oxalates and Urinary-Tract-Infections

Topics: Calcium; Child; Child, Preschool; Cystine; Female; Hematuria; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Magnesium Compounds; Male; Metabolic Diseases; Oxalates; Phosphates; Struvite; Uric Acid; Urinalysis; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Antacids; Benzothiadiazines; Calcium; Cation Exchange Resins; Cellulose; Citrates; Citric Acid; Cystinuria; Diuretics; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Lithotripsy; Magnesium; Oxalates; Penicillamine; Phosphates; Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; Uric Acid; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine

The present state of knowledge of the pathophysiology of urolithiasis and the assignment to subgroups according to varying aetiology is outlined. In addition, a diagnostic programme is insight proposed which has proved of value in ambulatory patients attending specialist departments. It permits into the underlying disturbances and may be considered a prerequisite for effective treatment. It is suggested that this general scheme of clinical investigation is a reasonable basis to the medical care of patients with urinary calculi.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Body Weight; Calcium; Diuresis; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Infrared Rays; Oxalates; Spectrum Analysis; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections; X-Ray Diffraction

Topics: Apatites; Calcium; Calcium Carbonate; Calcium Phosphates; Crystallization; Cystine; Humans; Hydroxyapatites; Magnesium; Methods; Microscopy, Polarization; Oxalates; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Silicic Acid; Spectrum Analysis; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections; X-Ray Diffraction; Xanthines

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Calcium; Child; Diet Therapy; Humans; Oxalates; Phosphates; Recurrence; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Administration, Oral; Age Factors; Allopurinol; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bicarbonates; Cystine; Diet Therapy; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Oxalates; Phosphates; Postoperative Complications; Sex Factors; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections

The goal of this study was to investigate metabolic risk factors in pediatric stone formers in an emerging economy. A prospective, data collection enrolled 250 children age <1-15 years at our center. Risk factors were evaluated by gender and in age groups <1-5, 6-10 and 11-15 years. Patients were evaluated for demographics, blood and 24 h urine for calcium, magnesium, phosphate, uric acid, electrolytes and additional protein, citrate, ammonia and oxalate in urine. All reported values were two sided and statistical significance was considered at p value ≤0.05. The mean age at diagnosis was 7.50 ± 3.56 years with a male to female ratio of 1.84:1. A family history of urolithiasis was found in 41 (16.4 %), urinary tract infection in 18 (7 %) and chronic diarrhea in 75 (30 %). Hypercalcemia was seen in 37 (14.8 %), hyperuricemia in 23 (9.2 %) and hyperphosphatemia in 6 (2.4 %). Urinary metabolic abnormalities were identified in 248 (98 %) of the cases. Hypocitraturia was found in 207 (82.8 %), hyperoxaluria in 62 (26.4 %), hyperuricosuria in 82 (32.8 %), hypercalciuria in 51 (20.4 %), hyperphosphaturia in 46 (18.4 %), hyperammonuria in 10 (4 %), hypocalciuria in 82 (32.8 %), and hypovolemia in 73 (29.2 %). Risk factors were similar between genders except higher rates of hyponatriuria, hypophosphaturia, and hypocalciuria in females. Hyperuricosuria, hyponatriuria, and hypovolemia were highest in 1-5 years (52, 49, 49 %) as compared to (18, 21, 12 %) those in 11-15 years (p < 0.001), respectively. This study shows that careful metabolic analysis can identify risk factors in 98 % of the children where appropriate metaphylaxis can be undertaken both for treatment and prevention of recurrence.

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Ammonia; Calcium; Child; Child, Preschool; Citrates; Diarrhea; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Oxalates; Pakistan; Phosphates; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Recurrence; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Uric Acid; Urinary Tract Infections; Urolithiasis

This study assesses the differences in the presentations, complications and metabolic abnormalities of children with renal calyceal microlithiasis (RCM) and overt urolithiasis in different pediatric ages.. A total of 465 children with urolithiasis were investigated retrospectively. Patients were categorized based on their ages to infancy, early childhood, middle childhood and adolescence. When the hyperechogenic spots on ultrasound imaging were <3 mm, they were considered RCM, and if they were ≥3 mm, they were considered overt urolithiasis.. Metabolic abnormalities were detected in 71%; hyperuricosuria in infants, hyperoxaluria in younger children and hypocitraturia in older children were the most common metabolic abnormalities. Hypercalciuria was the only metabolic abnormality that was significantly associated with overt urolithiasis in all pediatric ages (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.21-4.19). The clinical presentations were not significantly different between RCM and overt urolithiasis; however, complications such as urinary tract infection was significantly higher with overt urolithiasis in infancy (p = 0.01), early childhood (p = 0.02), middle childhood (p = 0.007) and adolescence (p = 0.01). Also, growth retardation was significantly higher with overt urolithiasis in infancy and early childhood (p = 0.02).. Most children with urolithiasis have underlying urinary metabolic abnormalities that differ according to the child's age. Despite these differences, hypercalciuria is significantly associated with overt urolithiasis in all pediatric ages. Clinical and laboratory features cannot differentiate RCM and overt urolithiasis; however, complications are significantly higher with overt urolithiasis.

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Calcinosis; Calcium; Child; Child, Preschool; Citric Acid; Female; Humans; Infant; Kidney Calices; Male; Nephrology; Oxalates; Pediatrics; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Uric Acid; Urinary Tract Infections; Urolithiasis

We evaluated the clinical, radiological and metabolic features of 162 children with urolithiasis or microlithiasis who had been referred to our pediatric nephrology clinics between 1998 and 2008 with suspected urolithiasis. The medical histories of these children (78 girls, 84 boys), who ranged in age from 2 months to 16 years (mean age 5.59 +/- 0.35 years), were reviewed retrospectively for clinical and metabolic features of urinary tract calculi. Urinary tract infections (UTI) were present in 45.9% of the cases. The most common presenting symptoms were flank pain or restlessness (25.3%) and hematuria (21.6%), followed by UTI (16%), whereas 23.5% of the cases were detected incidentally during evaluation for other medical conditions. Other symptoms at presentation included dysuria, passing stones, penile edema, enuresis, vomiting and anorexia. Urine analysis revealed metabolic abnormalities in 87% of the cases, including hypercalciuria (33.8%), hypocitraturia (33.1%), hyperoxaluria (26.5%), hyperuricosuria (25.4%), hypocitraturia + hypercalciuria (21.1%), hyperphosphaturia (20.8%) and cystinuria (5.7%). Almost 50% of the patients had a positive family history for urolithiasis. The most frequently involved site was in the kidneys (86%). Ureters and bladder were involved in 12 and 2% of the cases, respectively. A family history of urolithiasis, presenting symptoms and underlying metabolic abnormalities were similar for microlithiasis and the patients with larger stones. However, in our study population, microlithiasis was mainly a disease of young infants, with a greater chance for remission and often not associated with structural changes. The presenting symptoms of urolithiasis show a wide spectrum, so that a high index of suspicion is important for early detection. A metabolic abnormality can be identified in 87% of cases of urolithiasis. Detection of microlithiasis may explain a number of symptoms, thus reducing invasive diagnostic procedures and allowing early recognition of metabolic abnormalities. These results draw attention to the importance of screening for UTIs in patients with urolithiasis.

Topics: Calcium; Child; Child, Preschool; Citric Acid; Cystinuria; Female; Humans; Hypercalciuria; Hyperoxaluria; Hypophosphatemia, Familial; Infant; Male; Metabolic Diseases; Oxalates; Phosphates; Retrospective Studies; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections; Urolithiasis

Therapy with antibiotics in recurrent urinary tract infections may destroy colonies of Oxalobacter formigenes in the intestinal tract. A lack of oxalate degradation caused by the absence of this bacterium is suggested to contribute to the hyperabsorption of dietary oxalate and to the increase in urinary oxalate excretion. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of recurrent urinary tract infections and subsequent changes induced in the urinary excretion profile in female calcium oxalate stone formers. Serum biochemical profiles, 24-h urinary parameters, and the personal characteristics of 57 female calcium oxalate stone patients with recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTI) were compared with 78 female calcium oxalate stone patients without a history of urinary tract infection. All subjects were recruited during the same period. In female patients with RUTI, urinary oxalate excretion was significantly higher (0.374 mmol/day) than in females without urinary tract infection (0.308 mmol/day) (P < 0.05). Moreover, the mean 24-h pH value and urinary sodium excretion were significantly higher in women with RUTI than in women without a history of urinary tract infection. The significantly higher urinary oxalate excretion in female calcium oxalate stone formers with recurrent urinary tract infections may be associated with the application of antibiotics and a subsequent temporary or permanent decolonization of Oxalobacter formigenes.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Calcium Compounds; Female; Humans; Medical Records; Middle Aged; Oxalates; Oxides; Recurrence; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections

In addition to standard quantitative wet chemical and inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometric stone analytic techniques, elemental analysis for the determination of nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen was utilized in this study of 460 category I (non-infection) urinary stone samples from western Saudi Arabia. They were classified according to the percentage composition of detected ions, including trace or minimum amounts. The incidence of uric acid stones (24%) is higher than that reported from western countries but similar to those reported from eastern Europe and other parts of the middle east and most are in the group with the highest uric acid content (UrI4). Oxalate stones are the most common type (61%) and phosphate stones (15%) the least common. The results confirm the reliability of elemental microanalysis and support its use for the quick identification of stones especially those that weigh < 1 mg and are too small for wet chemical analysis. Within the various stone types, however, the ionic associations shown by wet chemical analysis denoted the presence of mutual indirect associations between the characterising ion oxalate and both uric acid and phosphate ions, but no association between the characterizing ion uric acid and phosphate ions. Factors that affect these ionic correlations may influence the processes of stone initiation and type of stone formed.

Topics: Cross-Cultural Comparison; Electron Probe Microanalysis; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Oxalates; Phosphates; Saudi Arabia; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections; Xanthines

A medical history and laboratory investigation of patients with recurrent stones serve as the cornerstone for preventive and therapeutic treatment. Identifiable risk factors can be discovered in 90 per cent of the patients. More sophisticated analyses of urinary supersaturation can be helpful in resistant cases.

Topics: Calcium; Cystine; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Oxalates; Recurrence; Uric Acid; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Calcium Metabolism Disorders; Child; Humans; Oxalates; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections

Principally the formation of urinary calculi in children is not very different from that of grown-ups. For children some factors, however, are of special relevance namely recurrent urinary tract infections and malformations in the area of the urinary tract. In western countries nowadays the incidence rate of urinary stones in children is 3-5% of all patients suffering from this disease, in the underdeveloped countries we have rates of about 30%. A clear sex preference in children wasn't found, the age distribution shows that for half of the children suffering from calculi, diagnosis has been made until they've reached school age. Stone localisation is shifting towards the upper urinary tract, in the past we had mainly urinary bladder stones. Concrements containing oxalate are being found more often today. For children we have a high proportion of mixed concrements. The rate of recurrence for children is 15-25%. Diagnostically we have to search out especially for malformations respectively obstructions of the urine flow, disturbances in metabolism in consideration of metaphylaxis possibilities, however, must not be taken out of account either. Promotory and inhibitory factors of stone formation are presented and their significance is explained by means of selected cases of our own patients. Modern techniques of operative resp. instrumental removal of urinary calculi are presented, especially the relevance of modern strategies as e.g. the extracorporal shock wave lithotripsy, percutaneous litholapaxy and ureterorenoscopy are discussed. Adequate metaphylaxis (general, dietetic, medicamentous) can lower the rate of recurrence of stone formation. This is only possible, however, on condition of a consequent diagnosis to find possible causes of stone formation to be able to choose the right measures of metaphylaxis.

Topics: Calcium; Child; Chronic Disease; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Calculi; Oxalates; Oxalic Acid; Pressure; Urea; Ureteral Calculi; Uric Acid; Urinary Tract Infections; Urodynamics

Topics: Adult; Allopurinol; Calcium; Female; Humans; Magnesium; Male; Middle Aged; Oxalates; Phosphates; Recurrence; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections

Urolithiasis in children is a very important problem from the theoretical as well as from practical point of view. Better knowledge of its metabolic basis may allow to move the central treatment from surgical to prophylactic methods. The study presents modern view points on mechanisms for concrements sedimentation and actual data on metabolic disturbances in calcium, oxalates, purines, xanthines and cystine and their relations to urolithiasis and urinary tract infection.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Calcium; Child; Cystinuria; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Oxalates; Purine-Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections; Xanthines

The analysed material includes 100 children with urolithiasis treated in the Pediatric Clinic of the National Research Institute of Mother and Child in Warsaw between 1976 and 1978. Patients' age was from 3 months to 18 years. The analysed group included 51 boys and 49 girls. Urinary tract infection was found in 54 cases, i.e. 57,4% of the analysed material. The most common bacterial strains were those producing urease. They were detected in 48 children i.e. 88,9% of cases with urinary tract infection. Mostly these were bacteria of Proteus group--sporadically Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus albus. In the analysed patients urinary tract obstruction was observed in 36 children, i.e. 36% of cases. In 77% of the analysed material, localization of concrements was in upper urinary tract in 19% in the ureters and in 4% in the lover urinary tract. While in adult patients the most common compound of urinary stones was calcium oxalate, in children the most common stone compounds were phosphates (found in 38 cases i.e. 58,4% of the analysed material). The second frequent compound was oxalate found in 20 cases (30,7%). Less frequent compounds were uric acid and cystine. Performed study allowed to establish the cause of urolithiasis in 93 out of 100 examined children. Metabolic reasons of urolithiasis were found in 26 cases, i.e. 26% of the analysed material. They were as follows: idiopathic hypercalciuria--12 cases, uric acid urolithiasis--8 cases, primary hyperoxaluria--3 cases, cystinuria--2 cases, and incomplete acidosis of distal renal tubuli--1 case. Urolithiasis of probably metabolic origin was detected in 13 children (13%). Other reasons of urolithiasis in children were: infection (31%), idiopathic urolithiasis (17%) and others (6%). In 7 cases the reason of urolithiasis was not established.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adolescent; Calcium; Child; Child, Preschool; Cystinuria; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Oxalates; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Bacterial Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Infant; Oxalates; Oxolinic Acid; Pseudomonas; Pseudomonas Infections; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adult; Aged; Child; Female; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Male; Medullary Sponge Kidney; Middle Aged; Oxalates; Risk; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adult; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Calcium; Child; Cystinuria; Greece; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Oxalates; Uric Acid; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adult; Calcium; Climate; Cystinuria; Female; Humans; Male; Oxalates; Phosphates; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections; Urination Disorders

Topics: Cystine; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Male; Oxalates; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Calcium; Cystinuria; Diet; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Occupations; Oxalates; Risk; Stress, Psychological; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Blood Chemical Analysis; Calcium; Child; Citrates; Cystinuria; Diet Therapy; Female; Humans; Hydrochlorothiazide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kidney Calculi; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Medical History Taking; Oxalates; Phosphorus; Racial Groups; Recurrence; Sex Factors; Uric Acid; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine; Urography

The management of 78 children with upper urinary calculi is described. Boys outnumbered girls by a ratio of 2 to 1. Two-thirds of the patients had identifiable metabolic causes, while the remaining third had infected renal lithiasis. In this latter group, all patients had had multiple urologic procedures, urinary infection, and stasis with diversionary and indwelling drainage devices. Contrary to earlier views, idiopathic renal lithiasis with or without hypercalciuria was the most common metabolic form of nephrolithiasis in children. Sixty-seven patients (86 per cent) were followed for an average of 7 1/2 years. With appropriate therapy, stone disease became inactive in 70 per cent of the children. The remaining 30 per cent continued with active disease--5 died of renal failure and 1 has received a renal allograft. Stone formation may be regarded as a solitary complication or one of several manifestations of a large number of underlying disorders. Along with a thorough search for etiologic factors there must be an equally aggressive therapeutic effort. Because the disease is ofter sporadic, careful long-term followup of the patients with active as well as those with inactive stone disease is mandatory.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adolescent; Adrenocortical Hyperfunction; Age Factors; Calcium; Child; Child, Preschool; Cystinuria; Female; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Hyperparathyroidism; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kidney Calculi; Magnesium; Male; Metabolic Diseases; Oxalates; Uric Acid; Urinary Tract Infections; Urography

An analysis is made of 100 school children with recurrent urolithiasis treated during the last six years. The clinical findings and prognosis in this patient material are outlined. The incidence of recurrence was 23.7% in 421 patients.

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Cystine; Czechoslovakia; Female; Focal Infection; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Metabolic Diseases; Oxalates; Phosphates; Recurrence; Sex Factors; Time Factors; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract; Urinary Tract Infections

During the last six years 400 children with urolithiasis underwent a six weeks rehabilitation treatment in a specialized children's sanitorium for renal diseases. The clinical picture, course of the disease, etiology, complications and therapy are analyzed and discussed. Urolithiasis is surprisingly common in girls; it occurs commonly not until school age and recurrence occurs in one-fourth of the children. The importance of stone analysis for the therapy is outlined and the necessity of conservative renal surgery is emphasized.

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Cystine; Female; Focal Infection; Humans; Infant; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Metabolic Diseases; Nephrectomy; Oxalates; Phosphates; Recurrence; Sex Factors; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Acute Disease; Analgesics; Calcium; Chronic Disease; Cystinuria; Female; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Infrared Rays; Kidney Calculi; Male; Oxalates; Radiography; Spectrum Analysis; Ureteral Calculi; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections; X-Ray Diffraction

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Calcium; Cystinuria; Female; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Magnesium; Male; Oxalates; Phosphates; Ureteral Obstruction; Uric Acid; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adult; Biopsy; Female; Heart Diseases; Hematuria; Humans; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Oxalates; Raynaud Disease; Skin; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adult; Aged; Calcium; Cystinuria; Female; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Hyperglycemia; Male; Metabolic Diseases; Middle Aged; New Zealand; Oxalates; Phosphates; Prospective Studies; Radiography; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Calcium; Calcium Phosphates; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Oxalates; Sex Factors; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Cadaver; Female; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Hydrochlorothiazide; Kidney Calculi; Kidney Cortex; Kidney Transplantation; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Methylene Blue; Oxalates; Pyelonephritis; Pyridoxine; Transplantation, Homologous; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Calcium; Crystallization; Cystinuria; Diet Therapy; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Oxalates; Recurrence; Uric Acid; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Biopsy; Chick Embryo; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Kidney; Kidney Calculi; Kidney Diseases; Microscopy, Polarization; Nephrectomy; Oxalates; Tajikistan; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Apatites; Bacterial Infections; Bacteriological Techniques; Child; Child, Preschool; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Infant; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Middle Aged; Oxalates; Proteus Infections; Proteus mirabilis; Pseudomonas Infections; Recurrence; Staphylococcal Infections; Urease; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Catheterization; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Biopsy; Calcium; Child; Child, Preschool; Colonic Neoplasms; Cystine; Epithelial Cells; Female; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Kidney Calculi; Kidney Tubules, Distal; Male; Middle Aged; Nephrocalcinosis; Nephrons; Oxalates; Peptic Ulcer; Phosphates; Uric Acid; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Calcium; Child; Child, Preschool; Cystine; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Oxalates; Phosphates; Sex Factors; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Calcium; Child; Cystinuria; Female; Hematuria; Humans; Male; Metabolic Diseases; Oxalates; Parathyroid Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Ureteral Obstruction; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections; Urography

Topics: Calcium; Diuretics; Female; Hematuria; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Kidney Pelvis; Male; Oxalates; Phosphates; Sex Factors; Uric Acid; Urinary Tract Infections; Vibration

Topics: Allopurinol; Calcium; Creatinine; Cystinuria; Diuresis; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Calculi; Magnesium; Metabolic Diseases; Methylene Blue; Oxalates; Penicillamine; Phosphates; Uric Acid; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Diet; Female; Humans; Male; Oxalates; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Citrates; Female; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Magnesium; Male; Middle Aged; Oxalates; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Recurrence; Time Factors; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adult; Apatites; Calcium; Calcium Phosphates; Female; Humans; Magnesium; Male; Oxalates; Phosphates; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sex Factors; Sodium; Spectrophotometry; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections; Water

Topics: Age Factors; Calcium; Genes, Dominant; Genes, Recessive; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Oxalates; Sex Factors; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Calcium; Female; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Ions; Kidney Calculi; Magnesium; Male; Oxalates; Phosphates; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Solubility; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Aged; Citrates; Female; Humans; Kidney; Male; Oxalates; Radiography; Solubility; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Acidosis; Alkalies; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Kidney Calculi; Lithiasis; Milk; Nephrolithiasis; Osteoporosis; Oxalates; Sarcoidosis; Urinary Tract Infections; Vitamin D