oxalates and Body-Weight

The present state of knowledge of the pathophysiology of urolithiasis and the assignment to subgroups according to varying aetiology is outlined. In addition, a diagnostic programme is insight proposed which has proved of value in ambulatory patients attending specialist departments. It permits into the underlying disturbances and may be considered a prerequisite for effective treatment. It is suggested that this general scheme of clinical investigation is a reasonable basis to the medical care of patients with urinary calculi.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Body Weight; Calcium; Diuresis; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Infrared Rays; Oxalates; Spectrum Analysis; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections; X-Ray Diffraction

Currently, the recommended upper limit for ascorbic acid (AA) intake is 2000 mg/d. However, because AA is endogenously converted to oxalate and appears to increase the absorption of dietary oxalate, supplementation may increase the risk of kidney stones. The effect of AA supplementation on urinary oxalate was studied in a randomized, crossover, controlled design in which subjects consumed a controlled diet in a university metabolic unit. Stoneformers (n = 29; SF) and age- and gender-matched non-stoneformers (n = 19; NSF) consumed 1000 mg AA twice each day with each morning and evening meal for 6 d (treatment A), and no AA for 6 d (treatment N) in random order. After 5 d of adaptation to a low-oxalate diet, participants lived for 24 h in a metabolic unit, during which they were given 136 mg oxalate, including 18 mg 13C2 oxalic acid, 2 h before breakfast; they then consumed a controlled very low-oxalate diet for 24 h. Of the 48 participants, 19 (12 stoneformers, 7 non-stoneformers) were identified as responders, defined by an increase in 24-h total oxalate excretion > 10% after treatment A compared with N. Responders had a greater 24-h Tiselius Risk Index (TRI) with AA supplementation (1.10 +/- 0.66 treatment A vs. 0.76 +/- 0.42 treatment N) because of a 31% increase in the percentage of oxalate absorption (10.5 +/- 3.2% treatment A vs. 8.0 +/- 2.4% treatment N) and a 39% increase in endogenous oxalate synthesis with treatment A than during treatment N (544 +/- 131 A vs. 391 +/- 71 micromol/d N). The 1000 mg AA twice each day increased urinary oxalate and TRI for calcium oxalate kidney stones in 40% of participants, both stoneformers and non-stoneformers.

Topics: Adult; Ascorbic Acid; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Calcium; Calcium Oxalate; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Humans; Hyperoxaluria; Kidney Calculi; Male; Oxalates; Reference Values; Risk Factors

Urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, uric acid, oxalate, and creatinine was measured in 208 children (aged 8-15 years, 124 boys, 84 girls), living in a residential school near New Delhi. Levels were reduced compared with those reported from developed countries. The 95th percentile value of 24-h creatinine excretion was 33.4 mg/kg, calcium 2.2 mg/kg, magnesium 2.9 mg/kg, phosphate 9.4 mg/kg, uric acid 4.4 mg/kg, and oxalate 1.5 mg/kg. The 95th percentile value of the urine calcium/creatinine ratio was 0.15 and oxalate/creatinine 0.06. The dietary intake of proteins, calcium, and other nutrients in these children was less than recommended and explained the reduced urinary excretion observed. Physicians need to be aware of the regional patterns of normal urinary excretion of these constituents.

Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Body Height; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Calcium; Child; Creatinine; Female; Humans; India; Magnesium; Male; Minerals; Oxalates; Phosphates; Reference Values; Sex Characteristics; Uric Acid

We evaluated the effects of hydrochlorothiazide administration in relation to Ca balance, the PTH and vitamin D endocrine systems, acid-base balance, and bone. We studied six healthy men fed constant diets providing only 5.1 +/- 0.7 SD mmoles Ca/day. Three of the men were also given calcitriol, 0.5 microgram 6-hrly throughout their studies. All subjects were observed during 18 control days and then during 18 days of hydrochlorothiazide (HTZ) administration, 25 mg 12-hrly. Observations during control days 11 through 16 were compared to those during days 7 through 18 of HTZ administration, inclusively. Directional changes during HTZ did not differ among subjects not given or given calcitriol. For all six subjects, control net intestinal Ca absorption, serum 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations, serum iPTH concentrations, and daily urine cAMP excretion averaged 0.5 +/- 2.2 mmoles/day, 162 +/- 51 pM, 4.3 +/- 2.2 microliter Eq/ml and 4.2 +/- 0.9 mumoles/day, respectively; none changed during HTZ. As expected, HTZ administration was accompanied by a fall in urinary Ca excretion, averaging -1.4 +/- 0.8 mmoles/day; P less than 0.01. HTZ administration was also accompanied by less negative Ca balances, averaging +1.6 +/- 1.0 mmoles/day; P less than 0.025, and by a fall in daily urinary hydroxyproline excretion averaging -0.13 +/- 0.09 mmoles/day; P less than 0.025. We interpret these data to indicate that HTZ administration is accompanied by an inhibition of bone resorption. HTZ administration also raised serum HCO3 concentrations by +2.7 +/- 0.5 mEq/liter; P less than 0.001 and blood pH by + 0.05 +/- 0.02 units; P less than 0.005.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Adult; Bicarbonates; Body Weight; Bone Resorption; Calcitriol; Calcium; Creatinine; Cyclic AMP; Diuresis; Homeostasis; Humans; Hydrochlorothiazide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydroxyproline; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Minerals; Oxalates; Parathyroid Hormone; Potassium; Sodium

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Body Height; Body Weight; Calcium; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Citrates; Clinical Trials as Topic; Crystallization; Deficiency Diseases; Diet Therapy; Diphosphates; Humans; Infant; Magnesium; Male; Milk; Oxalates; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Rural Health; Sulfates; Thailand; Uric Acid; Urinary Bladder Calculi

Kidney stones are a common complication of hyperoxaluria. The aim of this study is to investigate the protective and preventive effects of Ulva lactuca aqueous extract, ulvan polysaccharides and atorvastatin on ethylene glycol-induced hyperoxaluria.. Male Wistar rats between 110 and 145 g in weight were used in the study, Ulva lactuca aqueous extract and polysaccharides were prepared. The male albino rats were supplemented with 0.75 percent ethylene glycol (v/v) in their drinking water for six weeks to induce hyperoxaluria. Ulvan infusions (100 mg/kg body weight), ulvan polysaccharides (100 mg/kg body weight), and atorvastatin (two milligrams/kg body weight) to treat hyperoxaluric rats for four weeks (every other day) were used. Weight loss, serum creatinine, serum urea, serum uric acid, serum oxalate, kidney oxalate, kidney lipid peroxidation, and kidney DNA fragmentation and kidney histopathological studies were done.. Weight loss, rise of serum creatinine, serum urea, serum uric acid, serum oxalate, kidney oxalate, kidney lipid peroxidation, and kidney DNA fragmentation were all shown to be prevented by the addition of atorvastatin, polysaccharides, or aqueous extract, respectively. Catalase (CAT) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, and histopathological perturbations were all significantly reduced by the medicines that were studied.. Hyperoxaluria caused by ethylene glycol may be prevented by a combination of Ulva lactuca aqueous extract, ulvan polysaccharides, and atorvastatin. A reduction in renal oxidative stress and an improvement of the antioxidant defense system may be responsible for these protective benefits. However, Ulva lactuca infusion and ulvan polysaccharides need to be studied further in humans, in order to determine their efficacy and safety.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Atorvastatin; Body Weight; Creatinine; Ethylene Glycol; Humans; Hyperoxaluria; Kidney; Male; Oxalates; Polysaccharides; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Ulva; Urea; Uric Acid; Weight Loss

Chemical modification of cellulose is currently attracting attention as researchers attempt to take advantage of the abundance of hydroxyl groups on its surface to introduce extra biological functionality. However, the possible deleterious effect of exposure to functionalized nanocellulose (CSN) remains a concern. Therefore, this study aims to explore the potential mechanisms of hepatotoxicity of CSN modified with oxalate ester (NCD) in rats. A 7-day repeated oral toxicity study of NCD at the doses of 50 and 100 mg kg

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cellulose; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Male; Models, Animal; Nanoparticles; Oxalates; Rats

Treatment targeting osteopontin (OPN) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‑1) has been recognized as a novel approach in renal crystal formation. The present study was designed to investigate the suppressive effects of metformin on nephrolithiasis formation and its potential mechanism. The cytotoxicity of metformin on MDCK and HK‑2 cells was determined using a Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay in vitro. Subsequently, the mRNA transcription and protein expression levels of MCP‑1 and OPN were detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative‑polymerase chain reaction analysis, western blot analysis and ELISA. Male Sprague‑Dawley rats were divided into a control group, ethylene glycol (EG) group and EG + metformin group. The expression levels of MCP‑1 and OPN and crystal formations were evaluated in renal tissues following an 8‑week treatment period. In vitro, metformin significantly inhibited the production of MCP‑1 and OPN induced by oxalate at the mRNA and protein expression levels. In vivo, increased expression levels of MCP‑1 and OPN were detected in the EG group compared with the controls, and this upregulation was reversed in the EG + metformin group. Renal crystal deposition in the EG + metformin group was markedly decreased compared with that in the EG group. Therefore, the results of the study suggest that metformin suppressed urinary crystal deposit formation, possibly by mediating the expression of inflammatory mediators OPN and MCP‑1.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cell Death; Chemokine CCL2; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Ethylene Glycol; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; Male; Metformin; Osteopontin; Oxalates; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; RNA, Messenger; Up-Regulation

Hyperoxaluria and oxidative stress are risk factors in calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone formation. Supplement with antioxidant could be effective in prevention of recurrent stone formation. The present study aims to evaluate the protective effects of vitamin E and vitamin C in hyperoxaluric rat. The experiment was performed in rats for 21 days. Rats were divided into 5 groups as follows: control (group 1, n=8), hyperoxaluric rats (group 2, n=8), hyperoxaluric rats with vitamin E supplement (group 3, n=7), hyperoxaluric rats with vitamin C supplement (group 4, n=7) and hyperoxaluric rats with vitamin E and C supplement (group 5, n=7). Hyperoxaluria was induced by feeding hydroxyl L-proline (HLP) 2% w/v dissolved in drinking water. Intraperitoneal 200 mg/kg of vitamin E was given in groups 3 and 5 on days 1, 6, 11 and 16, while 500 mg of vitamin C was injected intravenously in groups 4 and 5 on days 1 and 11. Renal functions and oxidative status were measured. The urinary oxalate excretion was increased in HLP supplement rats, while glomerular filtration rate, proximal water and sodium reabsorption were significantly lower in group 2 compared with a control (P<0.05). Giving antioxidants significantly lower urinary calcium oxalate crystals (P<0.05). Hyperoxaluric rats had higher plasma malondialdehyde (PMDA) and lower urinary total antioxidant status (UTAS), which were alleviated by vitamin E and/or vitamin C supplement. In conclusion, giving combination of vitamin E and vitamin C exerts a protective role against HLP-induced oxalate nephropathy.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Citrates; Drinking; Drug Therapy, Combination; Eating; Electrolytes; Hemodynamics; Hyperoxaluria; Kidney; Kidney Calculi; Kidney Glomerulus; Male; Oxalates; Protective Agents; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vitamin E

This study sought to explore the influence of different body weight statuses on 24-hour urine compositions in adults without urolithiasis based on a nationwide study of a Chinese Han population.. Twenty-four-hour urine samples from 584 Chinese Han adults without urolithiasis in six cities were analyzed. The participants were divided into four body weight status types according to their body mass indices (BMIs) according to WHO guidelines. The baseline characteristics and 24-hour urine compositions of the standard weight group were compared with those of the underweight, overweight and obese groups. The influences of different body weight statuses on the 24-hour urine compositions were explored using univariate and multivariate logistic regressions.. The numbers of participants in the underweight, standard weight, overweight and obese status groups were 24, 376, 149 and 35, respectively. The overweight and obese groups suffered significantly higher risks of hypertension and diabetes mellitus than the standard weight group. In the univariate analyses, compared with the standard weight group, the overweight group had significantly higher levels of urine citrate (mean difference [MD] = 0.51 mmol, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15-0.87, P = 0.001), potassium (MD = 6.63 mmol, 95% CI: 1.13-12.14, P = 0.01) and magnesium (MD = 0.38 mmol, 95% CI: 0.08-0.69, P = 0.014). Significant increases in urine citrate (MD = 0.85 mmol, 95% CI: 0.01-1.68, P = 0.046), magnesium (MD = 0.69 mmol, 95% CI: 0.13-1.25, P = 0.016) and phosphate (MD = 2.28 mmol, 95% CI: 0.03-4.54, P = 0.047) were found in the obese group. No significant differences were detected between the standard weight and underweight groups. In the multivariate logistic regression analyses, we only observed significantly higher levels of urine potassium (odds ratio [OR] = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.04, P = 0.03) in the overweight group and phosphate (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.05-1.66, P = 0.018) in the obese group when compared with the standard weight group.. Nonstone-forming adults with overweight or obese statuses were at higher risks of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Obese nonstone-formers might have a greater risk of urinary stone formation due to increased urinary phosphate excretion. Additionally, underweight status had no influence on 24-hour urine composition.

Topics: Adult; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Calcium; China; Citric Acid; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Logistic Models; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Obesity; Overweight; Oxalates; Sodium; Uric Acid; Urolithiasis

Catecholamines, which are physiologically important neurotransmitters and hormones, apparently decrease in the brain and plasma as some species age. Because this observation has engendered controversy, we used mice to investigate whether age-related changes occur in adrenal catecholamine levels and in the expression of catecholamine synthetic enzymes.. Adrenal glands were collected from male C57BL/6NCr mice at the ages of 6, 12 and 24 months. Catecholamines, such as dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (AD) from those glands, were measured by using a highly sensitive liquid chromatographic method with peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence reaction detection. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopa decarboxylase, dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) mRNA expression levels were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.. Although DA levels in the adrenals of 24-month-old mice were higher than in 6- and 12-month-old mice, the AD content decreased with age. In such mice, the ratio of DA to NA at 24 months was lower than at 12 months, and the ratio of NA to AD content at 24 months was significantly lower than at 6 months. The mRNA expression ratios in TH, DBH and PNMT in 24-month-old mice were all lower than in 12-month-old mice.. These results strongly suggest that catecholamine synthesis, in general, declines with aging in the adrenal glands of mice and that AD, in particular, undergoes a significant decrease with advancing age.

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Chromatography, Liquid; Dopa Decarboxylase; Dopamine; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase; Epinephrine; Luminescence; Luminescent Agents; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred Strains; Neurotransmitter Agents; Norepinephrine; Organ Size; Oxalates; Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Homoscedasticity (constant variance over axes or among statistical factors) is an integral assumption of most statistical analyses. However, a number of empirical studies in model organisms and humans demonstrate significant differences in residual variance (that component of phenotype unexplained by known factors) or intra-individual variation among genotypes. Our work suggests that renal traits may be particularly susceptible to randomization by genetic and non-genetic factors, including endogenous variables like age and weight.. We tested associations between age, weight and intra-individual variation in urinary calcium, citrate, chloride, creatinine, potassium, magnesium, sodium, ammonium, oxalate, phosphorus, sulfate, uric acid and urea nitrogen in 9,024 male and 6,758 female kidney stone patients. Coefficients of variation (CVs) were calculated for each individual for each solute from paired 24-hour urines. Analysis of CVs was corrected for inter-measurement collection variance in creatinine and urine volume. CVs for sodium and urea nitrogen were included to correct for dietary salt and protein.. Age was positively associated with individual CVs for calcium and negatively associated with CVs for potassium, ammonium and phosphorus (p(FDR) < 0.01). Weight was associated with CVs for creatinine, magnesium and uric acid, and negatively associated with CVs for calcium, potassium and oxalate (p(FDR) < 0.05).. Intra-individual variation changes over age and weight axes for numerous urinary solutes. Changing residual variance over age and weight could cause bias in the detection or estimation of genetic or environmental effects. New methodologies may need to account for such residual unpredictability, especially in diverse collections.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Body Weight; Calcium; Chlorides; Citrates; Creatinine; Female; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Magnesium; Male; Middle Aged; Oxalates; Phosphorus; Potassium; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sodium; Sulfates; Uric Acid; Urinalysis; Young Adult

Urinary tract stones are an important clinical problem in human and veterinary medicine. Hyperoxaluria is the single strongest promoter of kidney stone formation. The aims of the present study were to (a) evaluate oxalate degradation by a range of Bifidobacteria species and Lactobacillus species isolated from the canine and feline gastrointestinal tract in vitro and (b) to determine the impact of oxalate degradation by selected strains in vivo. The bacteria were grown in oxalate-containing media and their ability to degrade oxalate in vitro was determined using reverse-phased HPLC. Bifidobacteria species and Lactobacillus species that degraded oxalate in vitro and survived gastric transit were selected for further examination. The selected probiotics were fed to rats for 4 weeks. Urine was collected at week's 0, 2 and 4 and oxalate levels determined by HPLC. In vitro degradation was detected for 11/18 of the Lactobacillus species. In contrast, the capacity to degrade oxalate was not detected for any of the 13 Bifidobacterium species tested. Lactobacillus animalis 223C, Lactobacillus murinus 1222, L. animalis 5323 and L. murinus 3133 were selected for further investigation in a rat model. Urinary oxalate levels were significantly reduced (p<0.05) in animals fed L. animalis 5323 and L. animalis 223C but were unaltered when fed L. murinus 1222, L. murinus 3133 or placebo. Probiotic organisms vary widely in their capacity to degrade oxalate. In vitro degradation does not uniformly translate to an impact in vivo. The results have therapeutic implications and may influence the choice of probiotic, particularly in the setting of enteric hyperoxaluria.

Topics: Animals; Bifidobacterium; Body Weight; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; Lactobacillus; Oxalates; Probiotics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Urinary Calculi

Oxaliplatin is a key drug in the treatment of advanced metastatic colorectal cancer, but it causes acute peripheral neuropathy (acral paresthesias triggered by exposure to cold) and chronic neuropathy (abnormal of sensory and motor dysfunction). Oxaliplatin is metabolized to oxalate and dichloro(1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum (Pt(dach)Cl(2)). Although the chelating of Ca(2+) with oxalate eliminated from oxaliplatin is thought as one of the reasons for the neuropathy, there is little behavioral evidence. In this study, we investigated the involvement of oxalate in the oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats. Oxaliplatin (4mg/kg, i.p., twice a week) induced cold hyperalgesia/allodynia (cold-plate and acetone tests) in the early phase, and mechanical allodynia (von Frey test) in the late phase. Oxalate (1.3mg/kg, i.p., twice a week) induced the cold hyperalgesia/allodynia in the early phase, but did not induce the mechanical allodynia. On the other hand, Pt(dach)Cl(2) (3.8mg/kg, i.p., twice a week) induced the mechanical allodynia in the late phase, but did not induce the cold hyperalgesia/allodynia. The pre-administration of calcium or magnesium (0.5mmol/kg, i.v.) before oxaliplatin or oxalate prevented the cold hyperalgesia but not mechanical allodynia. However, the treatment with calcium or magnesium after the development of neuropathy could not attenuate the cold hyperalgesia or mechanical allodynia. These findings suggest the involvement of oxalate in oxaliplatin-induced cold hyperalgesia but not mechanical allodynia, and usefulness of prophylactic treatments with calcium and magnesium on the acute peripheral neuropathy.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Body Weight; Calcium; Cold Temperature; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hyperalgesia; Magnesium; Male; Neuralgia; Organoplatinum Compounds; Oxalates; Oxaliplatin; Pain Measurement; Pain Threshold; Physical Stimulation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Higher levels of urinary oxalate substantially increase the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stones. However, the determinants of urinary oxalate excretion are unclear. The objective was to examine the impact of dietary factors, age, body size, diabetes, and urinary factors on 24-h urinary oxalate.. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 3348 stone forming and non-stone-forming participants in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (men), the Nurses' Health Study (older women), and the Nurses' Health Study II (younger women).. Median urinary oxalate was 39 mg/d in men, 27 mg/d in older women, and 26 mg/d in younger women. Participants in the highest quartile of dietary oxalate excreted 1.7 mg/d more urinary oxalate than participants in the lowest quartile (P trend 0.001). The relation between dietary and urinary oxalate was similar in individuals with and without nephrolithiasis. Participants consuming 1000 mg/d or more of vitamin C excreted 6.8 mg/d more urinary oxalate than participants consuming <90 mg/d (P trend < 0.001). Body mass index, total fructose intake, and 24-h urinary potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus levels also were positively associated with urinary oxalate. Calcium intake and age were inversely associated with urinary oxalate. After adjustment for body size, participants with diabetes excreted 2.0 mg/d more urinary oxalate than those without diabetes (P < 0.01).. The impact of dietary oxalate on urinary oxalate appears to be small. Further investigation of factors influencing urinary oxalate may lead to new approaches to prevent calcium kidney stones.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Ascorbic Acid; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Circadian Rhythm; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Complications; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Female; Fructose; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Magnesium; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Assessment; Oxalates; Phosphorus; Potassium

Oxidative stress has emerged as an invariable feature of calculogenesis, the process of stone formation. The cytoprotective action of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in calcium oxalate-induced oxidative renal injury in experimental calculogenesis was studied.. A renal membrane injury model involving gentamicin (40 mg/kg body weight) and 2% ammonium oxalate was used. Rats induced with gentamicin and ammonium oxalate were investigated for any impairment of cellular redox status as revealed by renal superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, xanthine oxidase activities and glutathione, ascorbate levels. In renal membrane protein activities such as aminotransferases in kidney and lactate dehydrogenase, total protein in urine of rats rendered lithogenic were assessed and compared with healthy vehicle-treated controls. The biochemical index of tissue lipid peroxidation was assessed in terms of malondialdehyde formation. LMWH was co-administered (250 microg/kg body weight) to gentamicin- and ammonium oxalate-dosed rats.. The extent of oxidative damage was indicated by the increased lipid peroxidation in the renal tissues of gentamicin- and ammonium oxalate-administered groups. The decline in the antioxidative status of the stone forming kidneys further confirmed the oxidative stress to renal cells. The extensive nephritic damage in the form of proteinuria was quite evident and the injured status of the tissue was reflected in the significant alterations of the few membrane associated enzyme levels in urine and the kidney. LMWH restricted all the cyto-oxidative ill effects of ammonium oxalate and gentamicin.. Low molecular weight heparin has antioxidant potential in countering the oxalate/calcium oxalate-mediated oxidative challenge in the experimental lithogenic model.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Biomarkers; Body Weight; Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; Kidney; Male; Organ Size; Oxalates; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Wistar

Hyperoxaluria is a risk factor for renal stones. It appears to be sustained by increased dietary load or increased intestinal absorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether oral administration of lactobacilli could prevent urolithiasis in stone-forming rats. Oxalate-degrading activities of lactobacilli were evaluated by measuring the oxalate level in a culture medium after inoculation with lactobacilli. Only the strains of Lactobacillus having oxalate-degrading activity were used. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a powdered standard diet containing 3% sodium oxalate and/or received 100 mg/kg of celecoxib for the first 8 days by gavage, before or after the beginning of this experiment (groups with previous treatment or with co-treatment). Rats were sacrificed after 4 weeks and kidneys were harvested for the assay of crystal formation under a dissecting microscope. Twenty-four-hour urine collections were performed before kidney harvest. Only two strains, Lactobacillus casei HY2743 and L. casei HY7201 out of 31 strains of Lactobacillus were able to degrade oxalate. In both groups of co-treatment and previous treatment with L. casei HY2743 and L. casei HY7201, urine oxalate excretion decreased compared to the group without lactobacilli. The dissecting microscope examination of kidneys in the rats in two previous treatment groups and the co-treatment group with L. casei HY7201 showed less abundant crystals than control groups. Our results show that lactobacilli may be used as a potential therapeutic strategy in the prevention of urinary stones.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Citric Acid; Crystallization; Kidney; Kidney Calculi; Lactobacillus; Male; Oxalates; Pilot Projects; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Our understanding of nitrosative stress in the process of urolithiasis is far from complete. Earlier studies carried out in our laboratory demonstrate the presence of nitrated THP in stone formers, l-arginine (l-arg) a precursor of nitric oxide (NO), attenuates the endothelial dysfunction caused by reactive nitrogen species. We investigated the role of l-arg in ethylene glycol (EG)-induced urolithic rat model and observed its antilithic and antioxidative properties.. Hyperoxaluria was induced using 0.75% EG in drinking water. l-arg [1.25 g/kg body weight] was given orally for a period of 28 days.. EG-treated rats showed significant loss in body weight and increase in the activities of oxalate synthesizing enzymes such as glycollic acid oxidase in liver. Lactate dehydrogenase activity in liver and kidney was increased. The activity of the free radical producing enzyme xanthine oxidase, tissue oxalate and calcium levels were significantly increased in EG-treated rats. Depletion in the antioxidant enzymes, membrane bound ATPases and thiol status was observed in these rats. l-arg co-supplementation to EG-treated rats maintained the activities of the oxalate synthesizing enzymes and free radical producing enzymes with in the normal range. Tissue oxalate and calcium levels were also maintained near normal in l-arg treated hyperoxaluric rats. l-arg, by its cytoprotective effect, maintained the thiol status, thereby preserving the activities of the membrane bound ATPases and preventing proteinuria and subsequent weight loss in EG-treated rats.. l-arg feeding prevents the retention of calcium oxalate crystals in hyperoxaluric rats by way of protecting the renal cells from oxidative injury and also by providing a second line of defense through the normalization of the oxalate metabolism. It reduces the risk of stone formation, by curtailing free radicals and hyperoxaluria as both of them have to work in close association to form stones.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Arginine; Body Weight; Dietary Supplements; Disease Models, Animal; Ethylene Glycol; Free Radicals; Hyperoxaluria; Kidney; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Liver; Male; Nitrosation; Oxalates; Oxidative Stress; Oxidoreductases; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Uricosuric Agents; Urinary Calculi

The metabolic functions of NADP(+)-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase (ID2), which may participate in the production of NADPH and biosynthesis of fatty acids, are not yet clearly understood. Accordingly, the current study investigated the effect of oxalomalate, known as a competitive inhibitor of ID2 in vitro, on lipid metabolism and the cellular defense system in vivo. Male Sprague Dawley rats (3 weeks old) were divided into two groups, fed a pelletized AIN-76 semisynthetic diet for 8 weeks, and injected intraperioneally with either saline or oxalomalate (25 mg/kg BW) dissolved in saline every 2 days. Oxalomalate did not lower the body weight and adipose tissue weight significantly; however, it significantly lower the plasma leptin concentration (p < 0.000), plasma and hepatic triglyceride levels (p < 0.01, p < 0.05), and adipocyte lipoprotein lipase activity (p < 0.01) compared to the control group. Meanwhile, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities, except for superoxide dismutase activity (p < 0.01), glutathione content, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels were not significantly different between the groups. Therefore, the current data suggests that oxalomalate produces a triglyceride-lowering activity and play a possible inhibitory role in fat accumulation. Furthermore, it was not found to affect the most antioxidative enzyme activities, glutathione content, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels in rats fed normal diet.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Alanine Transaminase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Body Weight; Catalase; Glutathione; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Leptin; Lipoprotein Lipase; Liver; Male; Organ Size; Oxalates; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superoxide Dismutase; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Triglycerides

Sixty weanling Large White x Duroc pigs were allocated to five groups of 12 pigs per group and fed on one of five diets. The five diets comprised 0, 50% and 100% unboiled, sun-dried taro cocoyam cormels (Colocasia esculenta) and 50% and 100% boiled, sun-dried taro cocoyam cormels as replacements for maize. The levels of some antinutritional factors were also determined in both boiled and unboiled, sun-dried taro cocoyam. Boiling reduced (p < 0.05) the amounts of the antinutritional factors in the taro cocoyam cormels. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in feed intake, weight gain or feed efficiency between the diets containing boiled taro cocoyam cormels. However, for unboiled, sun-dried taro cocoyam cormels, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in weight gain and feed efficiency, these being depressed at more than 50% replacement of maize. This may be due to the relatively high amounts of antinutritional factors in the unboiled, sun-dried taro cormels. Boiled taro cocoyam cormels were comparable to maize as an energy source in the diets of weanling pigs.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Colocasia; Female; Male; Nigeria; Oxalates; Phytic Acid; Saponins; Swine; Tannins

Ti4+ in soil is a natural antibiotic mobilized by bacteria-generated H+. When added to the diet of young mice, Ti4+ enhanced their growth. These and observations of others indicate that Ti4+ has a variety of biological roles.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Biological Availability; Body Weight; Diet; Digestive System; Feces; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Mice; Oxalates; Soil Microbiology; Titanium

Male weanling rats were maintained on magnesium-deficient diet for 30 d and compared with pair-fed control rats fed magnesium-supplemented diet. Magnesium deficiency led to slow growth and finally to a significant decrease in body weight (P < 0.001) accompanied by a significant hypomagnesaemia, hypomagnesuria and hyperoxaluria (P < 0.001 in each case) in experimental rats as compared to the control rats. Magnesium deficiency altered the glyoxylate metabolism in the liver and kidney mitochondria by significantly decreasing glyoxylate oxidation (by 26 per cent in liver and 17 per cent in kidney) and activity of alpha-ketoglutarate:glyoxylate carboligase enzyme (by 35 per cent in liver and 27 per cent in kidney) in the experimental animals. A significant increase in the specific activities of glycolic acid oxidase (P < 0.001) and glycolic acid dehydrogenase (P < 0.01) and a significant decrease in alanine transaminase (P < 0.01) was also observed in magnesium-deficient rats. No change in liver and kidney lactate dehydrogenase was observed. Thus magnesium deficiency in rats leads to accumulation of glyoxylate in the tissues, a part of which is converted into oxalate, thereby promoting hyperoxaluria.

Topics: Aldehyde-Ketone Transferases; Animals; Body Weight; Kidney; Liver; Magnesium Deficiency; Male; Mitochondria; Mitochondria, Liver; Organ Size; Oxalates; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxo-Acid-Lyases; Rats; Rats, Wistar

Vitamin B-6 deficiency has been reported to produce behavioral, neurophysiological and neuropathological abnormalities in a variety of species. In this investigation we used brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) to determine if vitamin B-6 deficiency in cats affected peripheral and brainstem auditory pathways. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials were recorded from growing cats as they developed vitamin B-6 deficiency, which was confirmed using clinical, hematological and urinary criteria. The BAEP interwave intervals measured from early (wave 1 or 1N) to late waves (5N) or from middle (wave 3) to late waves increased significantly, whereas interwave intervals from early to middle waves did not differ significantly. These results indicate that vitamin B-6 deficiency affects one or more structures of the brainstem that generate the later parts of the BAEP. The finding of prolonged interwave intervals in vitamin B-6-deficient animals is consistent with slowed axonal conduction velocity secondary to defective myelination. Recording BAEP provided a noninvasive means of detecting effects of vitamin B-6 deficiency on specific parts of the central nervous system.

Topics: Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Body Weight; Cats; Disease Models, Animal; Electrodes; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; Hemoglobins; Oxalates; Pyridoxine; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency

The rabbit has been used for decades for predictive testing of skin irritancy, but in recent years, the guinea pig has been suggested as an alternative, especially for assessment of one of the components of the irritant reaction: edema (fluid accumulation). A method based on skin-fold measurements with Harpenden calipers has been developed and modified. In previous papers, experience with sodium lauryl sulphate, nonanoic acid and industrial solvents was reported. The present results concern the use of cutting fluids, buffered and unbuffered acid and alkaline solutions, formalin and dimethyl sulfoxide. This inexpensive and comparatively unsophisticated method afforded clear dose-response relationships and good discriminating power. The only exception was the acid and alkaline solutions, where no changes in skin-fold thickness were observed despite their documented irritant potential. The appearance of erythema (visual scoring) and the increase in skin-fold thickness, and their relationship, are discussed with some illustrative examples. The method described is now well standardized and is suited for predictive testing of the edema-inducing capacity of chemicals and products.

Topics: Allergens; Aluminum; Animals; Body Weight; Dermatitis, Irritant; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Edema; Formaldehyde; Guinea Pigs; Hydrochloric Acid; Industrial Oils; Oxalates; Oxalic Acid; Predictive Value of Tests; Skin Diseases; Skinfold Thickness; Sodium Hydroxide

The chronic use of dichloroacetate (DCA) for diabetes mellitus or hyperlipoproteinemias has been compromised by neurologic and other forms of toxicity. DCA is metabolized to glyoxylate, which is converted to oxalate and, in the presence of adequate thiamine levels, to other metabolites. DCA stimulates the thiamine-dependent enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase. We postulated that the neurotoxicity from chronic DCA administration could result from depletion of body thiamine stores and abnormal metabolism of oxalate, a known neurotoxin. For 7 weeks, rats were fed ad lib. Purina chow and water or chow plus sodium DCA (50 mg/kg or 1.1 g/kg) in water. A portion of the DCA-treated animals also received intraperitoneal injections of 600 micrograms thiamine three times weekly or 600 micrograms thiamine daily by mouth. Thiamine status was assessed by determining red cell transketolase activity and, in a blinded manner, by recording the development of clinical signs known to be associated with thiamine deficiency. At the 50 mg/kg dose, chronic administration of DCA showed no clinical toxicity or effect on transketolase activity. At the 1.1 g/kg dose, however, DCA markedly increased the frequency and severity of toxicity and decreased transketolase activity 25%, compared to controls. Coadministration of thiamine substantially reduced evidence of thiamine deficiency and normalized transketolase activity. Inhibition of transketolase by DCA in vivo was not due to a direct action on the enzyme, however, since DCA, glyoxylate, or oxalate had no appreciable effects on transketolase activity in vitro. After 7 weeks, plasma DCA concentrations were similar in rats receiving DCA alone or DCA plus thiamine, while urinary oxalate was 86% above control in DCA-treated rats but only 28% above control in DCA plus thiamine-treated animals. No light microscopic changes were seen in peripheral nerve, lens, testis, or kidney morphology in either DCA-treated group, nor was there disruption of normal sperm production in the DCA-treated group. We conclude that stimulation by DCA of thiamine-requiring enzymes may lead to depletion of total body thiamine stores and to both a fall in transketolase activity and an increase in oxalate accumulation in vivo. DCA neurotoxicity may thus be due, at least in part, to thiamine deficiency and may be preventable with thiamine treatment.

Topics: Acetates; Animals; Body Weight; Dichloroacetic Acid; Erythrocytes; Male; Oxalates; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thiamine Deficiency; Time Factors; Transketolase

Kidneys removed from 58 pediatric patients at renal transplantation (except 3 cases), who had developed chronic renal failure and were maintained on dialysis, were investigated histopathologically, and the clinical profiles were taken into account. The patients ranged in age from 2 to 24 years, with an average of 11.2 years. The duration of dialysis ranged from 0.5 to 63 months, with an average of 12.6 months. The kidneys, which were conventionally prepared for histological observation, were subjectively divided into three groups depending on the degree of remaining nephrons. Patients with completely atrophic type (type 1), incompletely atrophic type (type 2), and mixed type of atrophy and hypertrophy (type 3) had a duration of dialysis of 20.0, 12.3, 6.3 months, respectively (Type 1 greater than Type 3, P less than 0.01). A correlation between histology and function was demonstrated, since urinary output was more than 200 ml/day in most of the type 3 patients, and less than 20 ml/day in all of the patients with type 1. The findings suggest that the functioning nephrons that remained at the beginning of dialysis generally become atrophic within one year after the initiation of dialysis. The ratio of kidney weight to body weight showed a significant negative correlation with both the duration of dialysis and that of illness. The histopathological changes seen in kidneys of patients on dialysis were reviewed. The findings suggested that certain changes, unusual epithelial proliferations an oxalate deposition, are associated with persisting renal function rather than the duration of dialysis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Weight; Cell Division; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Hyperplasia; Kidney; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Organ Size; Oxalates; Oxalic Acid; Renal Dialysis; Time Factors; Urination

We compared measurements of daily urine oxalate excretion in urines collected at the prevailing urine pH with measurements of urine oxalate excretion in urines collected into 20 mL of 6 mol/L HCl. We studied eight healthy adults fed constant diets. Urines were collected during control conditions and, in each subject, during the administration of NaCl, KCl, NaHCO3, or KHCO3, 90 mmol/day. Daily urine oxalate excretion calculated for collections made in acid averaged 271 (SD 79) mumol/day and did not vary with any of the salt supplements. When urines were collected at ambient urine pH (average 5.94, SD 0.23) during control conditions, and during the administration of NaCl or KCl, urine oxalate excretion averaged 263 (SD 88) mumol/day, a value not different from that for collections in acid. However, when urine was collected with no pH adjustment during NaHCO3 or KHCO3 administration (average pH 6.90, SD 0.14), apparent urine oxalate excretion averaged 398 (SD 132) mumol/day, significantly (P less than 0.025) exceeding the mean observed when urines were collected in acid. Moreover, the percentage increase in apparent oxalate excretion increased with urinary pH. These observations reinforce recommendations that urine specimens for measurement of oxalate be collected in acid to avoid the increase in apparent oxalate content that occurs during collection of alkaline urines. This increase presumably results from the well-known in vitro nonenzymatic conversion of ascorbate to oxalate.

Topics: Adult; Bicarbonates; Body Weight; Diet; False Positive Reactions; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Oxalates; Potassium Chloride; Potassium Compounds; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Chloride

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Creatine; Kidney; Male; Nephrectomy; Oxalates; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Time Factors

Massive (70%) resection of the small bowel was performed in seven newborn infants. Follow-up study was undertaken in four of these patients and the growth and endocrinological status were evaluated. Body weight and height of three patients were below 50th percentile. On glucose tolerance test, peak IRI was low and insulinogenic indices were below normal range. These findings suggest that there are some mechanisms which suppress the secretion of insulin. Pituitary and thyroid function were within normal limits but secondary sexual manifestation was not seen in a fifteen year old boy. Hyperoxaluria was seen in three children, and one had kidney stone with some impairment of renal function.

Topics: Adolescent; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Insulin; Insulin Secretion; Intestine, Small; Kidney; Male; Oxalates; Pituitary Gland; Sexual Maturation; Thyroid Gland

The daily excretion of calcium, oxalate, uric acid and glycosaminoglycans, the 24-h urinary pH and volume, and the inhibitory effects of the urines on calcium oxalate crystal growth and aggregation, were measured in 44 normal women, 41 normal men, 32 female stone formers and 63 male stone formers. No significant differences could be found between the normal men and women, the male and female stone formers, or between the patients and their normal controls with regard to the excretion of oxalate and glycosaminoglycans, and the urinary pH. The normal women exhibited significantly lower urinary volumes and excreted less calcium per day than did the other subject groups. The excretion of calcium by the female stone formers was indistinguishable from that of both groups of men. The male and female stone formers did not differ from their corresponding control groups with regard to the excretion of urate, but both groups of male subjects had significantly higher daily urate excretions than did either female category. This was attributed to the greater body weights of the men. There were no discernible differences between any of the subject groups with regard to the inhibitory effects of their urines on calcium oxalate crystal growth, but urines from both groups of female subjects demonstrated a significantly greater inhibitory influence on crystal aggregation than did those of the men. It would appear that the relatively low incidence of uninfected calcium oxalate urolithiasis in women compared with men may be attributable to (a) a lower daily calcium excretion and (b) a higher inhibitory activity of their urines towards crystal aggregation.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Body Weight; Calcium; Female; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Middle Aged; Oxalates; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Time Factors; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi

When a nutritionally complete basal diet containing 10% protein from casein was supplemented with 20% protein from unheated casein, wheat gluten or soy protein isolate, weanling mice exhibited significantly increased weight gains. In contrast, weight gains were markedly reduced compared to those with the basal diet; that is, growth was inhibited, when the supplement was soy protein or gluten that had been heated at 200 or 215 degrees C for 72 min in the dry state to stimulate crust baking. Addition of various carbohydrates to the gluten during heating prevented such growth inhibition. After heating with sodium ascorbate (but not L-ascorbic acid), soy protein (at 200 degrees C) and gluten (at 215 degrees C) completely prevented growth when added to the basal diet. Growth inhibition also occurred with a heated casein-ascorbate mixture, but was less than with the other proteins. The extent of growth inhibition increased sharply with temperature of heating in the range 180-215 degrees C and with sodium ascorbate concentration in the range 1-20%. Possible physical and chemical changes during heating of protein-ascorbate mixtures are discussed, as are possible mechanisms for the growth inhibition.

Topics: Amino Acids; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Proteins; Drug Interactions; Food Handling; Hot Temperature; Male; Mice; Nutritive Value; Oxalates; Oxalic Acid

The acidification of urine during polyol feeding was investigated with 27 Long-Evans male rats (aged 12 weeks) which were fed a xylitol diet (X), a sorbitol diet (S), or a basal diet for 4 weeks. The amount of polyols in the diet was increased from 5% to the final 20% level within 3 weeks. The polyol-fed animals showed reduced weight gain, lowered urine pH (from 6.5 to 5.6), and a 4-fold increase in the titratable acid excretion. X and S increased the daily urine volumes by 49 and 63%, respectively, but did not affect the wet weight or the pH values of the feces. as chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses of organic acids revealed highly increased amounts of methylmalonic acid (13- to 20-fold) and 2-oxoglutaric acid (4- to 5-fold) in the urine of polyol-fed rats. The urinary excretion of citric acid and malic acid was also increased significantly (2- to 4-fold). The acidity of urine was not reflected in the blood acid-base balance of the animals. The increases in the levels of urinary organic acids in the polyol-fed rats were explained in terms of impaired mitochondrial oxidation of these acids and of impaired conversion of methylmalonic acid to succinic acid.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Citrates; Citric Acid; Cytoplasm; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Ketoglutaric Acids; Malates; Male; Malonates; Methylmalonic Acid; NAD; Oxalates; Oxalic Acid; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sorbitol; Xylitol

Groups of 12 Long-Evans male rats were exposed to diets containing 20% galactitol (G), mannitol (M) or xylitol (X) for 5 wk. Serum electrolyte concentrations were within normal ranges for rats in all groups compared to control rats. All polyol-fed animals exhibited diuresis and a lower urinary pH (6.2-5.3) with a concomitant lower excretion of Na+, Cl- and protein (40% of controls). The excretion of K+ was lower in the X-fed rats than in any other group. Urinary Ca2+ excretion was sixfold higher and Mg2+ excretion, twofold higher in all polyol-fed rats than in controls. PO4 and NH4+ excretions were higher than controls in G- and M-fed animals only. Serum aldosterone concentrations in all polyol rats were 60% of those in controls. The serum corticosterone and parathyroid hormone levels were normal. Urinary citric acid was significantly higher in rats fed polyols but oxalic acid excretion was either normal (X) or lower (G,M) than in controls. Concentrations of serum and liver iron were higher in polyol-fed rats than in controls. Nevertheless, the normal serum creatinine and electrolyte concentrations and normal urinary creatinine levels established healthy kidney function. The diuretic effect of the polyols was considered responsible for the changes in the monovalent ion metabolism. The alterations in the excretion of multivalent cations most likely resulted from their increased intestinal absorption facilitated by the general chelating action of these polyols.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Body Weight; Citrates; Citric Acid; Creatinine; Electrolytes; Galactitol; Hormones; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Intestinal Absorption; Iron; Liver; Male; Mannitol; Oxalates; Oxalic Acid; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sugar Alcohols; Xylitol

Sodium pyruvate, choreito (a herbal preparation), and urajirogashi (a herb) were added to a calcium-oxalate lithogenic diet (a glycolic-acid diet) to determine their effects in preventing lithogenicity. Male Wistar-strain rats which had been fed the glycolic-acid diet developed marked urinary calculi within 4 weeks. Rats in the groups fed a pyruvate diet had, however, almost no stones in the urinary system. The choreito and urajirogashi were slightly less effective than the pyruvate. Urinary oxalate excretion was high in all the groups during the experiment, especially in the pyruvate and the glycolic-acid groups, but, it was relatively lowered in the herb groups, especially towards the end of the experiment (p less than 0.05). Urinary citrate excretion was high in the pyruvate group, but it was significantly low in the other groups. In the choreito group, remarkable increases in urinary volume and magnesium excretion were observed; however, they were statistically non-significant and urinary calcium excretion was higher than in the glycolic-acid group during the experiment. Therefore, it can be concluded that choreito and urajirogashi may have some beneficial effect though any such effect is inferior to that of pyruvate, in preventing calculi formation, partly by decreasing the urinary oxalate excretion; increased urine volume and magnesium excretion may also have some other, additional effects in the choreito group.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Calcium; Citrates; Citric Acid; Male; Oxalates; Oxalic Acid; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Pyruvates; Pyruvic Acid; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Urinary Calculi

Male Wistar-strain rats which had been fed a calcium-oxalate lithogenic diet (a glycolate diet) developed urinary calculi in 4 weeks. Sodium pyruvate or CG-120 (a mixture of citrate salts) had been added to this diet to determine its effect in preventing lithogenicity. Rats in the group fed a pyruvate diet had, however, almost no stones in the urinary system. Rats in the CG-120 group showed results somewhat similar to those in the pyruvate group. Increased urinary citrate excretion was observed in both groups and could be implicated as the main inhibitory factor in stone formation. Therefore, it can be concluded that CG-120 exerts a beneficial effect close to that of pyruvate in preventing calculi formation and that both substances cause a high citrate excretion in urine.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Calcium Oxalate; Citrates; Citric Acid; Male; Oxalates; Oxalic Acid; Pyruvates; Pyruvic Acid; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Urinary Calculi

Estradiol-implanted (EB) and sham-operated (SB) male rats (100-120 g Fody wt) were kept on a vitamin B6-deficient diet for 1 month along (Formula: see text) with their respective estradiol pair-fed (EPF) and sham-operated pair-fed (SPF) controls. Pyridoxine-deficient animals had higher kidney weights and increased activities of liver glycolic acid oxidase (GAO) and glycolic acid dehydrogenase (GAD) as compared to their pair-fed control animals. Kidney weights, GAO, and GAD levels in these animals are negatively correlated with erythrocyte alanine transaminase (EALT) levels, indicating that pyridoxine status regulates these two major enzymes of oxalate biosynthesis. Estradiol-treated animals showed a lower reduction in EALT levels after feeding them a pyridoxine-deficient diet for 1 month as compared to untreated animals. Estradiol administration decreased GAO levels in both normal and pyridoxine-deficient animals.

Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Animals; Body Weight; Drug Implants; Estradiol; Liver; Male; Organ Size; Oxalates; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency

Topics: Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Calcium; Female; Glucose; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Oxalates; Prognosis; Recurrence; Risk; Sodium; Uric Acid

Rats fed diets containing galactose as the source of carbohydrate excreted greater amounts of endogenously formed oxalic acid in their urine, compared to rats fed glucose, fructose or sucrose. Rats fed lactose showed similar but less marked effects. The greatest amounts of urinary and fecal oxalate excretions were observed among rats fed galactose and no vitamin B-6. This group had the lowest body weights after 3 weeks of feeding. Control rats fed galactose or lactose diets weighed less than those fed sucrose, glucose or fructose diets. All rats fed galactose developed cataracts. More [14C]oxalic acid was recovered in the urine and kidneys of control rats injected with D-[U-14C]galactose compared to those injected with D-[U-14C]glucose or D-[U-14C]fructose. Similar results were observed in kidneys of vitamin B-6-deficient rats. The possible mechanisms by which galactose and other sugars may be converted to oxalate are discussed.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Dietary Carbohydrates; Feces; Fructose; Galactose; Glucose; Lactose; Male; Oxalates; Oxalic Acid; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sucrose; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency

Sodium glycolate feeding (50 mg/100 g body weight/day) to adult male rats for 7 days resulted in increased activities of glycolate oxidase in liver and lactate dehydrogenase in liver and kidney. However, the activity of glycolate dehydrogenase decreased both in liver and kidney. Treatment of sodium pyruvate (100 mg/100 g body weight/day) to the glycolate-fed rats resulted in lowered liver glycolate oxidase activity, and the glycolate dehydrogenase activity was further decreased as compared to glycolate-fed rats in both age groups. However, lactate dehydrogenase activity was not affected by pyruvate feeding in comparison to the glycolate-treated group. It is concluded that glycolate-induced oxalate biosynthesis in rats involves increased activity of liver glycolate oxidase, and pyruvate feeding inhibits glycolate oxidase, thereby decreasing oxalate biosynthesis.

Topics: Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Animals; Body Weight; Glycolates; Kidney; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Liver; Male; Organ Size; Oxalates; Oxalic Acid; Pyruvates; Pyruvic Acid; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

Radiolabelled U-14C oxalic acid uptake was measured in the intestine of scorbutic and ascorbic acid (AA) supplemented guinea pigs. The feeding of vitamin C deficient diet to the animals for 26 days resulted in a significant fall in the ascorbic acid levels in the various tissues studied. Supplementation of vitamin C (10, 25 or 50 mg per 200 g body weight) increased ascorbic acid levels of spleen, adrenals, liver and leucocytes. The intestinal uptake of oxalate follows a passive diffusion mechanism in normally fed guinea pigs. The oxalate uptake rate was significantly increased (p less than 0.001) in the vitamin C administered group. Vitamin C depletion significantly decreased the oxalate uptake rate as compared to control animals. The changes observed in the uptake rate appear to be related with the chemical aberrations produced in the brush border membranes.

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Diet; Guinea Pigs; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Oxalates; Oxalic Acid; Scurvy; Tissue Distribution

The few literature references suggesting adverse effects of high doses of ascorbic acid are outnumbered by a large number of clinical studies in which no adverse effects have been observed. Up to 5 g ascorbic acid daily may be administered safely even over a long term. Favourable effects of even higher doses in man may justify therapeutic trials in the range of 15 g daily which in our trials have proven safe during treatment of up to 2 years. Nevertheless, trials in the high dosage range mentioned should always be closely supervised by a physician, being aware that exceptional behaviour can occur at any time, as exception proves the rule.

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Cats; Circadian Rhythm; Dogs; Drug Tolerance; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lethal Dose 50; Mice; Oxalates; Oxidation-Reduction; Rabbits; Rats

The effect of fluoride on urinary calculi formation in young rats was investigated. Two studies, in which rats received diets that included either higher calcium (9 g/kg diet) or normal calcium (5 g/kg diet), were conducted At each level of calcium, one group of rats received a high level of fluoride and another a low level of fluoride in the diet. Rats ingesting high fluoride diets exhibited a higher incidence of crystalluria and bladder stones compared with those receiving low fluoride diets. However, compared with higher calcium diets, normal calcium diets delayed the appearance of crystalluria and produced smaller calculi. Calcium and oxalate were the major components of the calculi. Calculi of rats fed the higher calcium and high fluoride diet contained relatively less protein and more calcium compared with calculi formed in rats ingesting the higher calcium and low fluoride diet. The concentration of fluoride in calculi from rats fed high fluoride diets was significantly higher than that of calculi from rats fed low fluoride diets. A significant positive correlation between calcium and fluoride concentration of calculi was observed in rats fed the higher calcium diet only. These studies indicate that ingestion of excess fluoride facilities calcium oxalate crystalluria and promotes the formation of bladder stones in rats, under the experimental conditions used.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Calcium Oxalate; Calcium, Dietary; Crystallization; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fluorides; Male; Oxalates; Oxalic Acid; Phosphates; Potassium; Potassium Compounds; Rats; Sodium Fluoride; Urinary Bladder Calculi; Urinary Calculi

Relationships among dietary hydroxyproline (HP), vitamin B-6 and endogenous oxalate formation have been studied. In the absence of HP, urinary oxalate excretion was greatest among rats fed vitamin B-6-deficient diets. Supplementation of rat diets with 5.2% HP markedly increased the oxalate excretion of rats fed 0, 0.2 or 10 mg of vitamin B-6 per 100 g of diet, the increases being 2-, 19- and 15-fold respectively. The metabolism of several 14C-labeled oxalate precursors was altered in vitamin B-6-deficient rats. The feeding of HP and different levels of vitamin B-6 also altered their metabolism. The feeding of HP to vitamin B-6-deficient rats resulted in a decrease in the amount of 14C-oxalate formed from injected 14C-labeled glycine, glycolate or glyoxylate. In contrast, HP feeding to rats given 0.2 mg of vitamin B-6 per 100 g, resulted in a marked increase in oxalate formation from injected 14C-glycolate, as well as a decrease in respiratory 14CO2 from injected 14C-labeled glycolate and glyoxylate. HP feedings did not significantly alter the metabolism of these two injected compounds to oxalate or CO2 among rats fed the higher level of vitamin B-6, although some elevation of oxalate formation from glycolate was noted. HP feeding reduced the growth rates of all the rats, but growth depression was greatest in the vitamin B-6-deficient group.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Carbon Dioxide; Diet; Glycine; Glycolates; Glyoxylates; Hydroxyproline; Male; Oxalates; Pyridoxine; Rats; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency

Topics: Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Crohn Disease; Diet; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Oxalates; Postoperative Complications; Recurrence; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Female; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Male; Monoiodotyrosine; Oxalates; Rats; Sex Factors; Thyroid Gland; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Body Weight; Calcium; Creatinine; Female; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary; Male; Middle Aged; Oxalates; Recurrence; Seasons; Urinary Calculi

Intestinal bypass for obesity can be justified only if the risks of excess weight are higher than those of the surgery. Indications for this surgery need to be carefully defined and the patient and family should clearly understand the potential risks and benefits. Weight loss results from a decrease in food intake, altered taste preferences, and malabsorption. The benefits of this treatment are permanent weight loss, improved psychosocial function, and a reduction in medical morbidity. The potential risks consist of mortality, a variety of postoperative complications, liver failure, renal stones, and the consequences of bacterial overgrowth in the defunctionalized bowel. This operation trades the consequences of a short bowel for obesity and should only be undertaken where a skilled team of surgeons, internists, and psychiatrists are available and able to provide the necessary preoperative and postoperative managements.

Topics: Body Weight; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Ileum; Intestinal Absorption; Intestines; Jejunum; Kidney Calculi; Liver Diseases; Male; Nutrition Disorders; Obesity; Oxalates; Postoperative Complications; Psychology, Social

A review of the problems associated with extensive jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity in a series of 175 carefully selected patients is presented. Five postoperative deaths occurred (3%). Nonfatal complications occurred in 21%, with wound infections (14 patients) being the most common. Good results marked by weight reduction to the range of ideal weight without significant electrolyte or metabolic aberrations was observed in 82% of the patients receiving the current dimensional modificatiom of end-to-end jejunoileal bypass (30 cm to 20cm). An additional 13% had fair results and only 5% had poor results. There were six deaths during follow-up: liver failure in four patients (secondary to alcohol abuse in two), myocardial infarction in one, and one from unknown causes. Bypass reversal was necessary for refractory liver failure in three patients (two from alcohol abuse), and for persistent diarrhea with secondary electrolyte depletion in two patients. One of these patients was complicated by severe emotional instability. This experience suggests that the majority of carefully selected patients will have a good response to jejunoileal bypass.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia; Avitaminosis; Body Weight; Cholelithiasis; Diarrhea; Electrolytes; Fatty Liver; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gout; Humans; Hypoproteinemia; Ileum; Jejunum; Kidney Calculi; Liver Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Oxalates; Postoperative Complications

Cardiac microsomes enriched in fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) were isolated from hearts of physically trained rats and were compared to those from sedentary rats. Preparations from conditioned rats were found to transport calcium to a greater extent than those from sedentary rats both in the absence and in the presence of 1 mM oxalate. Higher oxalate concentrations abolished the differences in calcium accumulation by cardiac microsomes from conditioned and sedentary rats and indicated a qualitative change in SR from conditioned hearts. We conclude that the increased transport by SR from hearts of conditioned rats may provide one mechanism for enhanced contractile reserve in these hearts.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Calcium; Heart; Male; Microsomes; Myocardium; Organ Size; Oxalates; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Rats; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Male and female Long-Evans rats placed on a diet of Purina laboratory chow supplemented with 2.5 and 5.0% oxalic acid for a period of 70 days revealed decreased body weights and restricted growth rates. Ingestion of 5.0% oxalic acid depressed absolute organ weights of several visceral and endocrine tissues but enhanced the organ/body weight ratios of both male and female rats. Vaginal smears indicated disrupted estrous cycles.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Diet; Female; Growth; Male; Organ Size; Oxalates; Rats; Reproduction; Time Factors

A patient with liver dysfunction following small-bowel bypass for obesity was treated successfully with intravenous hyperalimentation. The hepatic steatosis and dysfunction were most likely caused by the preferential absorption of carbohydrate in the remaining small bowel, with resulting relative protein starvation. Routine use of high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets postoperatively until weight stabilization has occurred may prevent this complication.

Topics: Adult; Biopsy; Body Weight; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Proteins; Fatty Liver; Humans; Ileum; Jejunum; Liver; Liver Diseases; Male; Obesity; Oxalates; Parenteral Nutrition; Parenteral Nutrition, Total; Postoperative Complications; Protein-Energy Malnutrition

Jejunoileal bypass for obesity has been shown to be associated with increased hepatic triglycerides during the period of brisk weight loss. The current report describes certain metabolic changes observed in 29 patients 21 months after bypass. Significant decreases in serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, blood sugar after a glucose load, and fasting plasma insulin levels were noted. Increased oxalate excretion and occasional episodes of hypomagnesemia occurred. Repeated clinical and laboratory observations by a medical-surgical team offer the best opportunity to evaluate this procedure.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Body Weight; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Feces; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Ileum; Insulin; Jejunum; Kidney Calculi; Lipid Metabolism; Magnesium; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Oxalates; Postoperative Complications

Preoperative, operative and postoperative data from a sampling group of 435 ileal bypass patients have been tabulated and computer-analyzed. Genitourinary disorders other than stone disease have been insignificant. Patients with stones and those without stones have been compared and the significant data tabulated. The incidence of stone disease is 6 per cent. All but 1 stone consisted of calcium oxalate. Oxalate levels were normal preoperatively and elevated in 60 per cent postoperatively. The stone formers are among the heaviest members of the studied population, they have the greatest amount of ileum bypassed and the greatest amount of 1 year weight loss. Correlations between these observations and possible pathways of metabolic stone disease are made.

Topics: Body Weight; Calcium; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Ileum; Intestine, Small; Jejunum; Obesity; Oxalates; Pyuria; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Body Weight; Calcium; Caseins; Creatinine; Glucose; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Magnesium; Male; Middle Aged; Oxalates

Topics: Administration, Oral; Alanine; Amino Acids; Animals; Body Weight; Chromatography, Gas; Female; Glycolates; Kidney; Kidney Cortex; Kidney Medulla; Kidney Pelvis; Male; Oxalates; Phosphates; Pyridoxine; Rats; Sex Factors; Time Factors; Ureter; Urinary Calculi

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Anemia; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Chlorides; Erythrocyte Count; Female; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Iron; Male; Oleic Acids; Organ Size; Oxalates; Oxides; Phosphates; Rats; Sex Factors; Sulfates; Sulfides; Tartrates; Tin; Transaminases

Topics: Acetates; Animals; Body Weight; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Dietary Proteins; Digestion; Edetic Acid; Femur; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Lysine; Nitrilotriacetic Acid; Oxalates; Rats; Sodium

Topics: Aminobutyrates; Animals; Arginine; Body Weight; Cerebral Cortex; Chelating Agents; Cyclohexanes; Drug Interactions; Glucose; Glutamates; Glutamine; Hydrazones; Hydrocephalus; Ketones; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Neuroglia; Oxalates; Pyridoxine; Seizures; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Calcium; Castration; Citrates; Female; Kidney Calculi; Liver; Magnesium; Male; Nutritional Requirements; Oxalates; Pyridoxine; Sex Factors; Time Factors; Ureteral Calculi; Urinary Bladder Calculi; Urinary Calculi; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency; Xanthurenates

Topics: Adult; Alanine Transaminase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Blood Pressure; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Creatinine; Diet; Erythrocytes; Glycosuria; Hematocrit; Humans; Ketones; Male; Oxalates; Proteinuria; Pyridoxine; Vitamin B Complex; Xanthurenates

Topics: Body Weight; Bone Resorption; Calcium; Casts, Surgical; Diet Therapy; Feces; Humans; Immobilization; Male; Nitrogen; Oxalates; Paraplegia; Phosphates; Urinary Calculi

Topics: Alcohols; Animals; Body Weight; Diet; Dogs; Kidney; Liver; Organ Size; Oxalates; Pancreas; Rabbits; Rats

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Body Height; Body Weight; Czechoslovakia; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Female; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Oxalates; Phosphates; Sex Factors; Uric Acid

Topics: Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Animals; Body Weight; Castration; Diet; Female; Glycolates; Growth; Kidney; Liver; Male; Organ Size; Oxalates; Pyridoxine; Rats; Testosterone; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Carcinogens; Female; Glycols; Kidney; Liver; Male; Mortality; Organ Size; Oxalates; Rats; Urinary Bladder Calculi; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Topics: Acidosis; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Body Weight; Creatinine; Female; Glycine; Glyoxylates; Humans; Infant; Male; Oxalates