oxalates and Urinary-Bladder-Neoplasms

Pioglitazone hydrochloride (PIO), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist, was administered orally for 85 weeks at 16 mg/kg/day to male rats fed either a diet containing 1.5% ammonium chloride (acid-forming diet) or a control diet to investigate the effects of urinary acidification induced by the acid-forming diet on the tumorigenic potential of PIO in the urinary bladder. The surviving animals at the end of the administration period were followed to the end of the 2-year study period without changes in the diet and were subjected to terminal necropsy on Week 104. The number of urinary microcrystals, evaluated by manual counting with light microscopy and by an objective method with a laser diffraction particle size analyzer, was increased by PIO on Weeks 12 and 25 and the increases were markedly suppressed by urinary acidification. Urinary citrate was decreased by PIO throughout the study period, but no changes were seen in urinary oxalate at any timepoint. The incidences of PIO-treated males bearing at least one of the advanced proliferative changes consisting of papillary hyperplasia, nodular hyperplasia, papilloma or carcinoma were significantly decreased from 11 of 82 males fed the control diet to 2 of 80 males fed the acid-forming diet. The acid-forming diet did not show any effects on the toxicokinetic parameters of PIO and its metabolites. Microcrystalluria appears to be involved in the development of the advanced stage proliferative lesions in bladder tumorigenesis induced by PIO in male rats.

Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Animals; Citrates; Diet; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypoglycemic Agents; Lasers; Male; Microscopy; Oxalates; Particle Size; Pioglitazone; PPAR gamma; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thiazolidinediones; Urinary Bladder; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Muraglitazar, a PPARalpha/gamma agonist, dose-dependently increased urinary bladder tumors in male Harlan Sprague-Dawley (HSD) rats administered 5, 30, or 50 mg/kg/day for up to 2 years. To determine the mode of tumor development, male HSD rats were treated daily for up to 21 months at doses of 0, 1, or 50 mg/kg while being fed either a normal or 1% NH4Cl-acidified diet. Muraglitazar-associated, time-dependent changes in urine composition, urothelial mitogenesis and apoptosis, and urothelial morphology were assessed. In control and treated rats fed a normal diet, urine pH was generally > or = 6.5, which facilitates formation of calcium-and magnesium-containing solids, particularly in the presence of other prolithogenic changes in rat urine. Urinary citrate, an inhibitor of lithogenesis, and soluble calcium concentrations were dose dependently decreased in association with increased calcium phosphate precipitate, crystals and/or microcalculi; magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals and aggregates; and calcium oxalate-containing thin, rod-like crystals. Morphologically, sustained urothelial cytotoxicity and proliferation with a ventral bladder predilection were noted in treated rats by month 1 and urinary carcinomas with a similar distribution occurred by month 9. Urothelial apoptotic rates were unaffected by muraglitazar treatment or diet. In muraglitazar-treated rats fed an acidified diet, urine pH was invariably < 6.5, which inhibited formation of calcium-and magnesium-containing solids. Moreover, dietary acidification prevented the urothelial cytotoxic, proliferative, and tumorigenic responses. Collectively, these data support an indirect pharmacologic mode of urinary bladder tumor development involving alterations in urine composition that predispose to urolithiasis and associated decreases in urine-soluble calcium concentrations.

Topics: Animals; Antimetabolites; Apoptosis; Area Under Curve; Bromodeoxyuridine; Calcium; Carcinogens; Cell Proliferation; Citrates; Electrolytes; Glycine; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Organ Size; Oxalates; Oxazoles; Phosphates; PPAR alpha; PPAR gamma; Proteinuria; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Urolithiasis; Urothelium

Both saccharin and o-phenylphenol have been suggested to be carcinogenic to the urinary bladder in experimental animals, but the mechanism has remained unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary saccharin and o-phenylphenol on the urinary excretion of dietary oxalic acid. Male NMRI mice were gradually adapted to either 3% o-phenylphenol or 5% saccharin in their diet. Having being adapted to these diets for 1 week or after consuming them for 3 months, the animals were fasted for 6 h and given a 2.5-microCi oral dose of U-14C-oxalic acid. Dosed animals were kept in metabolism cages for 48 h to monitor urinary and fecal excretion of the label. Adaptation to dietary o-phenylphenol appeared to increase the urinary excretion of orally administered U-14C-oxalic acid when food and water were available during urinary and fecal collections. Adaptation to dietary saccharin had little effect on urinary oxalate levels when compared to control animals. These results indicate that changes in urinary oxalate levels should be more carefully studied in connection with potential urinary bladder carcinogens to avoid the possibility of bladder irritation by increased urinary oxalate excretion.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Biphenyl Compounds; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Oxalates; Oxalic Acid; Saccharin; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Animals; Calcium; Crystallography; History, 18th Century; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Kidney Calculi; Mice; Mitosis; Neoplasms, Experimental; Occupational Diseases; Oxalates; Phosphates; Sulfonamides; United Kingdom; Urinary Bladder; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Carcinogens; Female; Glycols; Kidney; Liver; Male; Mortality; Organ Size; Oxalates; Rats; Urinary Bladder Calculi; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms