; Dentin; Dentin Sensitivity; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Oxalic Acid; Toothpastes | 2020 |
Time-course of the effect of potassium oxalate in the treatment of hypersensitive dentine in man.
Topics: Dental Pulp; Dentin; Dentin Sensitivity; Humans; Oxalic Acid; Tooth | 2021 |
Using potassium oxalate mouthrinse for 4 weeks is probably more effective than using a placebo to treat dentin hypersensitivity.
Topics: Dentin; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Sensitivity; Humans; Mouthwashes; Oxalic Acid | 2019 |
Effect of erosive and abrasive stress on sealing ability of different desensitizers: In-vitro study.
Topics: Dentin; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Sensitivity; Glutaral; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Mola | 2019 |
Preface to the Supplement introducing a new innovative desensitising mouthrinse: "Can a potassium oxalate mouthrinse successfully prevent and treat dentine sensitivity?".
Topics: Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Sensitivity; Dentinal Fluid; Fluid Shifts; Humans; Mouthwashes; | 2013 |
Evaluation of dentin tubule occlusion after laser irradiation and desensitizing agent application.
Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Dental Cavity Preparation; Dentin; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Sensiti | 2015 |
In vitro efficacy of a novel potassium oxalate hydrogel for dentin hypersensitivity.
Topics: Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Permeability; Dentin Sensitivity; Humans; Hydrogel, Polyethylene | 2017 |
Evaluation of potassium binoxalate gel and Nd:YAG laser in the management of dentinal hypersensitivity: a split-mouth clinical and ESEM study.
Topics: Adult; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Sensitivity; Female; Gels; Humans; Lasers, Solid-State; L | 2014 |
Effect of desensitizing agents on dentin permeability and dentin tubule occlusion.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Benzalkonium Compounds; Carbonates; Cattle; Dentin; Dentin Permeabili | 2002 |
Incompatibility of oxalate desensitizers with acidic, fluoride-containing total-etch adhesives.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Dental Bonding; Dental Stress Analysis; Dentin; Dentin Permeability; Dentin Se | 2005 |
The effects of oxalate-containing products on the exposed dentine surface: an SEM investigation.
Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Dentin; Dentin Sensitivity; Glass; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Oxa | 2001 |
Effects of ferric and aluminum oxalates on dentin permeability.
Topics: Dentin Permeability; Dentin Sensitivity; Humans; Nitrates; Nitric Acid; Oxalates; Oxalic Acid; Time | 1991 |
Oxalate desensitising treatment of dentinal surface.
Topics: Dentin; Dentin Permeability; Dentin Sensitivity; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Oxalates; O | 1991 |