oxalates and Acidosis--Renal-Tubular

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Amino Acids; Calcium; Carbohydrate Dehydrogenases; Carrier Proteins; Chloride Channels; Cystinuria; Humans; Hyperoxaluria, Primary; Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase; Mutation; Organic Anion Transporters; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Oxalates; Proteinuria; Proton-Translocating ATPases; Purines; Transaminases; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi

Renal stones have afflicted humans for millennia but there is still no solution to this problem. This review discusses the laboratory and metabolic aspects of the clinical management of patients with renal stones, both primary and secondary in origin. First, non-pharmacological interventions such as increased fluid intake, decreased protein consumption, dietary changes in sodium, calcium, oxalate, potassium, purine, vitamins, and essential fatty acids are considered. Then specific pharmacological treatment to modify urine calcium, oxalate, urate, citrate, and acidity are considered. Finally, more unusual types of stone are examined.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Citrates; Cystinuria; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Kidney Calculi; Oxalates; Uric Acid; Urinalysis

Advances in renal lithiasis research have contributed to a better understanding of the many varied factors that contribute to renal calculus formation. Utilizing the newer techniques of ambulatory metabolic evaluation, we can establish a specific diagnosis in 95% of recurrent stone-formers. Since a significant percentage of initial stone-formers will never have a second episode, it is essential to establish the natural history of the patient's stone disease prior to initiating potentially life-long medical therapy. The majority of initial stone-formers can be managed with education concerning modest dietary restrictions and increased fluid intake. For the recurrent stone-former with metabolically active stone disease, it is probably best to design medical therapy to treat the specific urinary chemical abnormality or disease process.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Bacterial Infections; Calcium; Crystallography; Cystinuria; Diuresis; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Kidney; Kidney Calculi; Magnesium; Magnesium Compounds; Oxalates; Patient Education as Topic; Phosphates; Recurrence; Risk; Struvite; Uric Acid; Urography

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Allopurinol; Benzothiadiazines; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Cystinuria; Diuretics; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Kidney Calculi; Magnesium; Magnesium Compounds; Oxalates; Penicillamine; Phosphates; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; Struvite; Uric Acid

Management of most patients with calculous disease has been less than ideal in the past. Too often therapeutic efforts were limited to symptomatic calculi. Stones were allowed to pass or were removed, metabolic studies were incomplete, victims were dismissed and forgotten, and prophylactic measures were negligible and usually confined to milk restriction and use of distilled water. More patients were crippled with and died of recurrent calculous disease, urinary infection and progressive renal insufficiency than from any other upper urinary tract abnormality. During the last decade the development of a renal stone clinic at this institution has allowed a nephrourologic approach to the management of urolithiasis. This account of classification, diagnosis and management of the various syndromes associated with urolithiasis is based on the experiences gained during the last decade with this common but ill-understood urologic problem.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adult; Child, Preschool; Cystinuria; Female; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Intestinal Diseases; Kidney Calculi; Male; Middle Aged; Nephrocalcinosis; Oxalates; Sepsis; Uric Acid; Xanthines

The identification of a disease entity as one that is the result of a heritable defect offers the physician an opportunity to intervene in a variety of ways. As emphasized, knowledge of the heritable pattern of a particular disease allows the physician an opportunity to counsel family members in personal disease risk and the offspring. Such genetic counseling results in a reduction of affected cases for many inherited diseases. There is every expectation that similar approaches would be effective for inherited renal diseases. The heritable diseases are a favored group for investigative purposes since these diseases result from a single gene defect no matter how plieotropic the effects of that defect. Thus the investigator is capable of constant probing with tools available for identifying that one event or component that lies at the basis of the disease. The emphasis of this chapter is on those inherited renal diseases for which we have reached a high level of understanding of this single defect. In many of these diseases a single enzyme is identified as deficient and is the presumed genetic defect. In others (cystinuria, RTA, and cystinosis) the precise biochemical answers appear close at hand. Thus a variety of therapeutic approaches to overcome either the gene defect or ill effects of the gene defect emerge for diseases involving the kidney and are listed in Table 7. For some of these diseases the new diagnostic technique of prenatal diagnosis can be used (Table 8). This genetic option provides couples at risk for bearing affected offspring with reduced risk. For a number of other diseases that are not identified by amniocentesis, this risk can be effectively lowered to acceptable levels by use of artificial insemination. Thus the inherited diseases of the kidney are amenable to medical intervention at a variety of levels. Such intervention can predictably lead to a lowering of both the incidence and consequences of these gene defects.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adult; Child; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosome Disorders; Cystinosis; Cystinuria; Diabetes Insipidus; Fanconi Syndrome; Female; Genes, Dominant; Genes, Recessive; Glycosphingolipids; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Diseases, Cystic; Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome; Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Male; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Middle Aged; Nephritis; Orotic Acid; Oxalates; Polycystic Kidney Diseases; Pseudohypoparathyroidism; Sex Chromosome Aberrations; Xanthines

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Alkaptonuria; Cystinuria; Diabetes Insipidus; Female; Glycine; Gout; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Hyperparathyroidism; Kidney Diseases; Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome; Male; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Nephritis, Hereditary; Oxalates; Porphyrias; Uric Acid; Urologic Diseases; Xanthines

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Bacterial Infections; Citrates; Crystallization; Cystinuria; Diphosphates; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Hyperparathyroidism; Magnesium; Male; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Mucoproteins; Oxalates; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sarcoidosis; Solubility; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Vitamin D; Xanthine Oxidase

The primary goal of this pilot study was to evaluate metabolic characteristics and to examine the impact of diet in patients with primary hyperoxaluria (PH) under controlled, standardized conditions.. Four patients with genetically confirmed PH collected 24 h urines on their habitual, self-selected diets and on day 1, 6, 7, 8, and 11 under controlled, standardized conditions. The [. While none of the patients had abnormal findings from the calcium loading test, incomplete distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA) was diagnosed in each of the four patients. Dietary intervention resulted in a significant decrease in urinary oxalate expressed as molar creatinine ratio (mmol/mol) between 30 and 40% in two of four patients. The evaluation of dietary records revealed a high daily intake of oxalate-rich foods as well as gelatin-containing sweets and meat products, rich sources of hydroxyproline, under the habitual, self-selected diets of the two responders. Intestinal oxalate hyperabsorption of 12.4% in one of the two patients may have additionally contributed to the increased urinary oxalate excretion under the individual diet.. Our pilot data indicate that patients with PH may benefit from a restriction of dietary oxalate and hydroxyproline intake. Further research is needed to define the role of distal RTA in PH and to evaluate the hypothesis of an acquired acidification defect.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adolescent; Adult; Calcium; Child; Creatinine; Diet; Diet Records; Humans; Hydroxyproline; Hyperoxaluria, Primary; Intestinal Absorption; Kidney Tubules, Distal; Male; Middle Aged; Oxalates; Pilot Projects

In the last two decades, intensive research work has been done in the field of urolithiasis. Due to improved and extended diagnostic methods, it has been recognized that metabolic disturbances play an important role in stone disease.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Calcium; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Oxalates; Urinary Calculi

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a well-known metabolic disturbance that may promote recurrent renal stone formation. However, its incidence, screening criteria and association with other lithogenic metabolic abnormalities are not established in recurrent nephrolithiasis. 10 of 50 consecutive recurrent renal stone formers had a persistent fasting morning urinary pH above 6.0 and/or a basal plasma bicarbonate concentration below 20.0 mM. Acid and alkaline loads disclosed RTA in 3 patients: 1 patient had incomplete type-1 distal RTA in addition to hyperoxaluria; a second patient showed complete type-2 proximal RTA, hyperoxaluria and renal hypercaliuria; and a third patient had incomplete proximal RTA without any other metabolic derangement. These results reinforce the importance of RTA as an isolated metabolic abnormality among recurrent renal stone formers. In addition, RTA appears to be more commonly associated with other lithogenic metabolic derangements than has been previously suspected. The extensive metabolic protocol used in this study provides a useful tool in the diagnosis and therapeutic considerations of recurrent nephrolithiasis.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Bicarbonates; Calcium; Creatinine; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kidney Calculi; Male; Middle Aged; Oxalates; Oxalic Acid; Phosphorus; Recurrence; Uric Acid

Nine cases of the distal type of renal tubular acidosis (RTA) following intestinal bypass were found. Diagnosis was based on inability to acidify the urine to pH values below 5.40 despite systemic acidosis. Acidosis, if not present, was induced by giving ammonium chloride 0.1 g/kg body weight. Patients were examined for diseases known to cause RTA but no already known etiological factor was found. Hyperoxaluria was found in eight of the nine cases with RTA, while not present in patients without RTA or in obese control patients. A causal relationship between hyperoxaluria and RTA is suggested though not proved. Cases reported in the literature of renal damage following bypass are summarized and discussed in relation to presence of hyperoxaluria and RTA.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adult; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Ileum; Jejunum; Kidney Function Tests; Middle Aged; Obesity; Oxalates; Postoperative Complications

This discussion was selected from the weekly Grand Rounds in the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle. Taken from the transcription, it has been edited by Drs Paul G. Ramsey, Assistant Professor of Medicine, and Philip J. Fialkow, Professor of Medicine and Chairman of the Department of Medicine.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Calcitriol; Calcium; Cystinuria; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Oxalates; Uric Acid

The urinary citrate excretion was examined in patients with nephrolithiasis who were categorized on the basis of different physiologic or metabolic abnormalities. A wide prevalence of low citrate excretion (hypocitraturia) was observed, with over one half of our patients with stones exhibiting it. Hypocitraturia was found in all patient categories except primary hyperparathyroidism and hyperuricosuric calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. As expected, hypocitraturia was present in renal tubular acidosis and in enteric hyperoxaluria. However, urinary citrate was also low in absorptive and renal hypercalciurias, and in patients in whom an acid-base disturbance was clearly excluded.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adult; Calcium; Citrates; Citric Acid; Female; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Calculi; Male; Menopause; Middle Aged; Oxalates; Sex Factors

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adult; Calcinosis; Female; Humans; Kidney Cortex Necrosis; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Medulla; Kidney Papillary Necrosis; Male; Medullary Sponge Kidney; Nephritis, Hereditary; Oxalates; Oxalic Acid; Radiography; Tuberculosis, Renal

Urolithiasis in children is a very important problem from the theoretical as well as from practical point of view. Better knowledge of its metabolic basis may allow to move the central treatment from surgical to prophylactic methods. The study presents modern view points on mechanisms for concrements sedimentation and actual data on metabolic disturbances in calcium, oxalates, purines, xanthines and cystine and their relations to urolithiasis and urinary tract infection.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Calcium; Child; Cystinuria; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Oxalates; Purine-Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections; Xanthines

The analysed material includes 100 children with urolithiasis treated in the Pediatric Clinic of the National Research Institute of Mother and Child in Warsaw between 1976 and 1978. Patients' age was from 3 months to 18 years. The analysed group included 51 boys and 49 girls. Urinary tract infection was found in 54 cases, i.e. 57,4% of the analysed material. The most common bacterial strains were those producing urease. They were detected in 48 children i.e. 88,9% of cases with urinary tract infection. Mostly these were bacteria of Proteus group--sporadically Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus albus. In the analysed patients urinary tract obstruction was observed in 36 children, i.e. 36% of cases. In 77% of the analysed material, localization of concrements was in upper urinary tract in 19% in the ureters and in 4% in the lover urinary tract. While in adult patients the most common compound of urinary stones was calcium oxalate, in children the most common stone compounds were phosphates (found in 38 cases i.e. 58,4% of the analysed material). The second frequent compound was oxalate found in 20 cases (30,7%). Less frequent compounds were uric acid and cystine. Performed study allowed to establish the cause of urolithiasis in 93 out of 100 examined children. Metabolic reasons of urolithiasis were found in 26 cases, i.e. 26% of the analysed material. They were as follows: idiopathic hypercalciuria--12 cases, uric acid urolithiasis--8 cases, primary hyperoxaluria--3 cases, cystinuria--2 cases, and incomplete acidosis of distal renal tubuli--1 case. Urolithiasis of probably metabolic origin was detected in 13 children (13%). Other reasons of urolithiasis in children were: infection (31%), idiopathic urolithiasis (17%) and others (6%). In 7 cases the reason of urolithiasis was not established.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adolescent; Calcium; Child; Child, Preschool; Cystinuria; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Oxalates; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections

We report a case of ethylene glycol poisoning in a 54-year-old man found comatose on the street. No history was available. The diagnosis was based on the findings of a high anion gap metabolic acidosis, a high osmolal gap, and the presence of oxalate and hippurate crystals in the urine. The diagnosis was confirmed later by an ethylene glycol level of 775 mg/dl. This case illustrates how these parameters can be used in the emergency department for rapid diagnosis and management.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Coma; Ethylene Glycols; Hippurates; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oxalates; Water-Electrolyte Imbalance

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adult; Aged; Child; Female; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Male; Medullary Sponge Kidney; Middle Aged; Oxalates; Risk; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections

The present study describes the mode of prophylactic management of urinary stone disease as carried out at the Department of Urology. University of Vienna Medical School. A carefully directed prophylactic regimen results in a significant decrease in the recurrence rate of stone formation.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Calcium; Cystinuria; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Oxalates; Recurrence; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Bicarbonates; Calcium; Child; Cystinuria; Enzymes; Humans; Oxalates; Phosphates; Purines; Urinary Calculi; Xanthines

In an attempt to detect genetic factors linked with urolithiasis, a study based on medical and genetic data and on several biochemical procedures was done on 50 stone formers and on 50 controls. Genetic factors likely to be related to stone forming were found in 4 patients: 2 cases of incomplete renal tubular acidosis, and 2 cases of heterozygous cystinuria. A study of the families of 3 of these individuals revealed 4 additional cases of genetically determined metabolic diseases. Despite the small number of patients for whom genetic factors were determined and the fact that the lithiasis cases with and without family recurrence showed similar behavior with respect to the different biochemical parameters studied, the presence of genetic factors is suggested by the significantly more frequent family history of lithiasis found for stone formers than for the controls. Identifying the cases with family recurrence, in which stone formation occurs earlier and is more frequently recurrent, and the stone-forming patients with genetically determined metabolic disorders, which may benefit from specific measures, will probably contribute to a better prognosis for these patients.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adolescent; Adult; Blood Chemical Analysis; Child; Cystinuria; Female; Humans; Male; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Oxalates; Urinary Calculi

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Asia, Western; Calcium; Cystinuria; Egypt; Europe; Female; Germany, East; History, 16th Century; History, 17th Century; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, Ancient; History, Medieval; Humans; Magnesium; Male; Oxalates; Phosphates; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Xanthines

Eighty patients with proved calcium urolithiasis participated in an outpatient study designed to define the most likely metabolic problem related to the cause of the stone disease. Diagnostic categories included absorptive hypercalciuria (33 patients), renal leak hypercalciuria (20 patients), hypomagnesiumuria (27 patients), hyperuricemia and hyperuricuria (16 patients), hyperoxaluria (15 patients), normal stone-former (4 patients), renal tubular acidosis (2 patients) and suspicion of hyperparathyroidism (7 patients). Of the 80 patients 40 had more than 1 defect. Patients with a high suspicion of hyperparathyroidism were excluded from the study. Based on these criteria treatment plans incorporating medications, diet or both were instituted. Of 21 patients observed for greater than 2 years 90 per cent have shown no new stone disease.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Ambulatory Care; Calcium; Calcium Metabolism Disorders; Costs and Cost Analysis; Female; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Magnesium; Male; Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; Oxalates; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Aged; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Cystinuria; Diet; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Intestine, Small; Kidney Calculi; Male; Oxalates; Phosphorus; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi

Seventy-seven patients with nephrocalcinosis as revealed by X-ray studies over a 10-year period are reviewed. A programmed clinical and metabolic study was performed on each case; the author's criteria included the different pathogenic factors considered in the etiologic definition of the disease. There were 22 cases with primary hyperparathyroidism, 19 with spongy kidney, nine with tubulointerstitial nephropathy, five with hyperoxaluria, five with distal renal tubular acidosis, four with esential hypomagnesemia, and three cases of miscellaneous etiology (vitamin D intoxication, Fanconi's syndrome, Bartter's disease). Ten other cases were classified as idiopathic nephrocalcinosis since no definite cause could be found. The clinical characteristics (symptoms, associated diseases, diet and medication intake, family history) and the biochemical findings are analysed for each group. The physiopathologic mechanisms, comparisons between each etiologic group, treatment, clinical course, and prognosis are commented on. The conclusion drawn is that nephrocalcinosis is a clinical syndrome of various etiologies which in most cases arises from an underlying metabolic disease.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Bartter Syndrome; Fanconi Syndrome; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Magnesium Deficiency; Medullary Sponge Kidney; Metabolic Diseases; Neoplasm Metastasis; Nephritis, Interstitial; Nephrocalcinosis; Oxalates; Radiography; Vitamin D

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adult; Calcium; Crystallization; Cystinuria; Female; Humans; Magnesium; Male; Oxalates; Phosphates; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Xanthines

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Female; Humans; Hypokalemia; Ileum; Jejunum; Kidney; Middle Aged; Nephrosclerosis; Obesity; Oxalates; Postoperative Complications; Renal Aminoacidurias

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Humans; Ileum; Jejunum; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Nephritis, Interstitial; Obesity; Oxalates; Postoperative Complications; Renal Aminoacidurias

The diangosis, clinical manifestations and management of 11 children with nephrocalcinosis encountered in a 20-year period are presented. Renal tubular acidosis, primary hyperoxaluria, primary hyperparathyroidism, exogenous hyperadrenocorticism and idiopathic hypercalcemia of infancy were the principal causes of nephrocalcinosis in this series. In the presence of normal or near-normal renal function, a 55 per cent or better cure rate can be expected. Children with significantly diminished renal function have a poor prognosis and should be considered for renal transplantation.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cushing Syndrome; Female; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Hyperparathyroidism; Kidney Calculi; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Nephrocalcinosis; Oxalates; Prognosis; Transplantation, Homologous; Ureteral Calculi

The management of 78 children with upper urinary calculi is described. Boys outnumbered girls by a ratio of 2 to 1. Two-thirds of the patients had identifiable metabolic causes, while the remaining third had infected renal lithiasis. In this latter group, all patients had had multiple urologic procedures, urinary infection, and stasis with diversionary and indwelling drainage devices. Contrary to earlier views, idiopathic renal lithiasis with or without hypercalciuria was the most common metabolic form of nephrolithiasis in children. Sixty-seven patients (86 per cent) were followed for an average of 7 1/2 years. With appropriate therapy, stone disease became inactive in 70 per cent of the children. The remaining 30 per cent continued with active disease--5 died of renal failure and 1 has received a renal allograft. Stone formation may be regarded as a solitary complication or one of several manifestations of a large number of underlying disorders. Along with a thorough search for etiologic factors there must be an equally aggressive therapeutic effort. Because the disease is ofter sporadic, careful long-term followup of the patients with active as well as those with inactive stone disease is mandatory.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adolescent; Adrenocortical Hyperfunction; Age Factors; Calcium; Child; Child, Preschool; Cystinuria; Female; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Hyperparathyroidism; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kidney Calculi; Magnesium; Male; Metabolic Diseases; Oxalates; Uric Acid; Urinary Tract Infections; Urography

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Acute Disease; Analgesics; Calcium; Chronic Disease; Cystinuria; Female; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Infrared Rays; Kidney Calculi; Male; Oxalates; Radiography; Spectrum Analysis; Ureteral Calculi; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections; X-Ray Diffraction

An increase in the average calcium oxalate content and decrease in average calcium phosphate content of stones received for analysis has been noted in a 9-year study. These changes appear to be due to a progressive increase in the number of patients with noninfected upper urinary tract stone and to the gradual elimination of phosphatic stones as a result of improved diagnosis and treatment. Some of the conditions associated with calcium phosphate stones are examined, particularly primary hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, and medullary sponge kidney. These results further emphasize the importance of calcium oxalate in idiopathic stone disease and the need for a fuller understanding of the factors influencing calcium oxalate crystallization.

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Calcium; Female; Humans; Hydroxyapatites; Hyperparathyroidism; Magnesium; Male; Medullary Sponge Kidney; Oxalates; Phosphates; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Retrospective Studies; Sex Factors; United Kingdom; Urinary Calculi

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adrenal Gland Diseases; Adrenal Glands; Adrenalectomy; Calcium; Female; Humans; Hyperaldosteronism; Hypokalemia; Middle Aged; Nephrocalcinosis; Oxalates; Phosphates; Potassium; Recurrence; Sodium; Urinary Calculi

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Calcium; Child; Cystinuria; Female; Hematuria; Humans; Male; Metabolic Diseases; Oxalates; Parathyroid Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Ureteral Obstruction; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections; Urography

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adult; Calcium; Cystinuria; Diphosphates; Female; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Male; Nephrocalcinosis; Oxalates; Peptides; Urinary Bladder Calculi

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adolescent; Adult; Bicarbonates; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glyceric Acids; Humans; Hydroxides; Infant; Magnesium; Male; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Oxalates; Phosphates; Solubility

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Calcium; Female; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Ions; Kidney Calculi; Magnesium; Male; Oxalates; Phosphates; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Solubility; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Allopurinol; Biopsy; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Calcium Metabolism Disorders; Disulfiram; Enzyme Repression; Glyoxylates; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Calculi; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Leukocytes; Nephrocalcinosis; Oxalates; Pyridoxine

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Calcium; Child; Female; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Kidney Calculi; Male; Middle Aged; Oxalates; Phosphorus; Urinary Calculi