oxalates and Diarrhea

Topics: Animals; Diarrhea; Humans; Oxalates; Parenteral Nutrition; Short Bowel Syndrome

Topics: Bacteria; Bile Acids and Salts; Cholecystectomy; Colectomy; Crohn Disease; Diarrhea; Dietary Fats; Digestive System; Female; Genital Neoplasms, Female; Humans; Ileal Diseases; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Male; Oxalates; Patient Compliance; Radiotherapy

Topics: Bile Acids and Salts; Blind Loop Syndrome; Chenodeoxycholic Acid; Cholelithiasis; Diarrhea; Humans; Ileum; Intestine, Small; Liver Diseases; Liver Function Tests; Oxalates; Oxygen Consumption

Topics: Bile; Bile Acids and Salts; Biological Transport; Biotransformation; Blind Loop Syndrome; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Cholelithiasis; Cholestasis; Cholesterol; Diarrhea; Enterohepatic Circulation; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Intestinal Diseases; Lipid Metabolism; Liver Diseases; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Nephrocalcinosis; Oxalates; Pancreatitis; Stomach Ulcer

Topics: Bile Acids and Salts; Biological Transport; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Cholelithiasis; Cholesterol; Diarrhea; Feces; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Intestine, Large; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Malabsorption Syndromes; Metabolic Diseases; Oxalates; Sodium; Water

Topics: Bacteria; Bile Acids and Salts; Blind Loop Syndrome; Celiac Disease; Cholelithiasis; Diarrhea; Humans; Ileum; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Diseases; Intestine, Small; Kidney Calculi; Malabsorption Syndromes; Oxalates; Postoperative Complications; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Bile Acids and Salts; Biliary Tract Diseases; Blind Loop Syndrome; Celiac Disease; Chenodeoxycholic Acid; Cholelithiasis; Cholesterol; Cholic Acids; Deoxycholic Acid; Diarrhea; Glycine; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Obstruction; Lithocholic Acid; Liver; Liver Circulation; Oxalates; Stomach Ulcer; Taurine

The goal of this study was to investigate metabolic risk factors in pediatric stone formers in an emerging economy. A prospective, data collection enrolled 250 children age <1-15 years at our center. Risk factors were evaluated by gender and in age groups <1-5, 6-10 and 11-15 years. Patients were evaluated for demographics, blood and 24 h urine for calcium, magnesium, phosphate, uric acid, electrolytes and additional protein, citrate, ammonia and oxalate in urine. All reported values were two sided and statistical significance was considered at p value ≤0.05. The mean age at diagnosis was 7.50 ± 3.56 years with a male to female ratio of 1.84:1. A family history of urolithiasis was found in 41 (16.4 %), urinary tract infection in 18 (7 %) and chronic diarrhea in 75 (30 %). Hypercalcemia was seen in 37 (14.8 %), hyperuricemia in 23 (9.2 %) and hyperphosphatemia in 6 (2.4 %). Urinary metabolic abnormalities were identified in 248 (98 %) of the cases. Hypocitraturia was found in 207 (82.8 %), hyperoxaluria in 62 (26.4 %), hyperuricosuria in 82 (32.8 %), hypercalciuria in 51 (20.4 %), hyperphosphaturia in 46 (18.4 %), hyperammonuria in 10 (4 %), hypocalciuria in 82 (32.8 %), and hypovolemia in 73 (29.2 %). Risk factors were similar between genders except higher rates of hyponatriuria, hypophosphaturia, and hypocalciuria in females. Hyperuricosuria, hyponatriuria, and hypovolemia were highest in 1-5 years (52, 49, 49 %) as compared to (18, 21, 12 %) those in 11-15 years (p < 0.001), respectively. This study shows that careful metabolic analysis can identify risk factors in 98 % of the children where appropriate metaphylaxis can be undertaken both for treatment and prevention of recurrence.

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Ammonia; Calcium; Child; Child, Preschool; Citrates; Diarrhea; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Oxalates; Pakistan; Phosphates; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Recurrence; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Uric Acid; Urinary Tract Infections; Urolithiasis

We report a case of severe nephrocalcinosis related to hypercalcaemia in a newborn with glucose-galactose malabsorption. He presented with poor growth and was noted to have polyuria, which was later recognised to be severe watery diarrhoea. We discuss the possible aetiological factors for nephrocalcinosis in this condition.

Topics: Calcium; Diarrhea; Galactose; Glucose; Growth Disorders; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Infant, Newborn; Karyotyping; Kidney; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Nephrocalcinosis; Oxalates; Polyuria; Ultrasonography

Certain sugar alcohols (polyols), notably mannitol, sorbitol and xylitol have gained use in food manufacturing for sweetening and technical purposes. These compounds are natural polyols that occur in small amounts in animals and plants. Some sugar alcohols, like xylitol, appear as normal intermediates in the carbohydrate metabolism. Exogenous mannitol, sorbitol and xylitol are metabolized in the human body along pre-existing, physiological pathways. Moderate doses of least xylitol and sorbitol are almost totally absorbed and metabolized, chiefly in the liver cells, thereby eventually contributing to the formation of glucose and liver glycogen. Various slowly absorbed carbohydrates, including sugar alcohols, when taken in orally in large quantities, can give rise to osmotic diarrhea. The available data indicate that the severity of such gastro-intestinal disturbances, induced by large doses of polyols, decrease in the following order: mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol. This osmotic diarrhea resembles that caused by lactose in subjects with restricted or frank lactose intolerance. The quantities of xylitol, for example, required to elicit diarrhea are so high that the consumption of xylitol for dental purposes does not cause any problems in children or adults. Long-term feeding trials and peroral loading experiments on human subjects have been unable to show any clinically significant differences between chronic users of xylitol and comparative human material in factors related to various metabolic functions of the body. These subjects have not shown any delayed or acute reactions which could be distinguished from those caused by the consumption of a sucrose diet. The available clinical data generally suggest that moderate consumption of the above polyols is not harmful to human metabolism.

Topics: Absorption; Administration, Oral; Diarrhea; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Mannitol; Osmosis; Oxalates; Sorbitol; Sugar Alcohols; Transaminases; Xylitol

Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Cholelithiasis; Diarrhea; Dogs; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Long-Term Care; Malabsorption Syndromes; Middle Aged; Oxalates; Parenteral Nutrition; Parenteral Nutrition, Total; Patient Care Team; Short Bowel Syndrome

In a clinical study 12 healthy volunteers consumed a standardized basal diet consecutively supplemented with either sucrose (6 days, 80-100 g/day) or xylitol (18 days, 40-100 g/day). Pre- and post-periods with normal diet were also included in the study. With the exception of a few cases of diarrhoea at the start of the xylitol administration no other clinical signs indicated treatment-related side-effects. Whereas during the xylitol period plasma cholesterol values tended to be decreased, triglyceride levels remained unaffected. Other parameters (such as urinary calcium and oxalate as well as plasma uric acid) which have been suggested to be influenced by carbohydrate consumption were in fact not altered by the dietary regimen of the present study. A variety of other serum and urinary parameters revealed also no between-treatment differences. It may be concluded from these data under the present experimental conditions that subchronic consumption of considerable doses of sucrose and xylitol respectively reveals no relevant changes of a variety of clinical parameters which would indicate any kind of metabolic intolerance to these sweetening substances.

Topics: Adult; Calcium; Cholesterol; Diarrhea; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Humans; Male; Oxalates; Oxalic Acid; Sex Factors; Triglycerides; Uric Acid; Xylitol

Ten patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia were subjected to partial ileal by-pass surgery. Plasma cholesterol fell by 41 and 38% and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 51 and 46% after six and 18 months respectively. High-density and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and plasma triglycerides were unaffected. Alanine aminotransferase increased transiently in half of the patients. Diarrhoea and slight steatorrhoea troubled most of the patients for the duration of 18 months' period of observation. Other long-term side effects were slight but significant increase in the renal excretion of oxalic acid and reduction in the intestinal absorption of calcium. The study shows that this operation has metabolic side-effects that warrant continued medical care of these patients.

Topics: Adult; Calcium, Dietary; Celiac Disease; Cholesterol; Diarrhea; Female; Humans; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II; Ileum; Intestinal Absorption; Jejunum; Lipoproteins; Male; Middle Aged; Oxalates; Oxalic Acid; Postoperative Complications; Postoperative Period; Triglycerides

Because of their amphiphilic properties, bile acids have important physiological functions. However, they can also be pathogenetically active. Some recent findings on the biochemistry and enterohepatic circulation of bile acids are presented. In contrast to the adult liver where the only primary bile acids formed are cholic- and chenodeoxycholic acid, the foetal liver is able to synthesise a variety of "atypical" bile acids. Under certain circumstances, a retrograde differentiation is possible in the adult. The very effective transport systems in gut and in the sinusoidal and canalicular membrane of the liver cell limit the bile acids almost exclusively to the enterohepatic circulation. During transport in blood, through biomembranes and in the liver cytosol, bile acids are bound to carrier proteins. The carrier has been detected using photoaffinity labelling. Following biotransformation (sulphation and glucuronidation) pathogenetically active bile acids can be converted into derivatives which can be rapidly eliminated. Disturbances of these mechanisms result in functional defects and diseases. The pathological significance of bile acids in hepato-biliary diseases is represented with regard to the cholestatic and proliferative effect of individual bile acids. The significance of bile acids in chologenic diarrhea, steatorrhea and enteral hyperoxaluria are presented as examples of the pathogenetic effects of bile acids on the gut. In these diseases it is possible to recognise the specific effects of certain bile acids on the colon mucosa. Recent studies have demonstrated that bile acids are possibly of pathogenetic significance in the case of epidemiologically proven relationship between colon carcinoma and high fat, high cholesterol and low fibre diets.

Topics: Bile Acids and Salts; Biliary Tract Diseases; Biological Transport, Active; Carrier Proteins; Celiac Disease; Cholestasis; Colonic Neoplasms; Cytosol; Diarrhea; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Kidney Calculi; Lipoproteins, HDL; Liver; Liver Diseases; Molecular Weight; Oxalates

Fourteen patients with jejunoileal bypass for obesity were treated for one week with a calcium supplement of 3g daily. During this period diarrhoea was significantly (P < 0.005) reduced by 23 per cent (97 per cent confidence limits: 7-46 per cent). Ten of the patients had hyperoxaluria (median value 961 mumol/24 h; range 633-2742 mumol/24 h). The treatment with calcium significantly (P < 0.005) decreased the concentration of oxalate in urine by 23 per cent (98 per cent confidence limits: -5-+54 per cent). The calcium supplement did not increase urinary calcium-excretion rate or albumin-corrected serum calcium.

Topics: Adult; Calcium; Diarrhea; Feces; Humans; Ileum; Jejunum; Middle Aged; Obesity; Oxalates

A review of the problems associated with extensive jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity in a series of 175 carefully selected patients is presented. Five postoperative deaths occurred (3%). Nonfatal complications occurred in 21%, with wound infections (14 patients) being the most common. Good results marked by weight reduction to the range of ideal weight without significant electrolyte or metabolic aberrations was observed in 82% of the patients receiving the current dimensional modificatiom of end-to-end jejunoileal bypass (30 cm to 20cm). An additional 13% had fair results and only 5% had poor results. There were six deaths during follow-up: liver failure in four patients (secondary to alcohol abuse in two), myocardial infarction in one, and one from unknown causes. Bypass reversal was necessary for refractory liver failure in three patients (two from alcohol abuse), and for persistent diarrhea with secondary electrolyte depletion in two patients. One of these patients was complicated by severe emotional instability. This experience suggests that the majority of carefully selected patients will have a good response to jejunoileal bypass.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia; Avitaminosis; Body Weight; Cholelithiasis; Diarrhea; Electrolytes; Fatty Liver; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gout; Humans; Hypoproteinemia; Ileum; Jejunum; Kidney Calculi; Liver Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Oxalates; Postoperative Complications

Initially, diarrhea is almost universal but becomes self-limited unless the patient persists in overeating. Weight loss averages 75 to 100 lb the first year, with a stable level generally achieved after 18 months. Among the serious potential complications are enteritis, kidney stones, gallstones, and hepatopathology. Some can be anticipated and kept at bay by prophylactic measures like high-protein intake.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis; Body Temperature Regulation; Cholelithiasis; Dermatitis; Diarrhea; Dietary Proteins; Enteritis; Fatty Liver; Humans; Ileum; Intestinal Absorption; Kidney Calculi; Liver Diseases; Obesity; Oxalates; Postoperative Complications

Topics: Bile Acids and Salts; Child; Cholelithiasis; Cholestasis; Diarrhea; Fats; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Ileum; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intestinal Absorption; Liver; Liver Circulation; Liver Cirrhosis; Malabsorption Syndromes; Oxalates; Pancreatic Diseases

Topics: Bacteria; Bile Acids and Salts; Biliary Tract Diseases; Celiac Disease; Cholelithiasis; Cholestyramine Resin; Colon; Diarrhea; Diet; Enterohepatic Circulation; Fecal Impaction; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Ileum; Intestinal Absorption; Intestines; Neomycin; Oxalates; Triglycerides; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Hypochromic; Avitaminosis; Cholelithiasis; Diarrhea; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gout; Humans; Ileum; Jejunum; Kidney Calculi; Liver Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Oxalates; Postoperative Complications

Knowledge of the crystalline structure of the calculus provides the basis of the therapeutic plan. Laboratory evaluation depends heavily upon routine urinalysis. Assessment of renal function, serum calcium, phosphorus, uric acid and, in some cases electrolytes is usually indicated, as is urography. General principles of management include maintenance of an ample urine volume, eradication of infection and correction of any obstructing lesions or metabolic abnormalities. Specific antistone regimens are indicated for patients with recurrent urolithiasis.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Calcium; Cystinuria; Diarrhea; Female; Humans; Hydrochlorothiazide; Intestinal Diseases; Kidney Calculi; Male; Oxalates; Phosphates; Proteus Infections; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi

Topics: Adult; Calcium; Cholestyramine Resin; Diarrhea; Diet; Diet Therapy; Diet, Reducing; Female; Humans; Intestine, Small; Kidney Calculi; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Oxalates; Postoperative Complications; Radiography; Taurine; Urinary Calculi

Topics: Adult; Aged; Cholestyramine Resin; Crohn Disease; Diarrhea; Diet; Female; Humans; Ileostomy; Male; Middle Aged; Oxalates

Topics: Adult; Bile Acids and Salts; Cholestyramine Resin; Diarrhea; Feces; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Male; Oxalates; Taurine; Tritium

Topics: Crohn Disease; Diarrhea; Humans; Ileum; Oxalates; Postoperative Complications